Direct Perception Research Articles

Art as a Shelter from Science

Abstract In our life with science, we trust experts; we form judgements by inference from past evidence. We conduct ourselves very differently in the aesthetic domain. We avoid deferring to aesthetic experts. We form our judgements through direct perception of particulars rather than through inference. Why the difference? I suggest that we avoid aesthetic testimony and aesthetic inference, not because they’re unusable, but because we have adopted social norms to avoid them. Aesthetic appreciation turns out to be something like a game. We have laid down certain rules and restrictions in order to shape a kind of activity we cherish. And aesthetic properties turn out to be a kind of social construct. Much like the goal of a game, they are constituted in part by our obedience to certain rules. The norms of aesthetic life are different from those of science because our purposes are different. We engage in science to get the right answers; we engage in aesthetic appreciation to be absorbed in the activity of the sensuous perception of particulars. Our aesthetic practices are a constructed shelter from science; they restore to us a small domain where we may once again engage in our own sensuous perception of particulars.

ПРАВОВОЙ РЕАЛИЗМ КАК ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЮЩАЯСЯ НОРМАТИВНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ И РАЗНОВИДНОСТЬ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ. РАЗМЫШЛЕНИЯ О ПРАВОВОЙ РЕАЛЬНОСТИ

The article deals with the generalized concept of legal realism as the normative communication of people being carried out through the variety of normative systems used by them and a kind of legal thinking, understood as summing up practical phenomena under a legal norm, which is one of the variants of the rational understanding of law, not ascending to the comprehension of its essence, stopping at the direct perception of visible normative communication of people as a valid law, the process of formation of which in this case remains unknown. The substantiation of the transition from the positivist interpretation of the concept of legal realism to the philosophical-legal one, made in the doctrine of law by G. Hegel and R. Iering, is given.

Mythbusters united? A dialogue over Harris's integrationist linguistics and Gibson's Ecological Psychology

In this paper an integrationist linguist (Peter E Jones) and an Ecological Psychologist (Catherine Read) open a dialogue on the possibility of a productive relationship between the integrationist approach to language and communication of Roy Harris and James Gibson's Ecological Psychology of perceiving/acting/knowing. Within their own disciplinary contexts, each position is one of profound critique and innovation in relation to established and pervasive ‘myths’. Specifically, Harris is concerned with the ‘language myth’—the explicit positions and implicit assumptions in the Western language tradition (including modern linguistics) about the nature of language and the relationship between language and communication. In sharp contrast to mainstream approaches, Harris rejects both coding and representational views of meaning and takes signs (including linguistic signs) to be the product, rather than the precondition, of communicational activity. Similarly, Gibson critiques assumptions about how perception takes place, especially in the case of vision, that have informed Western science at least since Descartes' Optics. In particular, Gibson rejects the passive ‘retinal image fallacy’ of seeing in favour of an activity based non-representational perspective of ‘direct perception’. The paper offers a critical dialogue over the key theoretical perspectives of both traditions, focusing particularly on the import and implications of each theorist's claims and assumptions about the other's field. Highlighting key areas of apparent common ground across the two approaches, we also argue that Gibson appears not to be entirely free of assumptions about language that belong to Harris's ‘language myth’, while Harris appears at times to assume the ‘image’ based model of perception that Gibson rejected. In the context of current interest in a possible reconciliation or combination of integrational linguistics and Ecological Psychology, the paper, therefore, raises fundamental questions around the extent to which these independently developed programmes of demythologization are compatible or possibly synergistic.

Public Perception of Marijuana Use for the Treatment of Glaucoma.

The use of marijuana for the treatment of glaucoma has been widely debated amongst ophthalmologists and glaucoma specialists. Recent evidence suggests the majority of ophthalmologists do not support the use of marijuana as active treatment for glaucoma. However, there has been no investigation into understanding the public's direct perception of the efficacy of marijuana in glaucoma treatment. By using Twitter as a tool to understand the public's thoughts, tweets were analyzed over the last 2 years. Of the 700 tweets analyzed, 72% (n=503) of tweets were in favor of cannabis use in the treatment of glaucoma, whereas 18% (n=124) were evidently opposed. The majority of those in favor came from accounts of individual users (n=391; 56%) whereas those that opposed marijuana as a treatment came from accounts of health care media, ophthalmologists, and other health care workers. The discrepancy between the public and ophthalmologists and other health care professionals requires recognition and further action to better educate the public on the role of marijuana in glaucoma treatment.

