Dimensionless Time Research Articles

Numerical analysis of thermocline evolution during charging phase in a stratified thermal energy storage tank

Thermocline thickness (TLT) is the best parameter to quantify the thermal performance of stratified thermal energy storage (TES) tanks as it defines the inactive part of a storage medium. A detailed literature review reveals that there is no consensus in the community on the temperature band where the TLT is quantified. In this study, a new criterion for quantifying TLT is proposed that addresses its dynamic nature and is based on 1K below Tmax and 1K above Tmin inside a TES tank. Additionally, an ideal charging diffuser is defined that can attribute to the minimum theoretical TLT at a certain TES tank height to diameter ratio and charging mass flow rate. Therefore, the effectiveness of any enhancement strategies for improving TES thermal performance in a real working condition can be compared against the ideal case. The proposed criterion is applied during the charging process of a cylindrical TES tank through computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation by solving the coupled hydrodynamic (continuity and momentum) and energy equations in a 2D axisymmetric computational domain for a real TES tank. The accuracy of the obtained results is validated against available experimental data and a good agreement is observed. The main observation is that the ideal minimum TLT evolves proportional to the square root of dimensionless charging time divided by Peclet number, however, with the actual diffusers when heat loss to the ambient air and mixing effect are present, TLT undergoes three formation stages, namely, mixing dominated, developing, and fully developed regions. The evolution of TLT in the dynamics of the TES charging process is reported at different working conditions.

Numerical study on droplets impacting solid spheres: Effect of fluid properties and sphere diameter

This study adopts the phase-field method to investigate the dynamics of droplet impact on spherical surfaces at various Reynolds numbers Re and Weber numbers We . Five liquids are studied in the present simulation, which expands the research scope of viscosity (1–970 mPa·s) and surface tension (20–500 mN/m) compared with previous works. The temporal evolution of the spreading factor β and the dimensionless center thickness h * is systematically analyzed. The results indicate that β max ∝ We a suggested by previous works does not apply to viscous fluids. Thus, we adopt the impact factor P = We / Re 0.8 , which has been used to study droplet impact on flat surfaces, to decide the dominating force of β max for impact on spheres. We first find that β max ∝ Re b exists in the viscous regime ( P > 1), whereas β max ∝ We a mainly exists in the capillary regime ( P < 1). Although the fluid properties of incident droplets vary widely, the variation in h * with dimensionless time τ always has three distinct phases. The first phase follows h * = 1- τ , and the second phase basically conforms to h * ∝ τ −1.6 . The minimum dimensionless center thickness h * min scales as Re c . Furthermore, the exponents a , b , and c are found to b e strongly related to the diameter ratio of spheres and droplets, and prediction models of the three exponents are proposed.

Behavior of the Free Surface of Two-Phase Fluid Flow Near the Taphole in a Tank

The present study numerically investigated the deformation of the free-surface of two-phase fluid flow in a tank which is considered as a simplified blast furnace hearth. Actually, the fluids existing in a blast furnace hearth are gas, slag and hot metal from top to bottom. However, the present study considered only gas and cold molten iron in the tank. The porosity is considered as a substitute for void volume formed by the packed bed of the particles such as cokes. The single-phase flow and two-phase fluids flow without the porosity are analyzed for comparison. The porosity contributed the free surface to forming a viscous finger near the taphole. The axi-symmetry nature of the interface of two-phase fluids flow in the cylindrical tank is broken by viscous finger as the interface instability by the gas entrainment into taphole, which has been identified by the visualization of the free surface formation. The acceleration of the free surface falling velocity and the outflow near the taphole are associated by the viscous finger by the gas entrainment. The dimensionless gas break-through time is linear with respect to the porosity magnitude.

