Direct Mode Research Articles

“I See Super-Rich (Versus Poor) People, Therefore I Spend”: Effects of Social Comparison and Donation Mode on Egoistic Spending versus Altruistic Giving

ABSTRACT Digital platforms present consumers with contrasting visual narratives, from images of opulence to depictions of poverty. This study delves into the strategic implications of such dichotomous exposures, anchored in Social Comparison Theory. Three experiments (∑ N = 1665) investigated how portrayals of affluence and deprivation influence audience behaviors, specifically egoistic luxury spending versus altruistic charitable giving. Experiment 1a employed a 2 (exposure to photos of poverty versus affluence) x 2 (luxury spending versus charitable giving scenario as the within-subjects factor) mixed factorial design. Experiment 1b employed a 2 (poverty versus affluence) x 2 (luxury spending versus charitable giving) between-subjects factorial design. Experiment 2 employed a 3 (poverty versus affluence versus neutral photos) x 2 (anonymized versus publicized donation) between-subjects factorial design to further examine the interaction effects of social comparison direction and donation mode. Empirical findings highlight that downward social comparison (exposure to poverty) can amplify charitable inclinations, while upward comparison (exposure to affluence) can enhance conspicuous consumption. Individual difference factors such as materialism, need for status, social comparison orientation, and greed play pivotal roles in moderating these effects. This research contributes to the understanding of digital portrayal influences on consumers’ spending behavior, offering both theoretical insights and practical implications for strategic communication.

Visualization study on the flame propagation and distribution characteristics and exploration of optimal injection strategy in ammonia/diesel dual direct injection mode

With the increasing shortage of fossil fuels and the worsening carbon emission problems, ammonia has been attracted widely to alleviate the current challenges faced by internal combustion engines. Igniting direct injection of liquid ammonia by diesel may be a measure to achieve effective ammonia application, while the research on the characteristics of combustion and the unburned ammonia emission is little. Therefore, this paper studies the effects of ambient parameters and injection parameters on the characteristics of diesel ignition and flame propagation and distribution based on a constant volume combustion chamber, through the shadow method. The results indicate that the premise to ensure that ammonia can fully participate in combustion is that the flame can backpropagate to the junction of the two sprays. The current optimal injection strategy is the simultaneous injection of diesel and ammonia combined with a complete ammonia injection before the maintained flame. At a low temperature and high diesel injection pressure, ammonia will participate in combustion after a delay, which may result in a relatively low heat release rate and high unburned ammonia emissions. Overall, the paper can provide important references for professional researchers which is of great significance for the development of diesel/ammonia engines.

Impact of Gate Voltage on Mobility of Charge Carriers in Conductive Channel of Organic Molecular Semiconductors: Transport Landscape Assessed by Alternating and Direct Current Mode Techniques

AbstractThe gate voltage dependence of the charge carrier mobility is investigated by the microwave resonance technique in transport channels at various organic semiconductors‐insulator interfaces. Although the microwave based measurement is free from the Schottky‐barrier, the vertical charge transport, and the minority carrier trapping, which have been regarded as the origin of the nonlinearity in field effect transistor (FET) measurements, the obtained charge carrier mobility is impacted significantly by the applied gate bias. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) measurements revealed that the observed nonlinearity indeed originates from the surface disorder in even polycrystalline materials including conjugated polymers. The concerted assessment of the microwave resonance and the FET measurements reveals that 1) injected carriers below the threshold voltage are not trapped despite of the absence of the drain current, 2) the only charge carrier mobility at the 1st layer is assessed by FET measurements, and 3) the threshold voltage of conjugated polymers is relatively low due to the intra‐domain connection through tie molecules.

