Direct Payments Research Articles

СПІЛЬНА АГРАРНА ПОЛІТИКА ЄС НА 2023–2027 рр.: АМБІЦІЇ І РЕЛЕВАНТНІСТЬ ЦІЛЯМ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

Здійснено системний аналіз еволюції змісту, завдань, методологічних принципів формування та інструментів реалізації САП ЄС. Визначено ключові принципи модернізації європейської аграрної політики для програмного періоду 2023–2027 рр., а саме екологічність, справедливість, конкурентоспроможність, на основі яких реалізовуватимуться політичні реформи, спрямовані на підтримку переходу до сталого сільського і лісового господарства. Ідейною основою нового етапу реалізації САП ЄС є: визнання потреб і очікувань європейців як ключової цінності процесу політикотворення, забезпечення багатофункціональності сільськогосподарського виробництва, відповідність трьом вимірам сталості – соціальному, економічному й екологічному. Таргетування нової моделі САП ЄС, а також дизайн системи дій з її реалізації підкреслюють традиційну винятковість ролі фермерів як стейкхолдерів сільського розвитку, управління локальними ресурсами, забезпечення продовольчої безпеки і реалізації суспільних потреб населення країн-членів.Встановлено комплементарний характер джерел формування фінансових ресурсів САП ЄС, які в перспективі направлятимуться на підтримку доходів фермерів, ринкові заходи й стимулювання сільського розвитку. Задекларована відданість ЄС глобальним Цілям сталого розвитку в площині модернізації аграрної політики трансформується в політичні дії, спрямовані на захист навколишнього природного середовища і протидію змінам клімату завдяки запровадженню програм екологізації сільськогосподарського виробництва, розширення взаємозв’язку між прямими виплатами і правилами озеленення. Крім екологічно орієнтованої ідеології ЦСР, САП ЄС на 2023–2027 рр. сповідує і популяризовані на глобальному рівні соціальні цінності, зокрема гендерну рівність, суспільну взаємодію і партнерство, розвиток людського капіталу та ін.

An Analysis of Industry Payments Toward Physicians in the United States—Cryolipolysis

Background : Cryolipolysis has emerged as a nonsurgical fat reduction alternative to liposuction. Industry payments may impact how physician authors view medical devices in the literature. Under-reporting financial conflicts of interest has raised concerns about full transparency between industry and physicians. Objectives : We aim to determine the impact industry payments to physicians have on the cryolipolysis literature and whether there is under-reporting of financial conflicts of interest in the literature. Methods : We collated all articles that cite the pivotal trial in the Food and Drug Administration approval of a cryolipolysis device. Articles were read independently and coded as favourable or neutral. A separate researcher screened the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments database for direct or in-kind payments and recorded financial conflicts of interest. Results : A total of 19 articles met the inclusion criteria. This included 37 unique authors across multiple specialties. Eighteen (95%) published articles had at least one author who received industry payment. Payments totalled $1,476,564.16. Twelve (63%) articles were positive, and 7 (37%) neutral. Of the 31 authors who received payments, 11 (35%) did not report a conflict of interest. The majority of industry payments assessed were for consulting fees, which totalled $980,334.86 (66.4%). Conclusions : We found the majority of published opinions on cryolipolysis from the United States were written by physicians who received industry payments. We also found financial conflicts of interest around cryolipolysis devices are under-reported in the literature.

The Long-term Effects of Colonialism on Poorer Nations and What is Owed to Them: Monetary Restitution, Archaeological Artifacts, and climate change

This paper explores the enduring impact of colonialism on global wealth distribution, addressing whether affluent former colonial powers have a moral duty to provide reparations to their impoverished former colonies. It argues for direct payments to affected nations and individuals, repatriation of looted artifacts, and financial support for climate change adaptation. The study highlights historical atrocities, like the Namibian genocide and the British exploitation of India, to emphasize the depth of suffering caused. Ultimately, the research underscores the ethical obligation of wealthier nations to address the persistent legacies of colonial exploitation, encompassing economic, cultural, and climate-related restitutions.