Theory of Faradaically Modulated Redox Active Electrodes for Electrochemically Mediated Selective Adsorption Processes

Electrochemically mediated selective adsorption is an emerging electrosorption technique that utilizes Faradaically enhanced redox active electrodes, which can adsorb ions not only electrostatically, but also electrochemically. The superb selectivity (>100) of this technique enables selective removal of toxic or high-value target ions under low energy consumption. Here, we develop a general theoretical framework to describe the competitive electrosorption phenomena involving multiple ions and surface-bound redox species. The model couples diffusion, convection and electromigration with competitive surface adsorption reaction kinetics, consistently derived from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. To optimize the selective removal of the target ions, design criteria were derived analytically from physically relevant dimensionless groups and time scales, where the propagation of the target anion’s concentration front is the limiting step. Detailed computational studies are reported for three case studies that cover a wide range of inlet concentration ratios between the competing ions. And in all three cases, target anions in the electrosorption cell forms a self-sharpening reaction-diffusion wave front. Based on the model, a three-step stop-flow operation scheme with a pure stripping solution of target anions is proposed that optimizes the ion adsorption performance and increases the purity of the regeneration stream to almost 100%, which is beneficial for downstream processing.

Effects of Airflow Velocity and Droplet Diameter on the Secondary Breakup Characteristics

In this paper, the volume of fluid method coupled with adaptive mesh refinement technology is adopted to investigate the effects of the initial airflow velocity and droplet diameter on deformation and breakup characteristics of the n-Octane droplet for Weber numbers in the range of 125 to 325. The result indicates that the shear breakup mode whose mechanism is similar to the “stretched ligament breakup” occurs at different Weber numbers in the present simulations. Still, droplets have significantly different deformation and breakup characteristics even at the same Weber number. The dimensionless cross-stream and streamwise diameters turn into approximately and in the final stage of deformation, respectively. Indeed, as the Weber number increases, the extents of cross-stream and streamwise deformations are relatively weaker before the parent droplet breakup. Finally, both dimensional and dimensionless initial breakup times are directly proportional to the initial droplet diameter but inversely proportional to the initial airflow velocity, demonstrating that increasing initial airflow velocity can promote the droplet breakup but increasing initial droplet diameter can delay the droplet breakup.

Experimental investigation on coal-breakage performances by abrasive nitrogen-gas jet with a conical nozzle

With the increasing energy and environmental protection demands, coalbed methane (CBM) have attracted worldwide attentions. A cost-effective way of using nitrogen-gas as the fluid media of abrasive jet for radial jet drilling (RJD) in CBM exploitation was proposed in this paper. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of parameters including jetting pressure, nozzle diameter, dimensionless standoff distance, bedding direction, abrasive diameter, duration time and coal strength on coal-breakage efficiency. Besides, sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of jetting parameters on erosion performance. Moreover, the surface morphologies of jet-drilled holes were measured by a 3D profilometer. Finally, the coal-breakage mechanisms of abrasive nitrogen-gas jet were illustrated. The results indicated that the key factors for improving coal-breakage efficiency by abrasive nitrogen-gas jet were dimensionless standoff distance and nozzle diameter. Four major factors that contribute to the coal-breakage mechanisms can be summarized as: fractures generation, edge chipping, repeated erosion and gas entrainment effect. Moreover, jetting direction plays an important role in generating fractures. Fractures tend to be generated along the parallel bedding direction on the coal since tensile failures are easier to be occurred. Furthermore, a regular and smooth hole generated by the abrasive nitrogen-gas jet made it suitable for RJD drilling in CBM wells. The experimental results are expected to provide a viable alternative for efficient, economical and safe exploitations in CBM reservoirs.

New Insight on Liquid Steel Microalloying by Pulse-Step Method in Two-Strand Slab Tundish by Numerical Simulations

Developing a technology for introducing alloy addition to liquid steel during the course of continuous casting process seems to be an interesting approach to enhancing the steelmaking process, especially as the effective introduction of micro-additives or non-metallic inclusion modifiers to the liquid steel is the key to the production of the highest-quality steel. This paper presents the results of investigation describing the process of liquid steel chemical homogenisation in the two-strand slab tundish. The alloy was fed to liquid steel by pulse-step method. Five tundish equipment variants with different flow control devices and alloy addition feeding positions were considered. The paper includes fields of liquid steel flow, alloy concentration vs. time curves, dimensionless mixing time, minimum time values and alloy concentration deviations at tundish outlets. The results pointed much more effectively with liquid steel mixing nickel than aluminium. For aluminium obtaining a 95% chemical homogenisation level requires three-fold more time. Moreover, it is definitely beneficial for chemical homogenisation to initiate the alloying process simultaneously in two sites. This procedure generates, among others, the least alloy deviation of concentration at tundish outlets.