Viscoelastic Fluid Flow Model for Hydrodynamic Behaviour of Magnetorheological Fluid in Valve and Shear Modes for a Damper System

In this present study, the flow behaviour of magnetorheological fluid in valve and shear modes for damping system is modelled and analysed. The fluid is modelled as viscoelastic fluid flowing between two parallel plates in pressure driven flow mode, and also as direct shear mode. In the work, the post-yield shear thinning or thickening behaviour of magnetorheological fluids are accounted for. The velocity and pressure distributions in the unsteady magnetorheological fluid flow between the electrodes of the damper are obtained by solving the momentum equation of the magnetorheological fluid flow using the Laplace transform method. There is an excellent agreement between the results of the present model and the results of the experimental studies. The adopted viscoelastic flow model describes that the rheological behaviour of the fluid is separated into distinct pre-yield and post-yield regimes. The fluid flow velocity, velocity gradient, and shear stresses have all been shown to be enhanced by an increase in the pressure drop. The viscosity of the fluid increases with an increase in the volume fraction of particles in the fluid, which causes the resistance of the fluid to flow to increase and thereby, reduces the fluid flow velocity. Fluid flow velocity is decreased as a result of increasing magnetic field strength. The design of clutches, rotary brakes, dampers, shock absorbers, prosthetic devices, polishing and grinding tools, etc. will all benefit greatly from the adoption of the current model.

Differential eco-toxicological responses toward Eisenia fetida exposed to soil contaminated with naphthalene and typical metabolites.

Naphthalene (NAP) was frequently detected in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil, and its residues may pose an eco-toxicological threat to soil organisms. The toxic effects of NAP were closely tied to phenolic and quinone metabolites in biological metabolism. However, the present knowledge concerning the eco-toxicological impacts of NAP metabolites at the animal level is scanty. Here, we assessed the differences in the eco-toxicological responses of Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) in NAP, 1-naphthol (1-NAO) or 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) contaminated soils. NAP, 1-NAO, and 1,4-NQ exposure triggered the onset of oxidative stress as evidenced by the destruction of the antioxidant enzyme system. The lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidative damage levels induced by 1-NAO and 1,4-NQ were higher than those of NAP. The elevation of DNA damage varied considerably depending on differences in oxidative stress and the direct mode of action of NAP or its metabolites with DNA. All three toxicants induced different degrees of physiological damage to the body wall, but only 1, 4-NQ caused the shedding of intestinal epithelial cells. The integrated biomarker response for different exposure times illustrated that the comprehensive toxicity at the animal level was 1,4-NQ > 1-NAO > NAP, and the time-dependent trends of oxidative stress responses induced by the three toxicants were similar. At the initial stage, the antioxidant system of E. fetida responded positively to the provocation, but the ability of E. fetida to resist stimulation decreased with the prolongation of time resulting in provocation oxidative damage. This study would provide new insights into the toxicological effects and biohazard of PAHs on soil animals.

In-situ monitoring of an offshore wind turbine blade using acceleration and strain measurements

One of the most critical components of wind turbines is the blades. As blades are constantly exposed to weather and high loads, they can wear and become damaged. Performing in-situ continuous monitoring can help detect sudden damages and prevent further degradation, which is imperative to avoid economic losses and fatal accidents. However, monitoring a rotating rotor blade presents some challenges. One challenge is the consideration of lightning protection. Hence, a non-conductor measurement system must be used. Another challenge is system identification and modal tracking considering environmental and operational conditions (EOCs). Furthermore, vibration-based monitoring results from actual and operational rotor blades are scarce in the existing literature. This study centres on operational modal analysis (OMA) using covariance- driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI-COV) of an offshore wind turbine blade in operation employing eight months of data from fibre optic accelerometers (FOA) and fibre Bragg grating (FBG) strain gauges. The identification focuses on the first two bending modes in flapwise and edgewise directions and the first torsional mode. The study aims to determine which fibre optic sensor delivers better results. Furthermore, it addresses the effect of EOCs on the modal parameters, where system identification and modal tracking are discussed. It was found that tracked modes showed similar trends with respect to time, and a high connection was observed between wind speed, rotor speed, and pitch angle with frequency and damping. Additionally, acceleration and strain measurements deliver the same frequency and damping values. FBG better identified the first flapwise mode. On the other hand, FOA was superior in almost all other modes. This study points towards employing FOA for vibration-based monitoring of wind turbine blades using modal parameters.

