Dimensions Of Fear Research Articles

Cooperation Under Fear, Greed and Prison: The Role of Redistributive Inequality in the Evolution of Cooperation

This work offers an analysis of cooperation dilemmas making emphasis in the role of the unequal outcomes. Increases in the benefit from leaving mutual cooperation are associated to the greed dimension, while increases in the cost from leaving mutual defection are associated to fear dimension. The manipulation of these dimensions allows defining two cooperation dilemmas derived from the standard Prisoner’s Dilemma. Using two different frameworks, classical game theory and evolutionary game theory, is shown that the magnitude and the direction of these inequalities have an effect over the decision of cooperation.

Brief fear of movement scale for osteoarthritis

Fear of movement has important clinical implications for individuals with osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to establish a brief fear of movement scale for use in OA. Items from the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were examined. The English version of the TSK was examined in a community-based sample (n = 1,136) of individuals with OA of the hip or knee. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to determine the number and content of the dimensions of fear of movement. Factorial invariance was tested across subgroups of sex, race, education, and OA severity. Convergent validity with measures of pain, physical functioning, and psychological functioning was examined. Factor analyses identified a single-factor 6-item scale that measures activity avoidance due to pain-related fear of movement (confirmatory factor analysis indices of model fit: root mean square error of approximation = 0.04, standardized root mean square residual = 0.01, comparative fit index = 0.99, and Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.99). The 6-item scale demonstrated factorial invariance across sex, race, levels of education, and OA severity, suggesting that this scale performs consistently across diverse groups of individuals with OA. Convergent validity with measures of pain (β = 0.30-0.41), physical functioning (β = 0.44-0.48), and psychological functioning (β = 0.36-0.37) was also demonstrated. The Brief Fear of Movement Scale identified in this study provides a promising and valid approach for assessing fear of movement in individuals with OA. This brief scale demonstrated several important strengths, including a small number of items, sound psychometric properties, and consistent performance across diverse groups of individuals with OA.

“The brain is such a delicate thing”: an exploration of fear and seizures among young people with epilepsy

Epilepsy is a condition where pathology, diverse manifestations and attached social understandings contribute to an emotional experience unlike many other chronic conditions. The emotional dimension to epilepsy has been little considered in existing research. To explore the emotional experience of young people with epilepsy. A qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 37 young people diagnosed with epilepsy. Fear emerged as the key emotion and this largely related to the experience, or anticipated experience, of seizure activity. Three key features of fear and epilepsy emerged through the analysis; harm, temporality and action. The fear experienced was not only external, relating to immediate injury, but also internal in terms of potential damage to the brain. The embodied nature of epilepsy can, therefore, present a threat to conceptions of the self. Underlying this internal dimension of fear is an understanding of the brain as central to the sense of self. The experience of epilepsy does not only involve fear of physical harm but also fear of a loss of self. We conclude that there are broader (alternative) readings of the experience of epilepsy that are often overlooked.

Routine activities and fear of crime: Specifying individual-level mechanisms

Studies have examined individual-level associations between fear of crime and various environmental and cognitive assessments but have largely dismissed the relationship between various dimensions of fear and broad behavioural adaptations. Drawing on the risk interpretation model, we specify path models to assess the nature of relationships between perceptions of risk of crime and disorder and the patterning of voluntary and compulsory routine activities. We also explore whether these activities influence the relationship between disorder, risk and fear. Using data from the 2007–8 British Crime Survey, we find support for the proposed distinction between types of routine activities. Although we also find that the various manifestations of fear exhibit different associations with these activities, our models offer marginal support for the proposed mediating role of behavioural policies.

The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and disordered eating: The mediating role of experiential avoidance

This study examined the role of experiential avoidance in the association between dimensions of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and disordered eating. A sample of 395 undergraduate students completed a series of questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest. Results indicate that the AS dimension of fear of cognitive dyscontrol was significantly uniquely associated with disordered eating. Furthermore, results provide support for a model in which experiential avoidance mediates the association between fear of cognitive dyscontrol and disordered eating. Findings of the present study highlight one potential mechanism underlying the association between AS and disordered eating, suggesting that efforts to avoid internal experiences may play a role in eating pathology. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Integrating Sketch Maps with GIS to Explore Fear of Crime in the Urban Environment: A Review of the Past and Prospects for the Future

