Atmospheric Dioxide Research Articles

Thermal Properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass Containing Chlorine

Chlorine-containing CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses were prepared. TG-DTA (thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis) and TG-MS(thermogravimetry-mass spectrometric analysis) results showed that HCl gas was liberated from the glass above the temperature near glass transition. It was confirmed that chlorine in the glass reacts with water in the glass and in the atmosphere. It was considered that chlorine is replaced with oxygen in the atmosphere at the higher temperature. Glass transition temperature was found to decrease with introducing chlorine into the glass, suggesting that the glass structure was weakened by chlorine ions. The surface of glass containing chlorine has high reactivity with water and carbon dioxide in atmosphere.

Gaia and the Mediterranean Sea

SUMMARY: The Earth is a self-organizing system liking a living organism. Lovelock proposed Gaia as a metaphor to designate the check and balance ofterrestrial temperatures: the Earth is never too hot so that the ocean could boil, and the Earth is never too cold that the ocean could freeze from top to bottom. Hsu proposed that Gaia is endothermic because the life on Earth has been alternate successions of air-conditioners and heaters which evolved and deactivate or reinforce the terrestial greenhouse of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. When Earth was heating up too much, the air-conditioneers, such as anaerobic bacteria, cyanobacteria, skeletal organisms and trees, and finally calcareous plankton, went to work to bring the terrestrial temperature down. When the Earth was freezing at times of continental glaciation, heaters went to work, such as methanogenic bacteria, Ediacaran faunas, tundra and desert plants, and now Homo sapiens. Gaia has to have other organs to keep the self-organizing system vital. This paper presents a postulate that the Miocene Mediterranean Sea acted as Gaia's kidney. The steady influx of dissolved ions and debris into the ocean causes inevitable increase of ocean's salinity. The fossil and geochemicl records indicate that the ocean has never been too saline nor too brackish for the survival of normal marine organisms: the salinity ranged from about 32 to 36 pro mil during the last billion years. Ocean-drilling cruises to the Mediterranean discovered a very large salt formation, deposited during some 5 million years ago when the Mediterranean dried up. A study of the geochemical balance of the oceans indicates that the deposition of very large salt bodies in isolated basins such as the Miocene Mediterranean every 100 million years or so. The saline giants have the function of Gaia's kidney. With periodical removals of the salt ions and the heavy metals from seawater, the world's ocean have been rendered forever habitable. Gaia has to have a kidney. The desiccation of the Mediterranean is the evidence of a functioning kidney. Earlier kidney functions were performed during the deposition of the Cretaceous (South Atlantic), Jurassic (Gulf of Mexico), Permo-Triassic (Europe), Devonian (Canada),.Cambrian/Precambrian (Gondwana) saline giants.

古気候変動史から見た現在

The history of global climate on the earth during these 600 million years is presented based on the oxygen isotope data of fossil shells. The paleoclimatic curves clearly show the cyclic changes with different frequencies, such as, glacial-interglacial cycle of 0.1 Ma and Fischer-Arthur cycle of 32 Ma, and Greenhouse-icehouse cycle of 300 Ma. Today is located in the interglacial period of icehouse state. There are essential differences of the environmental systems and conditions between the greenhouse and icehouse states. The greenhouse state characterized by no continental ice sheets, simple climatic zones, more carbon dioxide in atmosphere, small annual temperature range, warmish and humid poles, high sea level, wide continental shelves, low latitudinal and vertical gradients of seawater temperature, warm oceans, slow circulation of bottom currents, anoxic oceans, abundant marine organisms, black shale deposition of oil raw material, sulfide deposits on oceanic ridges, manganese deposits on continental shelves, active magmatism, first spreading, magnetic quiet and active orogeny. A modern greenhouse warming was also compared with the warming after the “Younger Dryas Event” in the postglacial age.

