Dimorphism In Canines Research Articles

Canine tooth dimorphism as an aid in establishing sex identity in the Kashmiri population

ABSTRACT Background: Teeth are an excellent source for genetic and forensic studies. Teeth exhibit minimum morphological change and are easy to inspect. Because of their resistance to fire and bacterial breakdown, they are useful for forensic identification. Tooth dimension can be employed to determine age and gender. “Sexual dimorphism” means distinctions in height, stature, and appearance between men and women that can be used in dental identification. Aim: With this background, a study was conducted to figure out canine tooth dimorphism as an aid in sex determination among the Kashmiri population. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based retrospective study was undertaken on the Kashmiri people. The casts were picked from the Government Dental College and Hospital Srinagar’s Postgraduate Department of Orthodontics. A total of 100 casts were chosen (50 each from men and women). The mesiodistal diameter of maxillary and mandibular canines was measured with a digital vernier caliper. The measurements were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and statistical analysis was performed to determine gender differences. Results: Males and females have considerably varied maxillary and mandibular canine mesiodistal proportions. However, data regarding sexual dimorphism in mandibular right canines were fairly stable. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, males had greater mean mesiodistal dimensions than females.

Sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular and maxillary canines of Sri Lankan Sinhalese population

Introduction: Sexual dimorphism is one of the most important implications in forensic investigations and anthropological studies. Teeth are becoming a good source of material for gender determination. The canine is the most preferred tooth for gender determination because the canine is the strongest tooth in the oral cavity. Objectives: To investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular and maxillary canines of a Sri Lankan Sinhalese population, and to ascertain the most suitable dimension (labiolingual, mesiodistal and crown height) to determine the sex of an individual. Materials & Methods : The study was conducted using 384 dental casts (Males 192, Females 192) aged between 18 and 25 years in a sample of the Sri Lankan population. According to a selection criterion, casts were selected using a convenient random sampling technique. Mesio-distal, Bucco-lingual and Crown height of all the canines in the casts were measured using a digital vernier caliper accurate to 0.01 mm. Results : Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 and SPSS (Version 21). Unpaired sample t-test, paired sample t-test and point-biserial correlation were used for data analysis. The present study revealed that males show larger mean dimensions of canine teeth than females. Out of all four canines, mandibular canines show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Further, crown height is the best measurement to evaluate sexual dimorphism. Conclusion : It can be concluded that out of all the four canines, mandibular canines show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Moreover, crown height is the best measurement to evaluate sexual dimorphism, in identifying an unknown .

Accuracy of using diagonal measurements of maxillary canine, first premolar and first molar teeth in sex determination in a Pondicherry Cohort

Introduction: Sex may be determined from various parts of the human body like the skull remains, femur, humerus etc. However, in forensic cases, when human skeletal remains (such as skull, pelvis, femur, humerus, radius, clavicle, and ulnae etc.) are fragmented or incomplete, the teeth may be used for sex determination. The aim and objective of the present study: i) To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in maxillary canines, first premolars and first molars using diagonal diameters of the crown (mesiobuccal-distolingual: MBDL, mesiolingual–distobuccal: MLDB/ DBML). ii) To determine the accuracy of maxillary canines, first premolars and first molars using diagonal measurements of the crown in sex determination. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 participants with equal gender ratio i.e 15 males:15 females and age ranged from 18 to 30 years. The participants were selected from Pondicherry population who visited to our department. Crown diagonal measurement of canines, first premolars and first molars were taken from right and left sides with the help of digital caliper (resolution of 0.1mm, accuracy of ±0.2mm). Data was analysed statistically usingdescriptive analysisand discriminant function analysis. Results: All crown diagonal dimensions in male revealed higher mean value than female except left premolar MBDL crown dimensions (male=7.8600, female=7.8733). There was significant difference in mean value of MBDL crown dimension of left canine, left first molar and right first molar between males than females. MBDL crown dimension of left maxillary canine exhibited the highest accuracy (66.7%) for sex determination with 60% in males and 73.3% in females. Conclusion: We conclude that diagonal crown (MBDL crown) dimension of left maxillary canine and first molar, right maxillary first molar can be used as an aid for gender determination where linear crown width (MD and BL) measurements cannot be taken or used as an aid along with other accepted procedu

Indicators of sexual dimorphism in Homo antecessor permanent canines.