Muzakki’ Preferences and Relevant Factors in Padang

This paper explores muzakki’ preferences in Padang and describes the existing conditions of some relevant factors that need to be considered (i.e. religiosity and zakat awareness of zakat payers; trust on zakat institutions and perception on governance of zakat institutions). This research was exploratory and descriptive in nature. Data was collected through an online survey involved 123 respondents in 11 sub-districts in Padang during the period of September – October 2020. The findings of the study show that muzakki in Padang have a considerably high religiosity and zakat awareness. The trust to zakat institution, however was only moderate which related to considerably low perception on governance of zakat institutions in Padang. High education and high zakat awareness did not necessarily lead to complete compliance to the recommended zakat payment method (i.e. through authorized zakat institutions). In fact, Muzakki in Padang still used both channels: zakat institutions and direct payment to individual recipients. The findings of this study suggested that more need to be done by zakat institutions to improve governance quality, to socialize their existence and programs to wider groups of society. The research also indicates that preference of zakat payers to pay zakat through online method increases since the Covid-19 pandemic.

Income variability and agricultural policy

Objective: To compare producer income volatility under two types of policies (support prices and direct payments). Design/Methodology/Approach: Producer income is understood as the result of multiplying price by yield; therefore, income is the product of two random variables modeled with a lognormal distribution, accounting for the covariance. After the subtracting trend, the cyclical component is subjected to a volatile analysis under each policy studied. Results: Income volatility is systematically higher for support price programs than for the direct payment policy. Study Limitations/Implications: Government programs have recently taken up support prices again; therefore, income variability should be reviewed. Findings/Conclusions: Government programs aim to increase producer income by different means. However, they overlook possible volatility implications. By taking up support price programs again, producer income may be at risk of rebounding.

Green conditionality and eco-schemes in the CAP Strategic Plan of Bulgaria

Bulgaria's CAP Strategic Plan for developing agriculture and rural areas for 2023 – 2027 is implemented for the first year by farmers, with the campaign for submitting support applications ending in July 2023. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether Bulgarian grain producers encounter challenges regarding the compliance and implementation of the "green architecture" within the framework of direct payments under the Strategic Plan. In this regard, the possibilities of the grain producers in terms of compliance with the mandatory standards for the good agricultural and ecological condition of the land, as well as the farmers’ attitude to participate in one-year voluntary eco-schemes, were investigated. The survey results show that the most significant difficulties for grain producers are registered in compliance with standards for minimum soil cover to avoid bare soil in periods and areas that are most sensitive and for a minimum share of arable land devoted to non-productive areas and features. Surprisingly, the survey shows significant interest in grain producers' participation in an eco-scheme to reduce the use of pesticides. The worrying results of the research are that amongst the country's producers of grain and oil crops, farmers who did not apply for support under the basic scheme have been identified. Also, part of the grain producers would refuse to participate in support under the European funds because of the increased environmental requirements. Moreover, cereal producers who would give up agricultural activity if the environmental requirements for farmers are further increased have also been identified. Keywords: CAP Strategic Plan, green architecture, green conditionality, GAECs, eco-schemes, grain producers

Topology analysis of the Ripple transaction network

AbstractThe Ripple network is one typical blockchain‐based decentralized credit network, which supports money transfer without physical money movement by only transferring the credits between participants. It is critical to obtain a deep understanding on the characteristics of the payment networks while optimizing the network design and transaction routing. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis to the Ripple transaction network, including two subnets formed by the two key functionalities, that is, Ripple Direct Payment Network (RDPN) and Ripple Credit Payment Network (RCPN). The analysis is performed with different network metrics, including clustering coefficient, centrality, and so on. Furthermore, this paper provides an in‐depth analysis on the node degrees and edge weights, which reflect the number of transacted accounts of an account and the number of transactions between two accounts. The results show that the network is highly imbalanced and concentrated with a few nodes and edges holding most of the resources. Moreover, RDPN and RCPN show different characteristics in terms of transmitted and received transactions, the senders are more concentrated in RDPN, whereas in RCPN, the receivers are more concentrated.