Understanding the spatial dimension of fear of crime in the urban environment is important to understanding behaviors in response to this concern. Making this connection between perception and action has long been a goal of scholars in the social and health sciences, though this complex relationship has yet to be fully elucidated. Specifically, in studies on fear of crime and its influence on behavior, a variety of definitions and methods have been employed. This situation has yielded insights, as well as inconsistencies. In the past decade, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been added to this methodological mix, though it too has contributed limited understanding of the environmental perception-behavior nexus. During this time, some scholars have integrated a traditional technique for accessing environmental perception, the sketch map, with this newer technology. This article provides a review and critical assessment of the way GIS has been used to understand fear of crime, specifically through the integration of sketch maps. This focus is framed by an overview of substantive and methodological concerns and concludes with a discussion of continued research needs. As behavioral responses to fear of crime are acknowledged to impact physical and mental health and overall well-being, in addition to the viability of neighborhoods, research in this area will continue apace. However, for integration of sketch maps in GIS to be a valuable methodological contributor to this line of inquiry, users of the approach must understand its complexities. This article outlines these issues so that they may be considered in future research and may improve the ability for this approach to yield new understanding of fear of crime.

Psychometric Properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVETo perform the first comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II), a measure of the behavioral and affective dimensions of fear of hypoglycemia, using modern test-theory methods, including item-response theory (IRT).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSSurveys completed in four previous studies by 777 adults with type 1 diabetes were aggregated for analysis, with 289 subjects completing both subscales of the HFS-II and 488 subjects completing only the Worry subscale. The aggregated sample (53.3% female, 44.4% using insulin pumps) had a mean age of 41.9 years, diabetes duration of 23.8 years, HbA1c value of 7.7%, and 1.4 severe hypoglycemic episodes in the past year. Data analysis included exploratory factor analysis using polychoric correlations and IRT. Factors were analyzed for fit, trait-level locations, point-measure correlations, and separation values.RESULTSInternal and test-retest reliability was good, as well as convergent validity, as demonstrated by significant correlations with other measures of psychological distress. Scores were significantly higher in subjects who had experienced severe hypoglycemia in the past year. Factor analyses validated the two subscales of the HFS-II. Item analyses showed that 12 of 15 items on the Behavior subscale, and all of the items on the Worry subscale had good-fit statistics.CONCLUSIONSThe HFS-II is a reliable and valid measure of the fear of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes, and factor analyses and IRT support the two separate subscales of the survey.

The Relationship between Entrepreneur's Level of Perceived Business-Related Fear and Business Performance

There is increasing awareness about fear's effect on the quality of human performance in the workplace [1–3]. In the light of this proposition, improving the entrepreneur's capability to manage his or her own fears may have a high probability of increasing business performance. An expected outcome of this study is that if fear affects workplace behavior and play a significant role in workplace performance, then it would be important for entrepreneurs to understand how fear can limit their business success. Fear of the entrepreneur's results for business performance has very few studied empirically [4]. This study adds to the body of knowledge by exploring the fears of entrepreneurs and the relationship of fear and business performance. The result of study is valuable for both academia and practitoners.The article proceeds in the following manner. First, we briefly review the literature regarding fear in the workplace, entrepreneurship and results for business performance. We develop hypotheses concerning the relationship between entrepreneur's the level of perceived business-related fear on business performance. Next, we test our hypotheses using data from 255 enterprises owner from various scale firms (micro-small-medium sized and corporate firms) in Istanbul. In this study various valuable demographic description which is supported by literature is done for the participated enterprise owners. And findings of regression analyzes indicated that as a fear dimension “fear of legal issues” is a supported dimension with the association with both financial and innovative performance.

Human handling and presentation of a novel object evoke independent dimensions of fear in Japanese quail

Fear is a concept comprising several dimensions, but the nature of these dimensions and the relationships between them remain elusive. To investigate these dimensions in birds, we have used two genetic lines of quail divergently selected on tonic immobility duration, a behavioural index of fear. These two lines differ in their behavioural response to some, but not all, fear-inducing situations. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of human intervention in the differentiation between the two lines. To do this, fear responses towards a novel object were compared between lines in three conditions: (1) in the home cage without any human intervention, (2) in the home cage after human handling and (3) after placement in a novel environment by human handling. Fear behaviour differed between lines after human handling, with or without placement in a novel environment, but presentation of a novel object in the home cage without any human intervention induced similar fear responses in the two lines of quail. These results lead us to suggest that in quail, human intervention evokes a dimension of fear that differs from that evoked by sudden presentation of a novel object, in that these two dimensions may be selected independently.