Towards the use of control systems with variable autonomy levels in tasks of extreme robotics

Increasing the level of robot autonomy in scenarios of extreme robotics allows, on the one hand, to reduce the load on the operator due to the sharing of labor between man and machine, and on the other, to increase the safety and efficiency of performing complex and critical tasks, such as search and rescue operations, monitoring of hazard-ous environments, disposal or neutralization of dangerous objects and many others. Such robots are characterized by the predominant use of teleoperation. However, recently there appeared a trend towards increasing of robot’s autonomy levels even for those types of robots that worked exclusively in direct teleoperation mode of control [1]. This article focuses on the consideration of control strategies for ground-based mobile robots with variable levels of autonomy when performing various types of work in extreme situations.

Fundamental study on the factors influencing the stability of ammonia combustion and the effects of pre-chamber on the combustion characteristics

Ammonia is gaining attention as a carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. However, its poor combustion characteristics hinder its development, especially the combustion instability at low equivalence ratios. At present, most literature has not studied the factors affecting ammonia flame propagation stability under high ambient temperature and pressure. Therefore, this paper focuses on this issue, as well as the promotion of jet ignition combined with blending methane, and the prediction method of the flame propagation state under different conditions is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that the main reason for the difficulty of stable propagation of ammonia flame at low equivalence ratios in top direct ignition mode is the buoyancy effect. The relationship between the flame propagation state and the corresponding Froude number with the flame radius of 20 mm (Fr20) is established. The flame propagation of the mixture can be stable in top ignition mode when its Fr20 is larger than 0.89, and the flame propagation of the mixture is unable in top ignition mode when its Fr20 is less than 0.50. The Fr20 increases with temperature, decreases with pressure, and first increases and then decreases with the increase of the equivalence ratio. Among the three parameters, the equivalence ratio has the greatest correlation with the Fr20. The prediction results show that under engine conditions, blending 20 % methane can expand the stable combustion limit of ammonia, but the effect is less compared with increasing the equivalence ratio to 0.55 and 0.6. In jet ignition mode, a higher equivalence ratio of the mixture in the pre-chamber can expand the low equivalence ratio limit of stable combustion of the mixture in the main chamber due to the acceleration of the longitudinal propagation of the flame by the jet. The combustion characteristics of the mixture in the main chamber are closely related to its properties, so at a too-low equivalence ratio, the jet has a limited promotion, in addition, the effect of blending 10 % methane is also little.

The injury pattern and outcomes among elephant attack survivors presenting to the emergency department: A retrospective observational study

BackgroundHuman–elephant conflicts (HECs) are becoming a disturbing public health concern in eastern India. This study highlights the pattern of injuries, epidemiological factors, and outcomes among the victims who survived an elephant attack (EA). MethodsThis retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Data were retrieved from the medical records of EA victims who presented to the emergency department of the hospital over five years (January 2019–January 2024). Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics, injury mode, injury pattern, radiological findings, emergency procedures, and outcome variables (admission, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and death) were collected. ResultsIn total, 45 EA victims were included in this study. The mean participant age was 45.8 ± 14.57 years. Of the total participants, 35 (78 %) were men. Most EAs [n = 18 (40 %)] occurred in the forest area and during the early morning hours between 4am and 8am [n = 18 (40 %)] of the winter season [n = 37 (82 %)] and were unprovoked [38 (84 %)]. Of the total injuries, 26 (67 %) injuries were due to the direct mode of EA and 13 (33 %) were due to the indirect mode. The most common mechanism of EA was using the trunk and foot [20 (51 %)], followed by the tusk [6 (15 %)]. The median ISS in victims was 20 (13–29). The median AIS score of chest injuries was 1 (0–3). Thirteen (29 %) patients were positive on e-FAST. Of the total EA victims, 12 (26 %) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 17 were admitted to the wards. Severe chest injury (AIS score ≥ 3) (p = 0.003), direct mode of injury, and polytrauma (ISS > 16) were identified as significant factors contributing to ICU admission. The median ICU stay of the victims was 6 (3–8) days, and the median length of hospital stay was 7 (0.5–11) days. One inpatient mortality was noted. ConclusionMiddle-aged men were the most common victims of EA occurring during the early morning hours. Extremity and soft tissue injuries were most common, followed by chest and abdominal injuries. Severe chest injury resulted in ICU admission and extended hospitalization.