An Infusion Containers Detection Method Based on YOLOv4 with Enhanced Image Feature Fusion

The detection of infusion containers is highly conducive to reducing the workload of medical staff. However, when applied in complex environments, the current detection solutions cannot satisfy the high demands for clinical requirements. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a novel method for the detection of infusion containers that is based on the conventional method, You Only Look Once version 4 (YOLOv4). First, the coordinate attention module is added after the backbone to improve the perception of direction and location information by the network. Then, we build the cross stage partial-spatial pyramid pooling (CSP-SPP) module to replace the spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) module, which allows the input information features to be reused. In addition, the adaptively spatial feature fusion (ASFF) module is added after the original feature fusion module, path aggregation network (PANet), to facilitate the fusion of feature maps at different scales for more complete feature information. Finally, EIoU is used as a loss function to solve the anchor frame aspect ratio problem, and this improvement allows for more stable and accurate information of the anchor aspect when calculating losses. The experimental results demonstrate the advantages of our method in terms of recall, timeliness, and mean average precision (mAP).

Decision Support for Flexible Manufacturing Systems: Application of the Cognitive Systems Engineering and Ecological Interface Design Approach

We applied the cognitive systems engineering (CSE)/ecological interface design (EID) approach to the work domain of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Work domain analyses (WDA) and activity analyses were conducted. Previous concerns regarding the suitability of CSE for FMS are addressed. Principles of EID (i.e., direct perception, direct manipulation, and visual momentum) were applied in designing an ecological interface for a flexible manufacturing system (EcoFlex). The critical links between the products of a WDA and the content of an ecological interface (a key innovation of EID) are made explicit. The evaluations of this interface were very positive across a wide variety of traditional and novel dependent variables (please see the companion manuscript). The overall success of this research program clearly demonstrates that the CSE/EID approach is capable of being applied to FMS. Contributions of this manuscript include both theoretical insights (defining properties of the FMS work domain, concrete examples of the principles of EID, critical links between CSE and EID, resolution of concerns about the overall framework) and practical applications (specific design solutions for FMS and similar work domains, and successful examples of the CSE/EID approach which can be studied and leveraged by students).

Implementation of Assessment and Feedback in Higher Education

The ability of feedback to improve students' performance on a task, their techniques, and their learning has long been recognized in the literature. The primary goal of feedback is to reduce errors, close knowledge and skill gaps, and improve knowledge and skill acquisition. However, a student must use feedback to reach his or her full potential. Therefore, much of the recent feedback research has focused on examining student perceptions of feedback and how they relate to the effective use of feedback. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on feedback perception. Inadequate theoretical frameworks, repetition (but not replication) of research, and methodological flaws in the articles reviewed have led to rather unsatisfactory conclusions. This type of feedback often does nothing to improve student learning experiences. It is time for professors to rethink the practice of commenting. They should move away from conventional methods of providing feedback to students. This study describes some contemporary methods of feedback that can ultimately help students improve their learning experiences. This can also contribute to the professionalization of teachers in higher education. Based on the findings, we propose a framework for further research on students' perceptions of feedback and many future directions for this topic.