The Street Musician

The Street Musician Anne-Marie Thompson (bio) More difficult to know how the spirit learnsIts scales, or the exact dimensions of fear… —Anthony Hecht, "Dichtung und Wahrheit" Untrained, I never play or put on airs, and though I knew him well,I don't pretend to be a Paganini. I have no need to selladmission, since I work on public stairs,preferring not the money but the many. Tuxedos, houselights, encore and ovation are for some other stage.There are no program notes. My solo part is written on a pagethat needs no context and no explanation.I guarantee you'll know the tune by heart. One morning, as you turn to leave your door, you'll shudder when it starts.This, my friend, is why a musician's job is highest in the arts:eyes closed, the notes still ring; you can't ignoremy universal strains, the Danse Macabre. [End Page 234] Anne-Marie Thompson Anne-Marie Thompson's recent poems have appeared in Smartish Pace, The Dark Horse, Ploughshares, and The Sewanee Theological Review. Copyright © 2010 Johns Hopkins University Press

Fear of crime: Research of students' attitudes

In this paper we have researched the students' perception of fear of crime. To begin with, our attention was at emotional, cognitive and behavioral dimension of this manifestation. Since this subject is rarely researched in our country, it was our ambition to establish the extent of fear of crime and potential differences in regard to gender, and what we are conditionally referring to as cohesiveness variables. The subjects were 59 second year sociology students. The findings pointed out that emotional and cognitive dimension of fear of crime is present only in regard to certain crimes: sexual assault, knife stabbing, home burglary regardless if home is empty, and homicide. It is indicative that dimension of emotional fear is higher with female subjects as opposed to their male counterparts, particularly in the case of sexual assault. Also, it has been noted that female subjects adopt certain behavioral patterns (avoiding particular part of town, at specific hours) generated by the possible casualty assessment. On our sample fear of crime can be explained by some micro model variables, like personal or victim experience of someone dear. That is to say that such experience goes hand in hand with lower fear of crime. On the other hand, perception of crime threat is connected to models of social disorder and social care variables, such as: feeling of cohesiveness in the area of living and trusting the police force. Finally, it should be pointed out that some of the findings of this research, primarily those relating between fear(lessness) and: gender, experience as victim and community cohesiveness, do not differ from the results of foreign studies.

Validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International in fall-prone older persons

SIR—Fear of falling in community-dwelling older persons [1, 2] may lead to activity restriction [3]. It can predict future falls [4] and is an important fall-related psychological outcome [5–9]. The widely used 10-item Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) [5] does not evaluate the social dimension of fear of falling and refers almost exclusively to very basic activities of daily living, making it insensitive when used in active older persons. To remedy this, a new 16-item Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) [10] has been developed by the Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE, www.profane.eu.org), showing excellent psychometric properties in a cross-cultural context [11]. Furthermore, a seven-item FES-I has been developed and recommended for use as part of a test battery and for screening purposes [12]. The evaluation of the FES-I has so far been performed in community-dwelling non-clinical samples. To examine the relevance of the two FES-I versions for health care settings, further evaluation of the instrument should include fall-prone older persons. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the 16-item FES-I in samples of fall-prone older home-dwelling persons recruited from the health care system and to assess if the seven-item FES-I has the same properties as the 16-item FES-I in these samples.

Il bambino abusato diventa adulto: riflessioni su alcune situazioni trattate

- The author analyses some clinical cases in order to reflect upon the varying consequences of child sexual abuse on the development of abused males. Three distinct cases observed in clinical population are discussed. The typical victim's transformation into offender, the persistent tendency in victims to perpetuate the role of victim and the persistent tendency in the brothers' female victims to perpetuate the role of the spectator. The attachment system (provided both by the protective parent and by the abusing parent) plays a key role in the abused child's development related to the dimension of fear produced by the traumatic event.