International Negotiations Inching Toward Global Climate Treaty

While U.S. policymakers hesitate to call for direct action to stem accumulation of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in atmosphere, other nations are pressing for concrete steps to avert global warming. Formal negotiations heading toward an international treaty on climate change are set to begin this fall—regardless of whether U.S. takes a forceful role. Despite promising when he was a Presidential candidate to fight greenhouse effect with the White House effect, President Bush has so far been wary of any radical alterations in U.S. policy. He and his chief of staff, John H. Sununu, believe that scientific uncertainties surrounding global warming are too great to justify policies that would require changes in, say, fossil fuel use at costs that currently are difficult to quantify. Instead, they stress strategies that make sense in and of themselves—such as increasing energy efficiency, banning chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that not only are greenhouse gases but ...

合金および金属化合物中の希土類元素の濃縮分離分析

Recently, various samples containing rare earth elements have actively been studied from standpoints of metallurgy, solid state physics and non-stoichiometric chemistry. As the vehicle for these investigations, effective analytical methods of those elements are required. Determination of rare earth elements in various samples by the X-ray fluorescence method and those of impurity levels in high pure rare earths by the d.c. arc emission spectrographic method have been studied. In the X-ray fluorescence method, rare earth elements were precipitated as fluoride. Compared with the rare earth oxide, the rare earth fluoride precipitate absorbed little moisture and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. Furthermore, its preparation procedure was easier rather than the glass bead technique. Detection limits of rare earth elements were extended by this fluoride procedure because of no dilution with the fusing agent. Detection limits for Y (YKα) and Yb (YbLα1) were about 5 μg, for Ce(CeLβ1) and Gd(GdLα1) about 20 μg, and those elements of about 50 μg were analyzed with the coefficient of variation less than 2%, respectively. Many reports have been published for the chemical analysis of high-purity rare earths by the d.c. arc emission method. Most of those reports were concerned with the determination of impurity rare earths in pure rare earths (e.g. Y, La, Eu, Yb, etc.) which gave simple spectra with rather less lines and low background. The satisfactory results were obtained by d.c. arc emission for 10 ppm Eu in Yb and for 10 ppm Y in La. On the other hand, few have been reported on the determination of high pure rare earths (e.g. Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, etc.) with multi-component emssion spectral lines of strong intensity and high background. Therefore, the determination of 10∼500 ppm Y2O3 in Sm2O3 was investigated by the d.c. arc emission spectrographic method. Yttrium was separated from samarium as double salt with saturated sodium sulfate solution. The determination of trace yttrium in high-purity Sm2O3 became possible by the separation procedure. The best yttrium spectrum line for determination in the range of 3100∼4700 Å was YII 3633.123 Å and other lines could not be employed because of weak line intensity and high interference by samarium spectra. By the method proposed, trace amounts of Y2O3 in Sm2O3 were determined, and the coefficient of variation of sample containing 108 ppm Y2O3 in Sm2O3 was about 10%.

キンモクセイの開花とイオウ酸化物の関連性について

1. In order to investigate the effect of the accate exposure of sulfur dioxide on flowering of osmanthus, this experimeut was dore. As a result, the leaves were injured intersively, but flowering of osmanthus was not affected.2. In 1970, the chronic effects of sulfur dioxide on flowering of osmonthas in Ichihara city were stadied. The flowering was damaged at seaside and alongside Yoro river regions. The flowering was relative to the concentration of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere.3. In this study, it was found that the flowering of osmanthus was chronically injured by sulfur dioxide of low concentration in atmosphere, also it can be considered that the flowering of osmanthns will be maked use of indicator of air pollution.

Effects of nitrogen oxides on a conductometric analysis of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen oxides on the conductometric analysis of sulfur dioxide in air atmosphere, experiments were made on the samples nitrogen mono-oxide or nitrogen dioxide diluted with pure nitrogen gas.It was found out that existence of either nitrogen mono-oxide at a mass ratio higher than 0.012 ppm orn itrogen dioxide at a mass ratio higher than 0.07 ppm caused an error of over 0.001 ppm on the analysis of sulfur dioxide in air and the error increased with decreasing temperature.The error can be corrected by determining the nitric acid in the absorbing solution and by subtracting its contribution from the total conductance.