МАЯЧЕННЯ: МОЖЛИВОСТІ АНАЛІЗУ

The article presents the main concepts for defining and describing delusions and delusional ideas used in modern clinical psychiatry and philosophy of psychiatry. Their analysis and comparison are carried out, the main differences in the psychiatric and philosophical understanding of delusions are indicated. It is demonstrated that modern clinical psychiatry considers delusional ideas inaccessible to understanding, and therefore considers them purely as a symptom of mental disorder. The author proposes to reconsider this approach and focus on interpreting delusions, giving them meaning, and finding methods for their analysis. The author identifies the difficulties that arise in the process of interpreting delusions by a person who does not suffer from a mental disorder. The fundamental difference in building a picture of the world in mentally healthy people and people suffering from mental disorders is emphasised. The hypotheses put forward in the philosophy of psychiatry on how to understand delusional judgements are demonstrated. One of the hypotheses, the "doxastic" position, considers delusional judgements to be a special case of false statements and suggests that they should be analysed in the same way as any other false judgement. Another hypothesis, the reaction to pathological experience, suggests that delusional judgements are a reaction to a unique pathological experience. Delusional ideas arise in an attempt to explain these experiences, and this approach allows for a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying delusional judgements. A rationalist approach to the interpretation of delusions is also presented, which assumes that pathological changes occur at a higher level than direct perceptions. This approach is based on the analysis of the delusional statements themselves, trying to find out what the changes in the patient's attitudes may be. According to the rationalist approach, the altered ideas of a mentally ill person are a consequence of their attitudes towards themselves and the world, and this is what sets the stage for the possible emergence of delusions. According to the rationalist approach, delusional ideas are not evaluated for their truth or falsity, as they are outside of any possible experience. Therefore, the rationalist approach allows us to understand what the patient's beliefs are that caused his or her delusions. It is determined that the described approaches change the perception of delusions as a sign or symptom of mental illness and do not ignore its own content in explaining mental disorder. The philosophy of psychiatry understands the space in which delusional discourse is constructed as a sphere that can be described and should be studied.

Pola Komunikasi antara Pengasuh dan Anak Asuh dalam Pembinaan Kedisiplinan Hafalan Al Qur’an di Pondok Zawiyatul Huffazh Kecamatan Air Joman

Children in the Air Joman sub-district attend school in Pondok Zawiyatul Huffazh, a non-formal education institution that teaches subjects based on the Qur'an. This pesantren emphasizes reading and memorizing the Qur'an more than anything else. Discipline in memorizing children's verses of the Qur'an is largely influenced by the communication style of caregivers and children they care for. This study focuses on communication patterns that foster discipline in memorizing the Qur'an between foster children and their caregivers, communication methods that foster discipline in memorizing the Qur'an between foster children and their caregivers, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors. patterns of communication between foster children and caregivers. Researchers used qualitative research methods in this study. where observation, interviews with various informants, and documentation were used to collect data Information collection was carried out through direct perception in the field, as well as direct inclusion with the guardians and principals of Zawiyatul Huffazh's life experiences. In addition, this study refers to Josep A. Devito's theory of communication patterns which states that there are five kinds of communication patterns: circle patterns, chain patterns, wheel patterns, and star patterns. The purpose of this study is to find out more about the communication patterns that exist between foster children in coaching in Air Joman District and their caregivers. Through this study, the findings from interviews and observations can also be examined to find out whether communication patterns have sufficient impact on the practice of memorizing the Qur'an.

Сентиментализм и романтизм: структура аф­фекта

The purpose of this article is to describe the structure of sentimental and romantic affects. These structures set the forms of the life of the soul in sentimentalism and romanticism as spiritual movements that determine the epochs of culture. They remain relevant to the present and compete in it. I am starting from the distinction between emotion and affect, which has become one of the main themes of the “affective turn” in social sciences and humanities. Here I follow Brian Massumi and suggest that emotions and affects are dis­tinct entities. Emotion is formed in ontogenesis and works with direct perception as a pri­mary reaction. The affect connects later and can correct the emotion. In the sphere of the symbolic, on the contrary, affects are the first to work, and then emotions can already be connected. The description of the four-part structure of affect as such is given. On its basis, sentimental and romantic assemblages of specific affects arise. Sentimentalism is pluralistic, sees the world as a rhizome, works with the economy of feelings. Sentimental­ist humanity is held together by an empathic pleasure in a variety of feelings. Romanti­cism refers to the nomad and to organic unity. His affects are based on a combination of cognitively comprehended metaphors “grasps”, “lifts” and “carries away” with the in­teroception of the body’s organs. The Romantic offers the experience of ecstatic reincar­nation, performative mental action, and action on behalf of the absolute. Sentimentalism is moving towards deepening individual sensitivity and improving the skills of managing feelings; romanticism, on the contrary, is simplified to low mass affects. The conclusion of the article is that in the complex interactions of the two types of affects, the sentimen­tal ones gradually replace the romantic ones, when and if the ability to control one’s feel­ings is considered as a valuable quality.