Perceived barriers of non-US healthcare providers to responding during mass casualty incidents

Nurses and other healthcare providers (HCPs) have a long history of providing care during extreme emergencies, disasters, or mass casualty incidents (MCIs). Surveys have been conducted in U.S. metropolitan areas to determine the ability and willingness of HCP to respond to an MCIs. Various barriers were identified in those studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and attitudes of HCPs in other countries and cultures to barriers they may have in their ability or willingness to respond during an MCI. The study participants were 42 nurses completing their master's degree, representing 26 different countries and territories, and they were assigned to one of eight focus groups based on the location of their country of origin. The findings revealed several themes, the first being that in some countries there were no perceived barriers to either ability or willingness to respond to an MCI. In other countries, the perceived barriers to ability were lack of transportation, staff shortages, equipment shortages, personal illness, and lack of infant care, whereas the perceived barriers to willingness were dimensions of fear and employment status. Cultural differences played a significant role in the ability and willingness of the HCPs to respond to an MCI.

Fear in Arthroplasty Surgery: The Role of Race

Understanding the difference in perceived functional outcomes between whites and blacks and the influence of anxiety and pain on functional outcomes after joint arthroplasty may help surgeons develop ways to eliminate the racial and ethnic disparities in outcome. We determined the difference in functional outcomes between whites and blacks and assessed the influence of fear and anxiety in total joint arthroplasty outcomes in 331 patients undergoing primary hip and knee arthroplasty. WOMAC, Quality of Well Being, SF-36, and Pain and Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) were administered pre- and postoperatively (average 5-year followup). For the SF-36 General Health Score, blacks reported having worse perceived general health than whites before surgery. Regardless of time, blacks scored worse than whites for all measures except for the SF-36 physical function and general health scores. Blacks had a greater fear score (ie, that associated with the procedure) and total PASS score. For both races, there was a low association between the fear dimensions and dependent measures before and after surgery. Black patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty had lower scores than whites in most outcome measures regardless of time of assessment. We found higher fear levels before joint arthroplasty in blacks compared with whites. After surgery, blacks had much higher associations of the fear subscale, cognitive subscale, and total PASS score with the WOMAC physical function, pain, and total scores. Level II, prospective controlled cohort study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

The Factor Structure of the Illness Attitude Scales in A German Population

The illness attitudes scales (IAS) were developed to identify different dimensions of hypochondrical attitudes, fears, beliefs, and abnormal illness behavior (Kellner 1986). Although there are several studies which focus on the scale structure of the IAS, the factor structure has not yet been made quite clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the IAS on a large representative sample. Participants (N = 1,575) comparable with the general German population regarding sex, age, and education level completed the IAS. For the data analyses, a principal components analyses with subsequent oblique rotations was used. The minimum average partial method suggested a three-factor solution. The three factors were named (1) health anxiety, (2) health behavior, and (3) health habits. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for the three scales were (1) alpha = 0.88, (2) alpha = 0.75, and (3) alpha = 0.56. The results support previous findings, namely that the IAS factor structure appears to be less complex than originally suggested by the author. For a sample of the general German population, a three-factor solution fit best. Further items should be added to improve the internal consistency, especially for the third scale (health habits).

Emotional Distress and Posttraumatic Stress in Children: The Impact of Direct Versus Indirect Exposure

This study examined whether familiarity with the physical environment and verbal/pictorial exposure to a tsunami also inducted posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) and Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale (PEDS) were administered to 231 subjects (130 directly exposed and 101 indirectly exposed). The directly exposed group scored high on the IES and PEDS. A significant sex difference was observed on all three dimensions of the IES, and fearful and traumatic event-related dimensions of PEDS, with females at a higher risk compared to males. In the indirectly exposed group, no sex difference was observed for the IES (avoidance and total impact score) or the fearful, acting out, or traumatic experience related dimensions of the PEDS. Significant sex differences were observed in this group on the IES intrusion and PEDS withdrawal scores, with males higher on intrusion and females higher on withdrawal.

Spatial Dimensions of Fear in a High-Crime Community: Fear of Crime or Fear of Disorder?

This article presents findings from a two-year study of fear of crime and victimization in a high-crime, inner-city neighbourhood in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Face-to-face interviews were carried out in 2007 with a sample of 394 neighbourhood residents. Respondents provided qualitative, quantitative, and spatial data on levels of fear, patterns of victimization, and experience with neighbourhood disorder. Despite high levels of criminal victimization and worry about crime, neighbourhood residents cited concerns with disorder rather than crime as determinate of locations of highest fear in the community. Spatial and qualitative measures of fear in this neighbourhood suggest support for the link between disorder and fear of crime even in high-crime communities.