Verification of ansys and matlab Heat Conduction Results Using an “Intrinsically” Verified Exact Analytical Solution

Abstract A two-dimensional (2D) transient thermal conduction problem is examined, and numerical solutions to the problem generated by ansys and matlab, employing the finite element (FE) method, are compared against an “intrinsically” verified analytical solution. Various grid densities and time-step combinations are used in the numerical solutions, including some as recommended by default in the ansys software, including coarse, medium, and fine spatial grids. The transient temperature solutions from the analytical and numerical schemes are compared at four specific locations on the body, and time-dependent error curves are generated for each point. Additionally, tabular values of each solution are presented for a more detailed comparison. Two different test cases are examined for the various numerical solutions using selected grid densities. The first case involves uniform constant heating on a portion of one surface for a long duration, up to a dimensionless time of 30. The second test case still involves uniform constant heating but for a dimensionless time of one, immediately followed by an insulated condition on that same surface for another duration of one dimensionless time unit. Although the errors at large times for both ansys and matlab are extremely small, the errors found within the short-duration test are more significant, in particular when the heating is suddenly set “on.” Surprisingly, very small errors occur when the heating is suddenly set “off.” The solution developed using the matlab differential equation solver is found to have errors an order of magnitude larger than those generated using ansys with a similar mesh size and same FE type (quadratic triangular). This occurs not only during the transient but also for steady-state problems. However, the matlab computational efficiency is superior. Also, when using ansys, at early times the numerical errors are very sensitive to the time-step chosen rather than the spatial discretization. Therefore, the time-steps have to be very small near a singularity.

Jet Dynamics Associated with Drop Impact on Micropillared Substrate

The jetting phenomenon associated with droplet impact upon a hydrophilic micropillared substrate was analyzed in detail using a high-speed camera. Viscosities of the fluids were varied using differing concentrations of glycerol in deionized water. This paper aims to connect similarities between this form of capillary jetting and another well-known jetting phenomenon from the bubble bursting. Both experience a cavity collapse when opposing fluid fronts collide which causes a singularity at the liquid surface, thus leading to the occurrence of jetting. Following processes used to define scaling laws for bubble bursting, a similar approach was taken to derive scaling laws for the dimensionless jet height, jet radius, base height, and radius of the jet base with respect to dimensionless time for the jetting phenomenon associated with the droplet impact. The development of a top droplet before the breakup of the jet also allows the examination of a scaling law for the necking diameter. We find that with the proper scaling factors, the evolution of the jet profile can collapse into a master profile for different fluids and impact velocities. The time dependence of the necking diameter before the jet breakup follows the power law with an exponent of ~2/3. Contrastingly, for other jet parameters such as the radius and height, the power law relationship with time dependence was not found to have a clear pattern that emerged from these studies.

The Role of Slip and No Slip Behavior on Droplet Impingement

Abstract For the identification of role of slip and no slip conditions at the solid–liquid interface in case of hydrophobic, superhydrophilic, and superhydrophobic surfaces, the experimentally determined velocity profiles are analyzed. Before experimentation, each surface was characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), two-dimensional, and three-dimensional surface profilometer. The impact mapping results reveal that in case of hydrophobic surface, first no slip condition is achieved and then slip condition is noticed. Conversely, for superhydrophilic surface, initially slip and then no slip conditions are observed. Furthermore, in case of superhydrophobic surface, slip behavior is observed throughout the process for the dimensionless time ranges 0.06–0.94 and this behavior of the process promotes local enhancement of viscous and capillary forces. The experimentally obtained results are further tried to validate with the help of theoretical and visual observations.