One of the main concerns of paleoanthropologists is to make a correct interpretation of the variability observed in the fossil record. However, the current knowledge about sexual dimorphism in the human lineage comes mainly from the study of modern human, Neanderthal and pre-Neanderthal populations, whereas information available about the intrapopulation variability of the groups that preceded these taxa is still ambiguous. In this preliminary study, Homo antecessor dental sample was assessed with the aim of trying to evaluate the degree of variability of their permanent canines` dental tissue proportions. Microtomographic techniques were here employed in order to measure and compare the crown volumes and surface areas of their enamel caps and dentine-pulp complexes. Then, the Pearson`s Coefficient of Variation and the Euclidean Distance were assessed to evaluate of intrapopulation variability of Gran Dolina TD6.2 dental sample. The values obtained were also compared with those of the dental samples from Sima de los Huesos site (Spain), the Neanderthal site of Krapina (Croatia), as well as from a broad forensic collection of known sex. Our results showed a marked intrapopulation variability in the dental tissues measurements of the canines of the individuals H1 and H3 from this site. This variability may be interpreted as an indicator of sexual dimorphism. If this is the case, H1 may be considered as a male individual, whereas H3 would be a female. Future discoveries of new fossils in the level TD6.2 of Gran Dolina site might help to confirm or refute this hypothesis.

ESTIMACIÓN DEL SEXO A PARTIR DE MEDIDAS CORONALES DE CANINOS PERMANENTES EN UNA POBLACIÓN MESTIZA CONTEMPORÁNEA DE MANIZALES, COLOMBIA

Introduction: sex estimation is one of the most important aspects of bioanthropological analysis. Teeth are a key tool to obtain this information, especially in cases where the action of taphonomic agents or funeral characteristics are unfavorable for preservation. The aim of this study was to examine the degree of sexual dimorphism in permanent canines of a contemporary mestizo population from the city of Manizales, Colombia. Method: descriptive study, measuring the mesiodistal (MD) and bucolingual (BL) diameters of permanent canines in 109 mestizo individuals (63 male and 46 female) aged 15 to 18, born in the city of Manizales, Colombia. The used statistical methods helped obtain the cut-off points, the percentages of cases correctly allocated, the likelihood estimation for new individuals and the sexual dimorphism values. Results: the cut-off points were 7.88 mm and 7.33 mm for MD and BL of the upper canine, respectively, and 6.81 mm and 6.76 mm for the same variables in lower canines. Correct allocations range from 71.42% to 78.26%, except for bucolingual diameter in the upper canine, which yielded low values. The correct likelihood estimation of external individuals ranges from 0.71 to 0.83. Finally, sexual dimorphism is relatively low (between 2.79% and 6.80%), although it falls within the expected range. The most dimorphic tooth is the lower canine, in line with reports in other populations around the world. Conclusions: the size of permanent canines is a good predictor of sex in the studied population and can be used when other osteological indicators are not available, or as a complement to them

Odontometric analysis of canines to establish sexual dimorphism in an urban population