RECAR: Robust and efficient collision-avoiding routing for 3D underwater named data networking

Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) has important application prospects in fields of both scientific research and commercial business. As a future network architecture, Named Data Networking (NDN) is starting to be applied to IoUT. Although Underwater Named Data Networking (UNDN) has unique advantages in dealing with bandwidth usage, multi-path forwarding, and node mobility, there is still no specific routing protocol for UNDN. The existing underwater routing protocols are either difficult to combine with NDN, or are limited by channel collision and redundant forwarding, especially broadcast suppression routing. In this paper, we propose a routing method named Robust and Efficient Collision-Avoiding Routing (RECAR) for 3D UNDN. RECAR consists of three combined forwarding modes: Directive Mode (DM), Directive Flooding Mode (DFM), and Flooding Mode (FM). In DFM, we propose Segmentation Suppression for Optimal Position (SSOP), an elaborate waiting time algorithm of broadcast suppression which can effectively reduce channel collisions and redundant forwarding. For DM, failure path recovery and unreliable path elimination are proposed to address failure paths. Additionally, several forwarding efficient mechanisms are designed including flexible mode shift, unified data forwarding and scope control. Simulation results show that RECAR has excellent and robust performance, even in the cases of node failure and void hole. Compared with a recent underwater routing method (adaptive location-based routing protocol), RECAR improves the average interest satisfied rate by 19.57% while reducing the request time, collisions, redundant forwarding, total traffic, and energy consumption by 19.5%, 91.7%, 71.4%, 78.4%, and 27.3%, respectively.

Numerical study on temperature response of microheater and evolution characteristics of superheated zone under fast transient heating

The nucleate boiling process that occurs on the surface of a microheater immersed in a liquid pool under fast transient heating conditions can be regarded as homogeneous or near-homogeneous nucleation, exhibiting a significant difference when compared to boiling at conventional time scales on large and even micro spatial scales. This paper numerically investigates the boiling process at both small spatial and temporal scale by using a validated model. Results indicate a significant difference between the average microheater temperature and the maximum temperature at the boiling surface, which can reach up to 80 °C within the scope of present study. Consequently, the nucleation temperature, typically determined by the average temperature of the microheater in most references, may not precisely represent the homogeneous (or nearly homogeneous) nucleation temperature. At the initiation of nucleation, the profiles at the boundary of superheated zone are approximately circular in the z-plane and arched in the x-plane, respectively. Meanwhile, the profile of the superheated zone boundary at the onset of nucleation under direct heating mode (DHM) appears approximately trapezoidal, exhibiting a significant difference from that observed under indirect heating mode (IHM). It is also noted that the local temperature distribution in the fluid region can be considerably affected by natural convection, potentially exerting a substantial influence on the bubble dynamic behaviors during the subsequent bubble growing phase. These findings may provide valuable references for future experimental study on the mechanisms involving in microscale boiling heat transfer process under rapid heating conditions.

African swine fever: analysing its epidemiology, pathogenesis and control strategies: a review

African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to global swine populations, with devastating economic and agricultural implications. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of various facets of ASFV, encompassing its structure, entry mechanism, transmission dynamics, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control strategies. The complex virion architecture, including the multilayered core and distinctive outer envelope, is explored, shedding light on key elements influencing the virus’s stability and infectivity. The intricate mechanisms governing ASFV entry into host cells are discussed, emphasizing the interplay between viral proteins and cellular receptors. Insight into the virus-host interaction provides a foundation for understanding the initial stages of infection, influencing subsequent pathogenesis. Transmission dynamics, a critical aspect of ASFV epidemiology, are examined, encompassing both direct and indirect modes of spread. Factors influencing the persistence of ASFV in diverse environments and the role of vectors in disease dissemination are explored to elucidate the complex transmission pathways. Clinical signs and pathogenesis of ASFV infection are thoroughly reviewed, outlining the diverse manifestations in swine species. The immunopathological responses and host factors influencing disease severity are discussed, enhancing our understanding of ASFV pathobiology. A comprehensive understanding of diagnostic tools is pivotal for timely and accurate disease detection, enabling swift intervention measures. In conclusion, this review provides a nuanced and integrative overview of ASFV, offering valuable insights for researchers, veterinarians and policymakers engaged in combatting this significant threat to the swine industry.