Numerical and Analytical Modeling of Flow Partitioning in Partially Saturated Fracture Networks

AbstractInfiltration processes in fractured‐porous media remain a crucial, yet not very well understood component of recharge and vulnerability assessment. Under partially saturated condition flows in fractures, percolating fracture networks and fault zones contribute to the fastest spectrum of infiltration velocities via preferential pathways. Specifically, the partitioning dynamics at fracture intersections determine the magnitude of flow fragmentation into vertical and horizontal components, hence the bulk flow velocity and dispersion of fracture networks. Here we derive an approximate analytical solution for the partitioning process and validate it using smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations. The transfer function is conceptually based on simulation results and laboratory experiments carried out in previous works. It allows efficient flow simulation through fracture networks with simple cubic structures and an arbitrary number of fractures and aperture sizes via linear response theory and convolution of a given input signal. We derive a nondimensional bulk flow velocity () and dispersion coefficient () to characterize fracture networks in terms of dimensionless horizontal and vertical time scales τm and τ0. The dispersion coefficient strongly depends on the horizontal time scale and converges toward a constant value of 0.08 within reasonable fluid and geometrical parameter ranges, while the nondimensional velocity exhibits a characteristic scaling. Given that hydraulic information is often only available at limited places within (fractured‐porous) aquifer systems (boreholes or springs), our study intends to provide an analytical concept to potentially reconstruct internal fracture network geometries from external boundary information, such as the dispersive properties of discharge (groundwater level fluctuations).

A many-body dissipative particle dynamics study of eccentric droplets impacting inclined fiber

The phenomenon of droplets impacting fiber has important applications in the recovery of waste liquid, separation of solid and liquid phases, gas and liquid phases, and glass wool manufacturing. This study explored the impact of droplets on fiber based on the many-body dissipative particle dynamics (MDPD) method. First, the impact of droplets on fiber at different angles was simulated, and the results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. We then investigated the influence of droplet eccentricity, fiber tilt angle, and wettability on the collision results and found that droplet critical velocity V*, wetting length L, contact time t, and droplet capture rate all increased with tilt angle and decreased with the increase in eccentricity. In addition, fiber wettability had little effect on contact time t but had a greater effect on critical velocity V*. Except for hydrophobicity, wettability also had little effect on droplet capture rate. The theoretical derivation obtained the analytical formulas of critical velocity V*, dimensionless wetting length L*, and dimensionless contact time t* when the eccentric droplet hits the inclined fiber. The simulation results are highly consistent with the theoretical values. This research possesses important guiding significance for actual production and life.

Thermomechanical Waves in an Axisymmetric Rotating Disk Using Refined Green–Naghdi Models

In this paper, four thermoelasticity models are applied to investigate the thermo-mechanical waves in an axisymmetric rotating disk. For this purpose, some modifications of Green and Naghdi’s generalized thermoelasticity theory have been made. These novel dual- and triple-phase-lag models are presented. The closed-form solution governing equations of thermomechanical waves in the rotating disk has been presented. Some validation results are tabulated to compare the simple and refined dual- and triple-phase lag models based upon the Green–Naghdi theory. The effects of dimensionless time and angular speed on all variables are investigated. The validity of results is acceptable and benchmark results are tabulated to aid other researchers in their upcoming comparisons.

Spontaneous Imbibition Dynamics of Liquids in Partially-Wet Nanoporous Media: Experiment and Theory

Nanoscale spontaneous imbibition is a common process in nanoporous soil and unconventional reservoirs. Due to the complexity of these natural nanoporous media, the relevant spontaneous imbibition dynamics are still unclear. Thus, this paper studies spontaneous imbibition dynamics of liquids into a nanoporous carbon scaffold (NCS, with controllable wettability and pore geometry). The effects of evaporation and surfactant on spontaneous imbibition are also examined. For low-volatility liquids, a linear relationship between spontaneous imbibition height ( $$H$$ ) and square root of time ( $$\sqrt{t}$$ ) is observed. A modified Lucas–Washburn (L–W) equation is developed to describe the corresponding dynamics and to predict the NCS effective radius and the advancing water contact angle. A dimensionless time function is presented, which includes the properties of solid and liquid and their interactions, and can be used for upscaling spontaneous imbibition data in nanoporous media from laboratory to reservoir scales. Both a larger NCS pore diameter and pore throat diameter cause faster imbibition. The addition of surfactant into an aqueous solution increases the imbibition rate, although this influence is suppressed with pore size decrease. In contrast, for high-volatility liquids, a significant deviation from the linear relationship between $$H$$ and $$\sqrt{t}$$ is found at late times. The modified L–W equation is further developed to include evaporation effect. This study thus provides fundamental understanding of spontaneous imbibition dynamics at nanoscales. The developed theoretical models are expected to be applicable to important problems such as water infiltration into soil, fracturing fluid loss in unconventional reservoirs, and electrolyte migration in electrochemical devices.