Teeth are the most durable part of the skeleton. Under most of the adverse conditions occurring in nature like putrefaction, mutilation, fire and prolonged immersion in water, teeth are the most indestructible part of the body and may survive all these challenges. Due to this, the use of dental morphology to determine sexual dimorphism is a procedure established in anthropological and biological studies. Among all teeth, canines are found to exhibit greatest sexual dimorphism. This study aimed to determine the gender of an individual based on the bucco-lingual dimensions of the canines and the inter-canine arch width and analyse if any sexual variation existed in them. It was a cross sectional study. In the present study, 50 male and 50 female volunteers residing in Navi Mumbai; in the age group of 18-60 years were selected to observe the sexual dimorphism in the bucco-lingual crown dimensions of the canine and difference in inter-canine width. The bucco-lingual dimensions were measured on the study casts as the greatest distance between the buccal and the lingual surfaces of the canine crown with a digital Vernier calliper. The inter-canine width was measured between the tips of the canines with the calliper beaks placed along the long axis of the teeth. Unpaired 't' test and ROC curve using SPSS 21.0 statistical programme for Windows. It was found that the bucco-lingual dimension was significantly larger in males as compared to females and the difference was statistically significant. The difference in mandibular inter-canine arch width was statistically significant. The study defines that the bucco-lingual dimensions are more reliable criteria for sexual dimorphism in Navi Mumbai population than the inter-canine arch width. Thus, it is indicated that the dimorphism in canines can be of immense medico-legal use in identification and gender determination.

Gender determination using mandibular canine index in general population

Context: Gender determination of skeletal remains is part of archeological and medicolegal examination. In forensic investigations mandibular canines provide excellent material to identify gender as they are more likely to survive in disaster. Dimorphism in mandibular canines is of immense use in forensic investigation. Aim: The aim of study was to establish mandibular canine index (MCI) for gender determination in general population for age group of 18--30 years and to find out efficiency of MCI in establishing gender identity of individual. Setting and Study Design: Patients reporting to Department Of Oral Medicine and Radiology are selected for study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 200 subjects in general population; (100 males and 100 females). Following parameters were considered in study; mesiodistal width of right and left mandibular canine, intercanine arch width and right and left MCI. All measurements were taken intraorally and then on dental casts of same individuals followed by MCI calculation. Statistical Analysis Used: In the entire study the P –value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The entire data were statistically analyzed by using (SPSS ver 16, IBM corporation, USA). Results: Using the MCI value, gender can be correctly predicted up to 81% in females and 85% in males. Overall, percentage accuracy of MCI in prediction of gender was 83%. The standard MCI value was 0.2661. Also, right canine was found to exhibit more dimorphism than left canine. Conclusion: It was evident from this study that MCI is a good tool for determining gender. It is quick, reliable, and inexpensive method. Along with other parameters it increases percentage accuracy of predicting gender.

Analysing Cheiloscopic Pattern and Mandibular Canine Index for Gender Determination

Aim: To analyse the cheiloscopic pattern and mandibular canine index and assess their benefits for gender determination. Materials and methods: The study population comprised 100 subjects inclusive of 50 males and 50 females with an age range of 18-25 from Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. Lip print of each subject was obtained on a bond paper and analysed by Tsuchihashiclassification. Measurements made with a verniercalliperin mm at the contact point of mesiodistal width of the right and left canines and intercanine distance intraorally, and the mandibular canine index (MCI) was calculated. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The most predominant pattern in the entire study population was found to be Type I in females and Type IV in males with significant statistical values. It was also demonstrated that no two lip prints were found to match each other which proves that every individual has unique lip prints.Theintercanine distance, canine width, and canine index were greater in males compared to females indicating significant sexual dimorphism of mandibular canines. Conclusion: Significant sexual dimorphism occursin the pattern of mandibular canine among the males and females thereforecan be used to identify the gender of an individual.Among plethora methods of forensic identification, place for cheiloscopy is recommended within the scope of forensic odontology. Nevertheless, bigger representative sample with sturdy analytical tools can provide a necessary blueprint of human identification. The data of this study proves the occurrence of significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines. We can therefore, recommend the use of mandibular canine dimensions as an applicable and additional method for gender determination in human identification.