FriiTriga, a triggered controller with an optical beam shutter using a hard disk drive voice-coil actuator

We present in this article the complete setup to build a triggered controller with a mechanical optical shutter. The system is a low cost, Do-It-Yourself, and easy to implement setup with three functionalities: Manual mode, direct mode with TTL signal command and Triggered mode with a TTL signal command. Our setup is primarily intended to be integrated in optical setup where one needs to control the opening time of a light path, but can be used also for any other setup where one wants to send a TTL signal to command another subsystem (in our case the shutter is that subsystem). The shutter used here is hard disk drive voice-coil actuator, which was already demonstrated to have interesting potentialities to be a mechanical shutter.In the Manual mode, this setup achieves an opening and closing time of 3 ms. In Direct mode with TTL signal command, the setup has a delay response time of 19 ms and a minimum open pulse time of 23 ms. This low cost device which can be made with less than 50€, have similar characteristics with commercial ones which can be twenty times more expensive.

Study of Effects on Performances and Emissions of a Large Marine Diesel Engine Partially Fuelled with Biodiesel B20 and Methanol

The impact of fossil fuel utilisation in different combustion systems on climate change due to greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere is rather evident. A part of these gases comes from the large engines used for propulsion in marine applications. In the continuous global effort made by engine manufacturers to mitigate this negative impact, one way is represented by the utilisation of alternative fuels such as biodiesel and methanol, based on dedicated research to fulfil the more stringent regulations concerning pollutant emissions issued by piston heat engines. In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted on a four-stroke large marine diesel engine (ALCO 16V 251C) at several engine speeds and full load conditions. Different blends of diesel–methanol and biodiesel B20–methanol with methanol mass fractions of 10% and 20% were considered for theoretical analysis in two techniques of methanol supply: direct injection mode of a blend of base fuel diesel/biodiesel B20 with methanol and injection of methanol after the intercooler, and direct injection of the base fuel. The results show that, if 10% in power loss can be acceptable, then for diesel–methanol 10%, in the direct injection technology, the NOx emission can be reduced up to 19%, but with a compromise of an 8% increase in SOOT emission, while for biodiesel B20–methanol 10%, with the same direct injection method, the NOx emissions increase by up to 58% with the benefit of reducing SOOT by up to 23% relative to the original diesel fuel operation. For a 20% methanol fraction in blend fuel, the drop in power is more than 10% regardless of the method of methanol supply and the base fuel, diesel, or B20 used.

Learning-Based Fast Splitting and Directional Mode Decision for VVC Intra Prediction

Learning-Based Fast Splitting and Directional Mode Decision for VVC Intra Prediction

Experimental investigation of the use of a radiant porous burner in a novel dual hot air generator based on the food drying process

AbstractHot air generators are essential for food drying processes, operating in either indirect or direct modes. In this study, a high‐power radiant porous burner in a novel dual hot air generator (HAG‐D) was designed and experimentally investigated. Temperatures and emissions of the combustion process are reported for 9, 13, and 18 kW, and 20% and 40% of excess air. Indirect and direct modes were tested across airflow rates of 300–1100 m3/h to assess thermal efficiency. For indirect mode operation, 88% thermal efficiency is the highest value for 9 kW, 20% excess air, with an airflow of 890 m3/h observing air temperature difference (outlet minus inlet) of approximately 30°C. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions were found in the range of 0–30 ppm and 20–45 ppm, respectively. For direct mode operation, results showed that for 18 kW with 20% and 40% excess air, the maximum thermal efficiency was 82% with an airflow of 670–1040 m3/h and air temperature difference in the range of 50–80°C. Results confirm that the radiant heat transfer mechanism allows for higher efficiencies and less pollution in a wide range of powers in the HAG‐D unit. The direct mode is recommended for food drying processes due to low exposure to flue gases, and the indirect mode is for other industrial applications due to its high efficiency. Future studies are suggested to assess renewable fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas and hydrogen mixtures, toward energy transition.Practical applicationsThe potential applications or practical benefits of the develop of this novel dual hot air generator is in the food industry, particularly in drying process of fruits and vegetables. Also, air conditioning, and space heating (household use) processes stand out among their several applications to generate hot air, such as paint, and wood.