Thermal stratification in a solar hot water storage tank with mantle heat exchanger

Solar hot water storage tanks with mantle heat exchangers are widely used in balcony wall-mounted solar heating system in China. The thermal behaviour of a novelty mantle solar water tank with vertical inlet and outlet water tubes has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. Dimensionless parameter can well characterize the stratification of water and thermocline dynamics in the water tank. In the discharging mode, as the dimensionless time increases, the thermocline thickness gradually increases, and the mixing in the water tank intensifies. The dimensionless exergy gradually decreases with the increase of the dimensionless time.

Novel evaluation method to determine the local mixing time distribution in stirred tank reactors

Stirred tank reactors are frequently used for mixing as well as heat- and mass transfer processes in chemical and biochemical engineering due to their robust operation and extensive experiences in the past. However, for cell culture processes like mammalian cell expression systems, special requirements have to be met to ensure optimal cell growth and product quality. One of the most important requirements to ensure ideal transport processes is a proper mixing performance, characterized typically by the global mixing time tmix,global or the dimensionless global mixing time tmix,global·n. As an evaluation method for mixing time determination, the time is usually determined until a tracer signal (e.g. conductivity) has reached a constant value after a peak has been introduced (e.g. by adding a salt). A disadvantage of this method is, that the position of tracer feeding as well as the position of the probe significantly influences the detected mixing time. Further on, the global mixing time does not provide any information about the spatial and temporal ”history” of the mixing process to identify areas that are mixed poorly or areas that form stable compartments. To overcome this disadvantage, a novel image analysis will be presented in this study for the detailed characterization of mixing processes by taking into account the history of mixing. The method is based on the experimental determination of the local mixing time distribution by using a multi-color change caused by a pH-change in a bromothymol blue solution. A 3L transparent stirred tank reactor is used for the benchmark experiment. To demonstrate the suitability of the new characterization method for the validation of numerical simulations, a calculation with a commercial Lattice-Boltzmann approach (M-Star CFD) has been performed additionally and evaluated regarding mixing time distributions. The exemplary application of image analysis to a numerical mixing time simulation shows good agreement with the corresponding experiment. On the one hand, this shows that the method can also be interesting for numerical work, especially for experimental validation, and on the other hand, this allows much deeper insights into the mixing behavior compared to conventional mixing criteria. For example the new method enables the characterization of mixing on different scales as well as the identification of micro- and macroscopic flow structures. The strong influence of the acid to base ratio on mixing time experiments becomes clearly visible with the new method.

Finite element modeling of spherical indentation in a poro‐elasto‐plastic medium via step displacement loading

AbstractA hydromechanically coupled finite element method (FEM) algorithm following a mixed continuous Galerkin formulation for displacement and pore pressure is adopted for modeling of spherical indentation in a poro‐elasto‐plastic medium. The fully saturated porous medium is assumed to be isotropic and elasto‐perfectly plastic, obeying a Drucker‐Prager yield criterion with an associative or non‐associative flow rule. The Newton‐Raphson method with the tangent stiffness scheme is employed to deal with plasticity in the solid skeleton. A stabilization scheme, which permits equal‐order interpolation for the displacement and pore pressure fields and suppresses pore pressure oscillation in the incompressible or nearly incompressible limit, is incorporated in this FEM algorithm. The FEM algorithm is extensively benchmarked with poroelastic analytical solutions to the problems of Terzaghi, Mandel, Cryer, and De Leeuw and an analytic solution for one‐dimensional poro‐elasto‐plastic consolidation. Numerical simulations of poroelastic spherical indentation via step displacement loading are conducted to show that the normalized indentation force as a function of dimensionless time has only relatively weak dependence on material properties through a single derived parameter . Such universality is shown for three types of surface drainage conditions. For indentation in a poro‐elasto‐plastic medium, it is shown that even though plasticity occurs immediately at the undrained limit, if cohesion is within a certain range, there is no plastic strain accumulation during the transient period and the normalized force relaxation behavior could be approximated as poroelastic.