Automation of gender determination in human canines using artificial intelligence

Background: Gender determination is an important aspect of the identification process. The tooth represents a part of the human body that indicates the nature of sexual dimorphism. Artificial intelligence enables computers to perform to the same standard the same tasks as those carried out by humans. Several methods of classification exist within an artificial intelligence approach to identifying sexual dimorphism in canines. Purpose: This study aimed to quantify the respective accuracy of the Naive Bayes, decision tree, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) methods in identifying sexual dimorphism in canines. Methods: A sample of results derived from 100 measurements of the diameter of mesiodistal, buccolingual, and diagonal upper and lower canine jaw models of both genders were entered into an application computer program that implements the algorithm (MLP). The analytical process was conducted by the program to obtain a classification model with testing being subsequently carried out in order to obtain 50 new measurement results, 25 each for males and females. A comparative analysis was conducted on the program-generated information. Results: The accuracy rate of the Naive Bayes method was 82%, while that of the decision tree and MLP amounted to 84%. The MLP method had an absolute error value lower than that of its decision tree counterpart. Conclusion: The use of artificial intelligence methods produced a highly accurate identification process relating to the gender determination of canine teeth. The most appropriate method was the MLP with an accuracy rate of 84%.

Mandibular and maxillary canine as a tool for sex determination

Abstract Introduction: Teeth measurement assist in the forensic and anthropological investigation to estimate age, confirm sex and race of a person. Maximum resistance to change in a natural disaster and also the most level of sexual dimorphism in canines makes them important in mentioned fields. Materials and Methods: During this study, an effort has been created to determine the sex of a person by using Canine Index (CI) which calculated for mandibular and maxillary canines. Mesio-distal (MD) breadth of canines and also the respective inter-canine distances (ICD) were tested using the independent samples t-test revealed significant sex dimorphism among the 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) of Iranian population in the age group of 18-35 years. Conclusion: It is evident from our study that the maxillary canine index (MaxCI) is a valuable tool for determining sex.

A study of sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular canines and its implication in forensic dentistry

A study of sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular canines and its implication in forensic dentistry

Study of sexual dimorphism and tooth size variation in canines in south indian population

Study of sexual dimorphism and tooth size variation in canines in south indian population

Comparative analysis of clinical and experimental methods for determination of sexual dimorphism of mandibular canines

The identification of gender is of significance in case of major disasters where bodies are often damaged beyond recognition Teeth are the hardest and chemically the most stable structure in the body. Moreover teeth show signs of least amount of changes in morphology and are easily accessible for examination. Therefore teeth are a first-rate material for genetic and forensic investigations. Out of all the teeth mandibular canines are considered as the “key teeth” for personal identification. Many studies have not been conducted simultaneously intra-orally and on the dental casts to establish the sexual dimorphism in the mandibular canines. The present study was undertaken in north Indian population to check the significance of intraoral measurements - mesio distal width and inter-canine distance as compared with the measurements on the dental casts. The study revealed that both the methods were equally reliable in gender determination.

Gender Determination by Using Dimorphism in Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Canines in Iraqi Adults

Gender Determination by Using Dimorphism in Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Canines in Iraqi Adults

Mandibular canine dimensions as an aid in gender estimation.

Background:All humans have an identity in life; compassionate societies require this identity to be recognized even after death.Objectives:To measure the dimensions of the mandibular canine and assess the usefulness of the mandibular canine as an aid in gender estimation.Materials and Methods:The study population comprised 200 subjects inclusive of 100 males and 100 females with an age range of 18–25 years. Measurements made in mm at the contact point were of mesiodistal width of the right and left canines and intercanine distance both intraorally and on casts, and the mandibular canine index (MCI) was calculated. The obtained data were subjected to t-test/Mann-Whitney test and discriminant function analysis.Results:All parameters of mandibular canines, namely, intercanine distance, canine width, and canine index were greater in males compared to females suggesting significant sexual dimorphism of mandibular canines. On subjecting the data to discriminant function analysis, it classified sex correctly in 73% of the samples.Conclusion:The result of our study establishes the existence of significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines. We can therefore, recommend the use of mandibular canine dimensions as an applicable and additional method for gender determination in human identification.