Quantifying and correcting bias due to outcome dependent self-reported weights in longitudinal study of weight loss interventions

In response to the escalating global obesity crisis and its associated health and financial burdens, this paper presents a novel methodology for analyzing longitudinal weight loss data and assessing the effectiveness of financial incentives. Drawing from the Keep It Off trial—a three-arm randomized controlled study with 189 participants—we examined the potential impact of financial incentives on weight loss maintenance. Given that some participants choose not to weigh themselves because of small weight change or weight gains, which is a common phenomenon in many weight-loss studies, traditional methods, for example, the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method tends to overestimate the effect size due to the assumption that data are missing completely at random. To address this challenge, we proposed a framework which can identify evidence of missing not at random and conduct bias correction using the estimating equation derived from pairwise composite likelihood. By analyzing the Keep It Off data, we found that the data in this trial are most likely characterized by non-random missingness. Notably, we also found that the enrollment time (i.e., duration time) would be positively associated with the weight loss maintenance after adjusting for the baseline participant characteristics (e.g., age, sex). Moreover, the lottery-based intervention was found to be more effective in weight loss maintenance compared with the direct payment intervention, though the difference was non-statistically significant. This framework's significance extends beyond weight loss research, offering a semi-parametric approach to assess missing data mechanisms and robustly explore associations between exposures (e.g., financial incentives) and key outcomes (e.g., weight loss maintenance). In essence, the proposed methodology provides a powerful toolkit for analyzing real-world longitudinal data, particularly in scenarios with data missing not at random, enriching comprehension of intricate dataset dynamics.

Client satisfaction and associated factors towards the health service provided to members of a community-based health insurance scheme in Southern Ethiopia.

Globally, 1.3 billion poor people have no access to health services due to their inability to afford payment when they need services. According to a report published by the WHO in 2014, globally 150 million people are pushed into poverty as a result of direct payment for health services. This study aims to assess the satisfaction level of clients and associated factors toward health services provided to members of a community-based health insurance (CBHI) scheme. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A total sample size of 393 people was estimated using a single population formula, and three health facilities (HFs) were selected using a simple random sampling method, whereas study participants were selected by using a systematic sampling method. All patients who visited the HFs were included, whereas women who visited the HFs for maternity service were excluded from the study. A reliability test (Cronbach's alpha) was performed to determine the internal consistency for these items to measure the satisfaction level of the clients. Epi Info software version 7 was used to calculate the sample size and to enter data, whereas further data cleaning and analysis were conducted using SPSS software version 20. A total of 367 clients enrolled in the community-based health insurance scheme were interviewed, showing a response rate of 93%. The reliability test (Cronbach's alpha) value for the items used to measure level of client satisfaction was 0.817. The overall level of the clients' mean satisfaction toward health service provision was 63.1% (3.95 + 0.47 SD). This study found that age with AOR = 0.11 [95% CI (0.01-0.79)], residence with AOR = 1.80 [95% CI (1.79-3.66)], number of family with AOR = 2.27 [95% CI (1.46-11.22)], frequency of visits to HFs with AOR = 13.62 [95% CI (2.09-88.58)], and clients' level of knowledge with AOR = 3.33 [95% CI (1.06-10.42) had a statistical significant association with client satisfaction toward health service provision. Our study found that the perceived level of client satisfaction is higher than previous studies. Residence, frequency of visits, level of knowledge, payment during referral time, number of family members, and frequency of visits were identified as predictors of client satisfaction on the health service provision.

The effects of land direct payment program on farm income and production practices

AbstractMany countries of the world have implemented subsidy programs to maintain a minimum amount of farm production especially for rice. Agricultural support programs usually cause significant fiscal burdens on government budgets. These programs can be generally categorized into decoupled and coupled programs, and one longstanding research interest of previous literature is whether these programs are decoupled or coupled with farm production practices. In Taiwan, a unique land direct payment (LDP) program to rice farms was implemented to ease severe financial burden of the price support program with government purchase. In contrast to production control programs imposing quantity restrictions on farm production, this program is voluntary for rice farms, and participants are paid at a fixed rate per hectare of farmland. This paper examines the impacts of this program on farm income and farm production practices in Taiwan. The causal effect of the program is identified based on the exogenous rollout of the policy across multiple times and areas. We construct a dataset linking nationally representative rice farm surveys over several years and administrative records on program recipients to estimate the local average treatment effect of the program. We find that the effect is 4% of farm income. In addition, program participants rely less on price support programs and produce less rice and use less fertilizer, pesticide, and machinery. Although the LDP reduces rice production, we find that it causes overall government spending on the price support and direct payment programs to increase by 8.7% after the LDP.