Bioinspired Tactile Sensation Based on Synergistic Microcrack-Bristle Structure Design toward High Mechanical Sensitivity and Direction-Resolving Capability.

Natural tactile sensation is complex, which involves not only contact force intensity detection but also the perception of the force direction, the surface texture, and other mechanical parameters. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the developed tactile sensors can only detect the normal force, but usually cannot resolve shear force or even distinguish the directions of the force. Here, we present a new paradigm of bioinspired tactile sensors for resolving both the intensity and the directions of mechanical stimulations via synergistic microcrack-bristle structure design and cross-shaped configuration engineering. The microcrack sensing structure gives high mechanical sensitivity to the tactile sensors, and the synergistic bristle structure further amplifies the sensitivity of the sensors. The cross-shaped configuration engineering of the synergistic microcrack-bristle structure further endows the tactile sensors with good capability to detect and distinguish the directions of the applied mechanical forces. The as-fabricated tactile sensors exhibit a high sensitivity (25.76 N-1), low detection limit (5.4 mN), desirable stability (over 2,500 cycles), and good capability to resolve both mechanical intensity and directional features. As promising application scenarios, surface texture recognition and biomimetic path explorations are successfully demonstrated with these tactile sensors. This newly proposed tactile sensation strategy and technology have great potential applications in ingenious tactile sensation and construction of various robotic and bionic prostheses with high operational dexterity.

Роль звукосмысловых соответствий в формировании импликатур поэтического текста

The article deals with the processes of formation of implicatures, or inferential knowledge, characteristic of a poetic text, based on phonosemantic connections that underlie paronymic attraction, pun and anagram. The study is based on the material of Russian poetry of the 20th century using the methods of linguistic and cognitive poetics, corpus, intertextual and cultural analysis. The author proceeds from the fact that phonosemantic correlations provide the addressee with a transition from direct perception of poetic reality, represented by the sound matter of linguistic signs, to its comprehension at the surface and deep levels. First, text fragments marked with paronymic attraction are singled out, then the correlations of attractants are subjected to semantic analysis, on the basis of which implicatures are derived that link “general” and “new” world knowledge and language competence. Implicatures are classified in the article according to their function in interpreting the text. The author identifies the implications of actualization (focusing attention on an object or situation and their attributes), semantic inference and indication of the subtext. Particular attention is paid to the implicit paronymic attraction that activates the “sound memory” of the word. The author comes to the conclusion that communicative (logically derived) implicatures in a poetic text are based on conventional ones (conditioned by “world knowledge” and language conventions) and are predetermined by the author of the text – by the created by him semantic, grammatical and pragmatic rules of utterance structuring. Paronymic attraction, highlighting objects in the relevant denotative space of the poetic text, is perceived as an individual nomination of the same “non-standard” denotation with the help of several formally correlated words of the standard language, thereby giving the key to the search for “new” in relation to “immediately given” and “given in context”.

A TENS Based System for 2-Dimensional Balance Biofeedback Under Muscle Fatigue Condition

Many balance assist or training systems have been developed to improve postural control, however these have limitations such as being bulky or unable to provide 2-dimensional feedback. Furthermore, efficiency of the commonly used vibro-tactile feedback modality can be reduced due to muscle fatigue. Therefore, we suggest a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) based electro-tactile biofeedback system to provide efficient balance biofeedback even under muscle fatigue condition. A feedback scheme based on Stevens’ power law is devised to provide 2-dimensional feedback using only four electrodes attached to the user’s leg. A pilot test involving the tracking of directions indicated by stimuli was done to select the algorithm appropriate for use in the directional perception test and the balance study. The perception, in 8 directions, of electro-tactile cues delivered using the developed scheme is compared with that of vibro-tactile cues under both normal and fatigued conditions. In addition, we have done standing balance experiments to verify the effectiveness of the developed balance biofeedback scheme. 20 healthy participants took part in these experiments that were conducted under two conditions. The perception results show that under the fatigued condition, the electro-tactile modality is more perceptible than the vibro-tactile modality. Results of the balance biofeedback experiment with no feedback, continuous stimulation with and without dead-zone and directional feedback conditions show that directional electro-tactile feedback helped the most in improving the users’ balance under normal and fatigued conditions. These promising results pave the way for future studies on the applications of this scheme for balance rehabilitation.