Sexual Dimorphism of Mandibular Canine in South Indian population

Sexual dimorphism refers to the differences in size, stature and appearance between male and female, since no two mouths are alike. Teeth are the hardest and chemically the most stable tissues found in the body, are known to resist postmortem, mechanical, chemical, physical and thermal types of destruction. To determine sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine in south Indian population, the present study was conducted on 60 subjects. (male–30, female-30). The mean mesiodistal width of right and left mandibular canines are significantly different in males and females. The t value for mesiodistal width of right mandibular canine is more than the left mandibular canine. Mandibular canine index for right and left canines were also found to be significantly different in male and female. Sexual dimorphism was calculated and left mandibular canine was found to be more dimorphic than right mandibular canine. This study conclusively establishes that there is definite statistically significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines in South Indian population

Sexual dimorphism in buccolingual diameter of canines in North Indian population

Introduction: Teeth are the most durable part of the skeleton. Under most conditions occurring in nature like putrefaction, mutilation, fire and prolonged immersion in water, teeth are the least destructible part of the body as these may readily survive all these changes. Teeth are useful in determination of the gender by using different odontometric techniques. Among all the teeth, the canines are found to exhibit greatest sexual dimorphism. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 53 male and 56 female volunteers of North Indian origin; in the age group of 18‑25 years were selected to observe the sexual dimorphism in the buccolingual crown diameter of the maxillary and mandibular canines. Dental casts of the volunteers were made after getting their written consent. The buccolingual diameter of the canines was measured on the study casts as the greatest distance between the buccal and lingual surface of the canine crown with a digital vernier calipers. Results: It was found that the buccolingual diameter was significantly larger in the males as compared to the females and the difference was highly statistically significant. The sexual dimorphism in the buccolingual diameter of maxillary canines was found to be 8.88% on the right side and 7.78% on the left side. In the mandibular canines, the sexual dimorphism was 9.26% on the right side and 8.94% on the left side. Conclusion: The study defines the morphometric criteria for canines in North Indian population and the results indicate that the dimorphism in canines can be of immense medico‑legal use in identification and gender determination. Original Article

Sexual dimorphism in permanent maxillary and mandibular canines and intermolar arch width: Endemic study

Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dimorphism of permanent mandibular and maxillary canine teeth as well as intercanine and intermolar distance plays a role in establishing sex identity. Materials and Methods: Four hundred volunteers comprising 200 males and 200 females, with age ranging from 18 to 50 years, were selected. The greatest mesiodistal width of the canine teeth and the distance between the tips of canines of both arches and intermolar arch width were measured using vernier caliper with 0.02 mm resolution. All data were tabulated and analysis done by t test. Results: The widths of the mandibular and maxillary right and left canine teeth were almost bilaterally symmetrical in females and males. The mean values for left and right mandibular and maxillary canine widths were less in females than in males and the differences were statistically significant. The mean values for mandibular and maxillary intercanine and intermolar distances were less in females than in males and the differences were statistically significant (P

Erratum: Sexual dimorphism in permanent maxillary and mandibular canines and intermolar arch width: Endemic study

Erratum: Sexual dimorphism in permanent maxillary and mandibular canines and intermolar arch width: Endemic study

Gender determination using diagonal measurements of maxillary molar and canine teeth in davangere population.

Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements of the teeth have been the traditional means of determining gender which sometimes are difficult to measure. To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in upper permanent canines and first molars using diagonal diameters and to evaluate the applicability of diagonal measurements in sex determination. Mesiobuccal-distolingual (MBDL) and distobuccal-mesiolingual (DBML) measurements of the crown and cervix of maxillary canine and maxillary molar were taken using digital vernier callipers in 100 upper dental casts obtained from 50 males and 50 females of the age group of 17-25 y. With step wise discriminant function analysis, results were statistically significant with males showing higher diagonal measurement values. The classification accuracy for males was 69% and in females was 73% with overall accuracy of 71%. RESULTS showed that canines exhibited highest accuracy with cervical measurements being more dimorphic. MBDL measurements were found to be more reliable. Most dimorphicmeasurements included right molar cervical MBDL, left molar cervical MBDL followed by right and left molar crown MBDL. In cases of tooth rotations, crowding, certain fillings and attritions where traditional mesio-distal and bucco-lingual measurements are not applicable, diagonal measurements could be of help in predicting gender.