The Gift of Faith

Fear and Trembling explores an exceptional faith that goes beyond realm of human understanding, knowledge, and law. The story of Genesis serves as a narrative foundation through which S0ren Kierkegaard examines absurd ethics of a father's willingness to sacrifice his only child to an invisible God. Although scandalized and outraged by story, he is nevertheless still inspired by a father who chooses to sacrifice public morality for an intangible, private ethics. In The Gift of Death, Jacques Derrida too trembles at thought of Abraham's sacrifice and is also scandalized enough to contemplate unconventional ethics of his decision. Derrida's interpretation of story not only preserves spirit of Fear and Trembling but also takes it a step further in that invisible is not bound to religious belief or existence of God. Through making a comparative study of Fear and Trembling and The Gift of Death this essay will put into question ethics and subjectivity of an absolute faith and decision that is so wholly other that it escapes from earthly mediations of language, community, and law. The Genesis Story The story of Genesis is an unadorned parable of faith that tells of a father's willingness to sacrifice his only legitimate son because God asked: 'Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into land of Moriah: and offer him there for a burnt offering.1 The Almighty's words are teasing and vindictive in their repetition and focus on precious life of Isaac. Wordlessly showing obedience, rises early next morning, takes Isaac to mount of Moriah, prepares a woodpile, binds him and then raises his knife with intention to kill. At this crucial moment in story, an angel from Lord intervenes and stops him from going through with sacrifice. Through pseudonym of Johannes de silentio, a poetice et eleganter2 Kierkegaard breathes spirit and meaning into silences and secrets that structure and trouble this story of faith. He inhabits character of in order to preserve ethics of his decision. As Gillian Rose observes in The Broken Middle, Abraham is 'incommensurable,' which is why de silentio is so voluble.3 In The Gift of Death, Jacques Derrida too is keen to retain ethical dimension of Abraham's decision. Abraham's faith elevates him beyond sphere of ordinary human reason, morality, and law. Both Kierkegaard and Derrida assert that chooses to do what is most difficult and painful because in this particular case the temptation is ethical itself.4 It is understandable and morally reasonable that a loving father would want to save his only son but of course does not do this and what is more, he seeks neither justification nor external counsel in making such a decision. In both Fear and Trembling and The Gift of Death, privacy of his decision is central to preserving ethics of his sacrifice. The torment and pain of giving up what is most precious in world is intensified by isolation and secrecy of his sacrifice. At heart of each defense is a belief in Abraham's unfathomable interiority. In Fear and Trembling, Abraham's individual existence is integral to supporting supreme existence of God. Kierkegaard's motives are clear - he believes in Abraham's subjectivity because it upholds and parallels ultimate subjectivity of God. By contrast, Derrida's motives are not so obvious. Derrida is neither impassioned by religious crisis nor is he driven by need to affirm God's existence, and yet he still retains idea of ineffable in form of Abraham's incommensurable interiority. Kierkegaard's external creator is internalized as a wholly other who is so secret and inaccessible that he is even more intimate with me than myself''5 In The Gift of Death, contemplative dimension of Fear and Trembling is intensified in idea that it is neither limited by religious belief nor tied down by figure of God. …

Attachment styles and sleep measures in a community-based sample of older adults

Background Measures of attachment style are often used to appraise social and emotional health. In developmental literature, the concept of attachment is used to explain relationships between children and their adult caregivers. While both attachment styles and sleep patterns are conceived as developmentally organized systems, very few studies have explored the link between the two. The present study examined whether attachment styles and sleep measures are associated among older adults. Methods Relationships between attachment styles (i.e., secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissive) and subjective sleep measures were assessed utilizing data from 70 older participants (mean age: 68 ± 6 years; Blacks: 59% and Whites: 41%) in a community-based study assessing subjective health characteristics. After obtaining informed consent, each participant provided demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as relevant medical and subjective data. Results Independent of participants’ demographic and subjective factors, significant correlations were found between the preoccupied attachment dimension and sleep measures. Specifically, individuals scoring high on the preoccupied attachment dimension were more likely to report daytime napping ( r p = 0.31, p < 0.01) and to use sleep-inducing medications ( r p = 0.37, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found among sleep measures and the secure, dismissive, and fearful dimensions. Conclusions Important relations have been observed between specific attachment styles and subjective sleep factors in our data. Although only one-dimension (preoccupied) demonstrated statistical significance, a trend was observed, suggesting possible associations between the secure attachment style dimension and subjective sleep measures. Future studies are needed to broaden our understanding of the relationship between attachment styles and sleep patterns.