Ф.Г. Якоби и московская школа духовно-академической философии XIX в. Часть II. Ф.Г. Якоби и В.Д. Кудрявцев-Платонов

The article analyzes the attitude of the philosophy professor of the Moscow Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th century. Viktor D. Kudryav­tsev-Platonov to the philosophy of Fr. Jacobi, the continuity of the philosophical views of Kudryavtsev and his teacher Feodor Golubinsky is traced, which is re­flected in the attention to Jacobi’s apology for theism and the high appreciation of his teachings. Kudryavtsev joins the Jacobi’s criticism of philosophical ratio­nalism and supports his doctrine of reason as an organ of direct perception of God and the properties of spiritual reality. At the same time, in his doctoral dis­sertation on the essence and origin of religion, Kudryavtsev points out a number of shortcomings of Jacobi’s philosophy, which is discussed in detail in the arti­cle. By presenting criticism of Kudryavtsev, the article, in particular, discusses Jacobi's concept of nature, his relation to religious tradition, the reasons for the differences between Kudryavtsev and Jacobi on the question of the possibility of rational knowledge of God and in assessing the evidence for the existence of God, Kant’s influence on Jacobi. It is concluded that Kudryavtsev-Platonov’s new differentiated assessment of Jacobi's teaching is conditioned by the new tasks of ecclesiastical-academic philosophy of the second half of the 19th century.

Teachers’ Perceptions of Social Factors Influencing Boy- Child Drop-Out Rates in Day Mixed Secondary Schools in Kenya

Despite the fact that the government of Kenya has introduced Free Primary Education (FPE) and Free Day Secondary Education (FDSE), many school going age boys have been dropping out of school. School drop-out for boys is a very serious issue not only in Kenya but also in the whole world. Although many studies have been carried out in other parts of Kenya, none has investigated the factors behind the increased dropout of the boy child in secondary education particularly in Kericho County. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the teachers’ perceptions on social factors influencing the boy-child’s drop-out in public mixed day secondary schools in Kericho County. The objective of the study was to examine teachers’ perceptions on the influence of social factors on boy child drop-out. The study used the descriptive survey research design. The study was guided by Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception theory. The target population comprised of 210 form 4 class teachers. Multistage sampling was used during sampling whereby 136 Form four class teachers were sampled to participate in the study. Quantitative data was collected using a teachers’ questionnaires. Piloting of the teachers’ questionnaire was carried out to ensure reliability which was estimated using split-half reliability formula. Validity of the instruments was ascertained in relation to the set objectives. Quantitative data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The results of the study indicated that the selected social factors such as peer influence, family disputes, indiscipline and love relationships (F= 6.354, p< .05) influenced boy-child drop-out. A regression analysis revealed that social factors contributed 41.1% (R2 = .411) of the boys drop-out. Boys who dropped out of school are a threat to the society for lack of proper engagement. The results are significant to teachers, parents and students in addressing the factors that influence education retention among boys and they may come up with ways of curbing this drop-out problem.

Single Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction with Preservation of Structure and Texture Details

In recent years, deep-learning-based single image super-resolution reconstruction has achieved good performance. However, most existing methods pursue a high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), while ignoring the quality of the structure and texture details, resulting in unsatisfactory performance of the reconstruction results in terms of human subjective perception. To solve this issue, this paper proposes a structure- and texture-preserving image super-resolution reconstruction method. Specifically, two different network branches are used to extract features for image structure and texture details. A dual-coordinate direction perception attention (DCDPA) mechanism is designed to highlight structure and texture features. The attention mechanism fully considers the complementarity and directionality of multi-scale image features and effectively avoids information loss and possible distortion of image structure and texture details during image reconstruction. Additionally, a cross-fusion mechanism is designed to comprehensively utilize structure and texture information for super-resolution image reconstruction, which effectively integrates the structure and texture details extracted by the two branch networks. Extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and its superiority over existing methods.