Extraction of reflected waves from acoustic logging data using variation mode decomposition and curvelet transform

Remote reflection waves, essential for acquiring high-resolution images of geological structures beyond boreholes, often suffer contamination from strong direct mode waves propagating along the borehole. Consequently, the extraction of weak reflected waves becomes pivotal for optimizing migration image quality. This paper introduces a novel approach to extracting reflected waves by sequentially operating in the spatial frequency and curvelet domains. Using variation mode decomposition (VMD), single-channel spatial domain signals within the common offset gather are iteratively decomposed into high-wavenumber and low-wavenumber intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The low-wavenumber IMF is then subtracted from the overall waveform to attenuate direct mode waves. Subsequently, the curvelet transform is employed to segregate upgoing and downgoing reflected waves within the filtered curvelet domain. As a result, direct mode waves are substantially suppressed, while the integrity of reflected waves is fully preserved. The efficacy of this approach is validated through processing synthetic and field data, underscoring its potential as a robust extraction technique.

Manipulating terahertz guided wave excitation with Fabry-Perot cavity–assisted metasurfaces

Metasurfaces are emerging as powerful tools for manipulating complex light fields, offering enhanced control in free space and on-chip waveguide applications. Their ability to customize refractive indices and dispersion properties opens up new possibilities in light guiding, yet their efficiency in exciting guided waves, particularly through metallic structures, is not fully explored. Here, we present a new method for exciting terahertz (THz) guided waves using Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity-assisted metasurfaces that enable spin-selective directional coupling and mode selection. Our design uses a substrate-free ridge silicon THz waveguide with air cladding and a supporting slab, incorporating placed metallic metasurfaces to exploit their unique interaction with the guided waves. With the silicon thin layer and air serving as an FP cavity, THz waves enter from the bottom of the device, thereby intensifying the impact of the metasurfaces. The inverse-structured complementary metasurface could enhance excitation performance. We demonstrate selective excitation of TE00 and TE10 modes with directional control, confirmed through simulations and experimental validations using a THz vector network analyzer (VNA) system. This work broadens the potential of metasurfaces for advanced THz waveguide technologies.

Numerical challenges of CFD simulations of two-phase injectors working in the direct contact condensation mode

Numerical challenges of CFD simulations of two-phase injectors working in the direct contact condensation mode

Propionic acid promotes neurite recovery in damaged multiple sclerosis neurons.

Neurodegeneration in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis still poses a major therapeutic challenge. Effective drugs that target the inflammation can only partially reduce accumulation of neurological deficits and conversion to progressive disease forms. Diet and the associated gut microbiome are currently being discussed as crucial environmental risk factors that determine disease onset and subsequent progression. In people with multiple sclerosis, supplementation of the short-chain fatty acid propionic acid, as a microbial metabolite derived from the fermentation of a high-fiber diet, has previously been shown to regulate inflammation accompanied by neuroprotective properties. We set out to determine whether the neuroprotective impact of propionic acid is a direct mode of action of short-chain fatty acids on CNS neurons. We analysed neurite recovery in the presence of the short-chain fatty acid propionic acid and butyric acid in a reverse-translational disease-in-a-dish model of human-induced primary neurons differentiated from people with multiple sclerosis-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. We found that recovery of damaged neurites is induced by propionic acid and butyric acid. We could also show that administration of butyric acid is able to enhance propionic acid-associated neurite recovery. Whole-cell proteome analysis of induced primary neurons following recovery in the presence of propionic acid revealed abundant changes of protein groups that are associated with the chromatin assembly, translational, and metabolic processes. We further present evidence that these alterations in the chromatin assembly were associated with inhibition of histone deacetylase class I/II following both propionic acid and butyric acid treatment, mediated by free fatty acid receptor signalling. While neurite recovery in the presence of propionic acid is promoted by activation of the anti-oxidative response, administration of butyric acid increases neuronal ATP synthesis in people with multiple sclerosis-specific induced primary neurons.