A Study for Hanoi on How Perceived Value and Service Quality Affect Customer Satisfaction in Healthcare Insurance

Healthcare insurance is currently attracting special attention in low- and middle-income countries. Theory and practice have proven that healthcare insurance is a means to improve access to healthcare services for all people, especially those with low incomes, helping to prevent financial risks during illness, especially the risk of financial disaster due to direct payment methods. The empirical literature on health insurance participation is limited despite the importance of insurance participation. This research was conducted through interviews and surveys of customers of insurance businesses in Hanoi, with 242 feedback forms received. The authors process the collected data through SPSS software. Research results show a positive relationship between customer-perceived value and service quality and satisfaction. Service quality also positively impacts customers' perceived value. The research results are the basis for the authors' proposal of policy suggestions for insurance businesses to develop healthcare insurance operations in Vietnam's current insurance market.

Social Infrastructure of Soviet Enterprises in the 1950s-1980s: Sources and Mechanisms of Financing (Example of Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant)

The Sources and Mechanisms of Financing the Social Infrastructure of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in the 1950s-1980s. This study examines the sources and mechanisms of financing the social infrastructure of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, a large Soviet industrial enterprise, during the period of 1950s-1980s. The research is based on archival documents from the plant and its trade union organization, which are stored in the United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region. It was found that the plant had a significant amount of assets, including housing and a network of social, cultural, and sports facilities. Financing the social infra-structure of Soviet enterprises was a complex system that involved multiple independent sources. The plant made direct payments from its economic stimulation funds, covered the maintenance costs of various facilities transferred to the trade union organization, and covered losses from the housing and communal services system. In addition, funding for these facilities also came from the state budget, social insurance budget, trade union organization budget, targeted subsidies from the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, revenues from self-supporting cultural and sports institutions, and others. The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was required to allocate up to 10 % of its profits towards maintaining its social infra-structure, while other sources of funding con-tributed comparable amounts.

INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF STRENGHTENING THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN THE NEW COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY

In the Strategic Plan for the CAP 2023-2027, the goal of special importance is the strengthening ecosystem services. Eco-schemes are a new type of direct support intended for farmers taking additional actions to protect the environment and climate. The study undertakes an institutional and environmental assessment of the proposal to withdraw from implementing some of the assumptions included in the eco-schemes. As a result, the criteria for their availability turned out to be inadequate for smallholder farms. Farmers implementing eco-schemes are exposed to additional expenditures or reduced incomes due to the extensification of production. However, they may receive applicable financial compensation on the annual basis. The current, rather complicated system authorizing payments for 2023, meant that relatively not many farmers made such efforts. At the same time, this results in receiving approximately 50% of support from the direct payments comparing to the previous year. In this paper there has been suggested the need for modification of the eco-schemes with the special emphasis on smallholder farms. It was based on two pillars: technological and environmental, with a proposal of requirements that may be relatively easy to meet in practice.

Delineating the spatial drivers of agri-environment scheme adoption at field and farm levels

Agri-environment schemes (AES), introduced by the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), aim to compensate land owners for implementing environmentally-friendly practices. Whilst literature has examined their effectiveness and how farmer characteristics govern AES adoption, there is a lack of knowledge about the spatial drivers of AES, particularly structural, biophysical and landscape factors in the UK. Using the Humber region as a case study, this paper explores how the uptake of Countryside Stewardship options has varied from 2016 to 2021. It also examines 2500 farms from the field- and farm-level data of 2019 to better understand what type of land British farmers are adopting AES on. Logistic regression analysis is used to identify the factors (including farm and landscape characteristics, designated sites and land quality) that best explain overall AES adoption, as well as specific scheme adoption, at the field- and farm-level. Our analysis reveals that ‘buffer strips’, ‘hedgerow management’, ‘permanent grassland’, and ‘winter bird food’ are the most commonly adopted schemes of 2019. AES are generally adopted on larger fields and farms that feature marginalised, unproductive and vulnerable land, except for ‘buffer strips’ which showed a larger tendency to appear on fields with more profitable, higher quality land. This study, therefore, supports the notion that AES are generally placed on lower quality land and that large proportions of agricultural land owners are not effectively targeted. With the expected loss of direct payments to farmers in the UK as a result of the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) post-Brexit re-evaluation of rural policy, these results call for the Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) to be made more accessible and inclusive to a broader diversity of farmers.