Eye movements during optic flow perception

Optic flow is an important visual cue for human perception and locomotion and naturally triggers eye movements. Here we investigate whether the perception of optic flow direction is limited or enhanced by eye movements. In Exp. 1, 23 human observers localized the focus of expansion (FOE) of an optic flow pattern; in Exp. 2, 18 observers had to detect brief visual changes at the FOE. Both tasks were completed during free viewing and fixation conditions while eye movements were recorded. Task difficulty was varied by manipulating the coherence of radial motion from the FOE (4 %-90 %). During free viewing, observers tracked the optic flow pattern with a combination of saccades and smooth eye movements. During fixation, observers nevertheless made small-scale eye movements. Despite differences in spatial scale, eye movements during free viewing and fixation were similarly directed toward the FOE (saccades) and away from the FOE (smooth tracking). Whereas FOE localization sensitivity was not affected by eye movement instructions (Exp. 1), observers’ sensitivity to detect brief changes at the FOE was 27 % higher (p <.001) during free-viewing compared to fixation (Exp. 2). This performance benefit was linked to reduced saccade endpoint errors, indicating the direct beneficial impact of foveating eye movements on performance in a fine-grain perceptual task, but not during coarse perceptual localization.

OptiSwarm: Optical Swarm Robots Using Implicit Cooperation

Swarm robots have always served as verification platforms and deployment tools for swarming models that usually take relative distances, bearing angles, velocity directions, or differentiation of neighbors as inputs to regulate individual motion. With natural decentralization and high scalability, existing swarm robotic platforms based on purely implicit cooperation exhibit excellent potential for evaluating and deploying swarming models in denied environments. However, most of the current implicit cooperation platforms are limited in their adaptability because they are hardly capable of providing the above four inputs without external assistance. To address this problem, this article presents optiSwarm, a swarm robotic platform, where each robot (Cubot) within this platform is based on a novel implicit cooperation system. Cubot can not only directly obtain relative distances, bearing angles, and differentiation of adjacent robots through vision-based local rules but also has a relative velocity direction perception mechanism purely on implicit communication. The robot’s perception is proven to be reliable through real-world tests. Through implementing three collective behaviors guided by diverse inputs, optiSwarm is employed and evaluated in typical scenarios demonstrating that it is capable of verifying models of collective behaviors.

LSD and perception: The Bergson–Gibson model for direct perception and its biochemical framework.

LSD and perception: The Bergson–Gibson model for direct perception and its biochemical framework.

Face masks have a limited effect on the feeling of being looked at.

Wearing face masks has been promoted as an effective measure to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Because face masks cover a major part of the face, they have detrimental effects on various aspects of social cognition. Yet, a highly important feature of the face is not occluded by face masks: the eyes. The eyes play an important role in social interactions: knowing where another person is looking is of central importance when interacting with others. Recent research has reported an attentional shift toward the eye region as a consequence of the widespread exposure to face masks. However, no study has yet investigated the influence of face masks on the perception of eye gaze direction. Here we investigated whether face masks have an effect on the feeling of being looked at. Assuming an attentional shift toward the eyes, we might expect more accurate gaze perception in faces wearing face masks. Sixty-five participants decided for a series of realistic avatar faces whether each face was making eye contact or not. Half of the faces wore face masks, the other half did not. For each participant and separately for each condition (mask vs. no mask), we calculated the cone of direct gaze (CoDG), a commonly used measure to quantify the range of gaze angles within which an observer assumes mutual gaze. Contrary to our expectations, results show that mutual gaze is not recognized more accurately in masked faces. Rather, the CoDG was, on average, slightly wider for faces wearing masks compared to faces without masks. Notwithstanding the relatively small effect of face mask, these findings potentially have implications on our social interactions. If we inadvertently feel looked at by an onlooker, we may react inappropriately by reciprocating the alleged approach orientation.