Particle Dynamics in 3D Self-gravitating Disks. I. Spirals

Abstract Spiral arms are distinctive features of many circumstellar disks, observed in scattered light, which traces the disk surface; millimeter dust emission, which probes the disk midplane; as well as molecular emission. The two leading explanations for spirals are wakes generated by a massive planet and the density waves excited by disk self-gravity. We use stratified 3D hydrodynamic shearing-box simulations including dust particles and disk self-gravity to investigate how gas and dust spirals in a self-gravitating disk depend on the simulation size, the cooling efficiency, and the aerodynamic properties of particles. We find that the opening angles of spirals are universal (∼10°) and not significantly affected by the size of the computational domain, the cooling time, or the particle size. In simulations with the biggest domain, the spirals in the gaseous disk become slightly more open with a higher cooling efficiency. Small dust follows the gaseous spirals very well, while intermediate-sized dust with dimensionless stopping time (St) close to 1 is more concentrated in the spirals and shows stronger spirals. However, large dust with St &gt; 1 also shows spirals, which is different from some previous simulations. We identify that this is due to the gravity from the gas to the dust component. We show that when St ≳ Q, the gravitational force from the gaseous spirals on the dust particles becomes stronger than the particles’ aerodynamic drag force, so that the gas significantly affects these large particles through gravitational interaction. This has important implications for both spiral observations and planetesimal formation/dynamics.

New Growth Mechanism of Dust Grains in Protoplanetary Disks with Magnetically Driven Disk Winds

Abstract We discovered a new growth mode of dust grains to kilometer-size bodies in protoplanetary disks that evolve via viscous accretion and magnetically driven disk winds (MDWs). We solved an approximate coagulation equation of dust grains with time-evolving disks that consist of both gas and solid components using a one-dimensional model. With grain growth, all solid particles initially drift inward toward the central star due to the gas drag force. However, the radial profile of gas pressure, P, is modified by the MDW that disperses the gas in an inside-out manner. Consequently, a local concentration of solid particles is created by the converging radial flux of drifting dust grains at the location with a convex-upward profile of P. When the dimensionless stopping time, St, exceeds unity there, the solid particles spontaneously reach the growth-dominated state because of the positive feedback between the suppressed radial drift and the enhanced accumulation of dust particles that drift from the outer part. Once the solid particles are in the drift-limited state, the above-mentioned condition of St for dust growth is equivalent to Σd/Σg ≳ η, where Σd/Σg is the dust-to-gas surface-density ratio and η is the dimensionless radial pressure-gradient force. As a consequence of the successful growth of dust grains, a ring-like structure containing planetesimal-size bodies is formed at the inner part of the protoplanetary disks. Such a ring-shaped concentration of planetesimals is expected to play a vital role in the subsequent planet formation.

Construction of IDF curves based on NRCS synthetic rainfall hyetographs and daily rainfall records in arid regions

Construction of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves is crucially important for the design and management of hydro-systems and hydraulic structures. The existence of long-term records of short-duration rainfall is essential for the development of IDF curves. In arid regions, short-duration rainfall records are usually scarce and daily rainfall data are the most commonly available. However, synthetic rainfall hyetographs can afford a simple and suitable tool for extracting short-duration rainfall from daily rainfall data. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the four standard NRCS synthetic rainfall distributions to generate short-duration rainfall data from daily data that might be used to construct IDF curves for an arid region in western Saudi Arabia. The historical intensity and daily rainfall records are collected from 10 recording rainfall stations in Jeddah-Makkah-Taif (JMT) hydrologic region located in western Saudi Arabia. In this study, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h types I, IA, II, and III NRCS dimensionless rainfall time distributions are used to convert the observed daily rainfall data into shorter duration data. The generated data are used to develop IDF curves and they were compared with those constructed from the available observed rainfall intensity data. Values of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the used gauge stations range between 5 and 11%. The comparison shows that the NRCS synthetic rainfall distributions are capable to generate short-duration rainfall data that can be used to construct IDF curves for the JMT region. The results also suggest that the 6-h type II NRCS distribution produced IDF curves that are very comparable with those extracted from the observed data. The results also indicate that the 3-h types I and III NRCS distributions have relatively low overall mean values of MAPE (10 to 12%). They can be considered the second-best choice after the 6-h NRCS distribution for developing IDF curves for the study region. This may highlight the applicability of the proposed technique in the JMT region.