Studies on the errors in the determination of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere by West-Gaeke method

一般に用いられている簡易サンプラーを用いるパラロザニリン法の変動係数は6.4%で,APメーターによる測定値との差の検討などの精密測定に適さない.湿式ガスメーターによる試料ガス量の正確な計量および恒温室における発色,吸光度測定により変動係数は2.0～2.4%と約1/3になった.標準ガスの吸光度は吸収液温が30℃前後の場合,50～200ppbの範囲で計算値に比べて約9%低くなった.この原因は,吸収効率は約100%であったので捕集後の化学変化によるものと考えられる.したがって正確な測定には標準ガスによる検量線を用いる必要がある.200ppbの共存二酸化窒素の妨害はないが,空気中に共存する多量の可溶性鉄塩(20μg/m3)は妨害する.

The Influences of Air Pollution on Some Cultural Assets. I. : On the Air-Pollutional Measurement by the Filter Parer Method and the Influence of Air Pollution on Metallic Luster

Concentration of sulfur oxides and nitrogen dioxide in atmosphere was measured by alkaline filter paper method in summer (June 1968) and winter (January 1969) at 100 places in Kyoto, including the grounds of shrines and temples in which the designated Important Cultural Properties were placed. A rather higher concentration of both sulfur oxides and nitorogen dioxide was generally observed in winter than in summer. Further effect of these air-pollutants on metallic luster of these Properties was investigated, and the rate or decrease in metallic luster was about 10% lower on the average in winter than in summer. Although it was supposed that the weather conditions might be largely responsible in decreasing the metallic luster, correlation between the concentration of sulfur oxides and the rate of decrease in metallic luster was observed generally in both summer and winter (correlation coefficient found, 0.458 in summer, 0.416 in winter). There was no correlation between the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and decrease in the luster of metals (correlation coefficient found, 0.180 in smmer, 0.138 in winter).

Variations in concentration of carbon dioxide in the free atmosphere

Variations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been investigated by the analysis of 188 flask aamples taken from an airplane at heights up to 3 km during the period 1967 to 1961. The carbon dioxide concentration changes considerably from one time to another. Above lo00 rn the range is 308 to 320 ppm, the average 314 ppm. The range and average both increaae towards the ground. A seasonal variation in concentration is noted. The amplitude of the variation decreaees with increasing height above the ground. The minimum occura in summer and the maximum in the winter at all altitudes. Some of the seasonal variations at ground level as previously obtained from the Scandinavian network for carbon dioxide sampling do not show up in the analyses from upper levels.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in Atlantic Ocean water

An investigation of carbon dioxide partial pressures in the atmosphere and surface ocean conducted as part of a cooperative study under the general sponsorship of the International Geophysical Year is summarized. Results are given for about 470 hours of air analyses and 200 individual surface ocean water measurements made from 1957 to 1959 between 60°N and 58°S. Over the Atlantic Ocean, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is found to average 316 ppm by volume and to be quite uniform except for a minor increase toward the equator. The total carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is estimated to be 2.41×1018g. In the equatorial region, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide appears to be higher in the surface water than in the atmosphere; in the higher latitudes it appears to be lower.

Automatic Apparatus for Determination of Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Atmosphere

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAutomatic Apparatus for Determination of Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in AtmosphereM. D. Thomas, J. A. MacLeod, R. C. Robbins, R. C. Goettelman, R. W. Eldridge, and L. H. RogersCite this: Anal. Chem. 1956, 28, 12, 1810–1816Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60120a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views179Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Colorimetric Microdetermination of Nitrogen Dioxide in Atmosphere

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTColorimetric Microdetermination of Nitrogen Dioxide in AtmosphereB. E. SaltzmanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1954, 26, 12, 1949–1955Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60096a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1106Altmetric-Citations504LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (981 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Acid-Bleached Fuchsin in Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Atmosphere

Acid-Bleached Fuchsin in Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Atmosphere

Acid-Bleached Fuchsin in Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Atmosphere

Acid-Bleached Fuchsin in Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Atmosphere

Sulfur. Dioxide in Atmosphere and Its Relation to Plant Life

Sulfur. Dioxide in Atmosphere and Its Relation to Plant Life