Animal welfare and farm economy-exploring the relationship between dairy animal welfare indicators and economic efficiency

This paper explores the associations between a set of mainly health and productivity related animal welfare indicators in dairy farming calculated based on herd recordings, and short-term economic efficiency. To explore this association, we merged a dataset with animal welfare indicators and a dataset with farm economic data from 459 Norwegian farms. Gross margin including direct payments together with milk quota, farmland and number of animals and were used to calculate economic efficiency. The analysis was performed in two steps. First, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to rank the farms according to efficiency. Second, the machine learning method boosting was applied to analyze the associations between economic efficiency and the different welfare indicators. The findings show that for most welfare indicators, at indicator values below the national average a positive association exists between increasing indicator values and economic efficiency. For some indicators such as for example Fertility, Calves and Youngstock, this positive association continues also beyond the national average. However, for other indicators such as for example Claw and Udder health, a curvilinear relationship exists with a turning point from where the efficiency is negatively associated with increasing indicator values. Possible explanations for the associations between economic efficiency and animal welfare indicators are outlined.

An Analysis of the Social Impacts of a Health System Strengthening Program Based on Purchasing Health Services

Access to universal health coverage is a fundamental right that ensures that even the most disadvantaged receive health services without financial hardship. The Democratic Republic of Congo is among the poorest countries in the world, yet healthcare is primarily made by direct payment which renders care inaccessible for most Congolese. Between 2017 and 2021 a purchasing of health services initiative (Le Programme de Renforcement de l’Offre et Développement de l’accès aux Soins de Santé or PRO DS), was implemented in Kongo Central and Ituri with the assistance of the non-governmental organization Memisa Belgium. The program provided funding for health system strengthening that included health service delivery, workforce development, improved infrastructure, access to medicines and support for leadership and governance. This study assessed the social and health impacts of the PRO DS Memisa program using a health impact assessment focus. A documentary review was performed to ascertain relevant indicators of program effect. Supervision and management of health zones and health centers, use of health and nutritional services, the population’s nutritional health, immunization levels, reproductive and maternal health, and newborn and child health were measured using a controlled longitudinal model. Positive results were found in almost all indicators across both provinces, with a mean proportion of positive effect of 60.8% for Kongo Central, and 70.8% in Ituri. Barriers to the program’s success included the arrival of COVID-19, internal displacement of the population and resistance to change from the community. The measurable positive impacts from the PRO DS Memisa program reveal that an adequately funded multi-faceted health system strengthening program can improve access to healthcare in a low-income country such as the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Will common agricultural policy support save farm employment in the wine sector?

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze whether different types of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies maintained jobs or even created them on wine farms during the years 2013–2019 using a Hungarian Farm Accountancy Data Network panel dataset. Farm employment is separated into paid and unpaid labor. The initial decline in farm employment during the first three years of analysis was due to the decline in paid labor, but later there was rather stable development in both paid and unpaid labor. The dynamic panel regression results confirm that the employment in the previous year is the crucial driver for the employment of labor on wine farms. CAP subsidies for direct payments to farmers and, to a lesser extent, economic farm size, are positively associated with the employment of paid labor (and thus the employment of total wine farms-related labor), but not with employment of unpaid labor, and vice versa rented land share. These results and findings are robust independent of year-fixed effects. While CAP subsidies for direct payments to farmers supported the maintenance or increase in paid labor employment on wine farms, trade-offs arose regarding the efficiency of wine farms and their entrepreneurial-, innovation-, and market-added value-chain efforts.

FINANCING THE AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN SERBIA AND HARMONIZATION WITH THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Agriculture is one of the most important economic branches. Previously, the aim of the agricultural policy was to provide sufficient food for all inhabitants. However, today, thanks to the application of innovations in agriculture, there is enough food for everyone, but it is not properly distributed in all parts of the world. Many people still do not have the basic conditions for a healthy life. The goal of modern agricultural policy is to provide high-quality, health-safe food to everyone in the world, and to reduce food waste while preserving biodiversity and protecting the environment. The importance of agriculture as an economic branch in Serbia is extremely large, considering the geopolitical position of Serbia, favorable climatic conditions, and quality arable land. Serbia is still not a member of the European Union, and to become one, it is necessary to harmonize all laws and regulations. The largest part of the work is precisely around agricultural policy, given that more than a third of all laws and regulations are related to the Common Agricultural Policy [CAP]. Serbian agriculture, as well as other economic branches, have not yet reached the standards defined by the European Union. Therefore, it is very important that the Serbian regulations are harmonized with the European Union regulations, because only in this way there can be faster development of agriculture and other economic branches. The topic of this paper will be the financing of the agricultural policy in Serbia in relation to the financing of the agricultural policy of the countries of the European Union. There will be more talk about how and from which sources Serbian agriculture is financed, but also about the help that the European Union provides to Serbia and other countries that are candidates for membership in the European Union. Given that the financing of the European Union's agricultural policy is based on two pillars - direct payments and market interventions and financing of rural development, this paper will show to what extent the financing of Serbian agriculture is in line with the financing of agriculture in the European Union. It will be pointed out how funds in the agricultural budget are allocated to measures related to market interventions, but also to rural development measures. As the imperatives of modern agricultural policy are the preservation of biodiversity, environmental protection, better living standards of the agricultural population, development of infrastructure in rural areas, the conclusion is that more attention is paid to the second pillar of the agricultural policy of the European Union, which is the financing of rural development. However, even in the European Union, more than 50% of the agricultural budget is directed to the financing of the first pillar, market interventions. In Serbia, this trend is even more pronounced, so more attention should be paid to the financing of rural development.

CAP 2023-2027: effects of direct payments internal convergence in Italy

The 2023-2027 CAP reform strongly emphasises Specific Objective 1, targeted to support viable farm income and resilience of the agricultural sector. The new CAP aims to achieve a fairer distribution of income support, in particular for small and medium-sized farms. This does not affect all Member States in the same way, depending on the choices made in previous programming periods. Italy has maintained the allocation of income support based on payment entitlements. Despite the internal convergence process that started in 2015, there are still important differences among farms in the level of unit support. This paper aims to analyse the effects of internal convergence of the Basic income support for sustainability (BISS), according to the Italian decisions established in the CAP Strategic Plan 2023-2027. It exploits administrative micro-data containing the value of each of the 10.5 million payment entitlements stored in Italy in the Entitlement Register of the Integrated Administrative and Control System (IACS). The analyses are based on the development of an original simulation tool replicating the actual implementation methods adopted by Italy for the 2023-2027 period. The results highlight that the internal convergence determines a significant modification to the financial allocation at both farm and territorial levels. Indeed, the internal convergence transfers support from very small and large farms towards small- and medium-sized ones. At the territorial level, the areas with a specialized agricultural sector experience a reduction of support to the benefit of more marginal and rural areas.

Analysis of Government Subsidies on Livestock Farming Sustainability

Abstract
 Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the analysis of government subsidies on livestock farming sustainability.
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: The findings revealed significant and concerning patterns. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and prolonged droughts are consistently linked to adverse health outcomes for livestock, including dairy cattle, sheep, poultry, and cattle, across various regions. These climate-induced stressors increase the incidence of heat-related health issues, malnutrition, dehydration, and the proliferation of vector-borne diseases among animals. Reduced milk production, higher mortality rates, and decreased grazing resources are common consequences.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Government subsidies play a crucial role in promoting sustainability in livestock farming. They bolster the economic viability of farms, particularly in resource-constrained environments, and encourage the adoption of sustainable practices, including improved animal welfare and reduced environmental impacts. The effectiveness of subsidies depends on their design, with direct payments to small-scale farmers proving more beneficial for sustainability. A balanced approach to subsidies, combining economic support with sustainability goals, enhances resilience in the livestock sector. Continuous monitoring and evaluation are essential to ensure that subsidies align with long-term sustainability objectives and do not inadvertently encourage unsustainable practices or overproduction.