Dimensional Resolution Research Articles

Characterisation of aroma-active and off-odour compounds in German rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Part I: Case of aquaculture water from earthen-ponds farming

Comprehensive analyses were accomplished to explore the odorous molecules responsible for off-odour development in earthen-ponds rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture farming in Germany. In this part of the study, water odorants were extracted using solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE); then, extracts were analysed by one- and two- dimensional high resolution gas chromatography coupled with olfactometry and mass spectrometry using two columns with different polarity (DB-FFAP and DB-5). Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of the solvent extract samples revealed 54 odorants, and 47 of them were identified. In this study, a series of compounds is described for the first time in German earthen-ponds rainbow trout aquaculture water including, amongst others, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol), vanillin, (E)-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, 4-ethyloctanoic acid, 3-methylindole (skatole), 5α-androst-16-en-3-one (androstenone), and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol. Moreover, the sensory experiment indicated that (E)-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-octadienal, and 1-octen-3-one are the main contributors to the metallic, cucumber, and mushroom notes of the samples.

Resolution analysis of GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR based on sliding spotlight mode

For a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system mounted on a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite, the track can be curvilinear. Thus, a bistatic SAR system based up on geostationary transmitter and receive-only SAR system onboard airplanes, namely GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic (GEO SA-Bi SAR), is significantly different from the traditional bistatic SAR. This paper mainly studies the resolution characteristic of the sliding spotlight GEO SA-Bi SAR system. Firstly, the common azimuth coverage and coherent accumulated time are theoretically analyzed in detail. Then, based on the gradient method, the accurate two dimensional resolution of a GEO SA-Bi SAR system is analytically calculated. Finally, the simulation data show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed resolution analysis method.

Sa2022 Utility of Three Dimensional High Resolution Anal Manometry in Patients with Fecal Incontinence, Obstructed Defecation and Mixed Disorders

Sa2022 Utility of Three Dimensional High Resolution Anal Manometry in Patients with Fecal Incontinence, Obstructed Defecation and Mixed Disorders

Multifunctional Gold-Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites for Enhanced Two-Photon Imaging and Therapy of Cancer Cells.

Three dimensional sub-micron resolution has made two-photon nanomedicine a very promising medical tool for cancer treatment since current techniques cause significant side effects for lack of spatial selectivity. Two-photon-excited (TPE) photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been achieved via mesoporous nanoscaffolds, but the efficiency of the treatment could still be improved. Herein, we demonstrate the enhancement of the treatment efficiency via gold-mesoporous organosilica nanocomposites for TPE-PDT in cancer cells when compared to mesoporous organosilica particles. We performed the first comparative study of the influence of the shape and spatial position of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) functionalized with thiol groups and doped with a two-photon electron donor (2PS). The resulting multifunctional nanocarriers displayed TPE-fluorescence and were imaged inside cells. Furthermore, mesoporous organosilica NPs decorated gold nanospheres (AuNSs) induced 63 percent of selective killing on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This study thus provides insights for the design of more effective multifunctional two-photon-sensitive nanocomposites via AuNPs for biomedical applications.

Registration of lung CT images acquired in different respiratory ranges with 4DCT and HRCT.

Pulmonary image registration is challenging because of the unique structure of the lung, its high deformability and its non-uniform intensity change with breathing. In the present work we propose a new method for pulmonary image registration, based on the reconstruction and the combination of the main pulmonary structures to modify parenchyma intensity prior to the application of the registration algorithm. The algorithm has been applied to both four dimensional CT and multi-volume high resolution CT demonstrating an increased accuracy of the results with the application of the pulmonary structure enhancement, evaluated both on landmarks distance in 4DCT and structures' surface distance in HRCT.

Modeling of an ice storage based on a de-icing concept for solar heating applications

The development and validation of a mathematical model of an ice storage tank with heat exchangers that can be de-iced is presented. The ice storage tank model is developed for a solar-ice system, i.e. a system that combines solar thermal collectors with a heat pump to provide space heating and domestic hot water.The model is based on the one dimensional resolution of the energy conservation equation of a fluid submitted to a phase change, and it is able to consider the detachment of the ice plates from the heat exchangers. The ice growing layer is calculated using the analytical solution of a flat plate configuration with a quasi steady state approximation.Experiments were conducted with a laboratory scale ice storage of 1m3. Several operating modes were investigated in order to validate the model under different conditions of interest. The model predicted successfully most of the operating modes for the main variables such as heat exchanger outlet temperature and heat transfer, as well as mass of ice produced and melted.

Fabrication of Size-Controlled Gold Nanoparticles on Silicone Oil Surface and Mechanism for Size-Controllability

By thermal evaporation method, size-controlled gold (Au) nanoparticles were fabricated on silicone oil surface and the growth mechanism was investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) study showed that quasi-circular granules with height of 10.0 nm and diameter of 60.0 nm were formed on the oil surface, which was independent with substrate temperature Ts. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed that the granules were further composed of Au nanoparticles. By changing Ts from 285 to 343 K, the mean diameter of nanoparticles can be well manipulated from 7.2 ± 0.7 to 10.1 ± 1.0 nm. The one dimensional power spectra density analysis and high resolution TEM study demonstrated that the origin of the size-controllability of the Au nanoparticles were dominated by the simple aggregation of small nanoparticles. Subsequently, a sequential growth model for Au nanoparticle was presented.

A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature related to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness for fused deposition modeling and similar extrusion-based additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping processes. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review of the literature was carried out by focusing on the relationship between process and product design parameters and the dimensional and surface properties of finished parts. Methods for evaluating these performance parameters are also reviewed. Findings – Fused deposition modeling® and related processes are the most widely used polymer rapid prototyping processes. For many applications, resolution, dimensional accuracy and surface roughness are among the most important properties in final parts. The influence of feedstock properties and system design on dimensional accuracy and resolution is reviewed. Thermal warping and shrinkage are often major sources of dimensional error in finished parts. This phenomenon is explored along with various approaches for evaluating dimensional accuracy. Product design parameters, in particular, slice height, strongly impact surface roughness. A geometric model for surface roughness is also reviewed. Originality/value – This represents the first review of extrusion AM processes focusing on dimensional accuracy and surface roughness. Understanding and improving relationships between materials, design parameters and the ultimate properties of finished parts will be key to improving extrusion AM processes and expanding their applications.

RESOLUTION ENHANCEMENT FOR LASAR 3D IMAGING VIA ℓ<sub>1</sub> REGULARIZATION AND SVA

Linear array SAR (LASAR) has been attracting more and more attention for its capability of obtaining three dimensional (3D) resolutions. However, the low resolution in cross track (CT) direction limited by the length of its linear antenna array has become the bottleneck of its practical applications. To overcome this problem, we present a novel algorithm based on sparse reconstruction (SR) to improve the resolution in CT direction. First, it establishes a 1D real-valued sparse model for LASAR, which deals with the 3D image column by column along CT direction in each equi-range slice. This enables it to handle large scenes. Second, it employs the spatially variant apodization (SVA) to filter bases of the measurement matrix. As a result, the cross coherence gets suppressed as well, and it is helpful to improve the performance of sparse reconstruction algorithms (SRAs). Third, we propose the resolution enhancement ability (REA), which provides a new idea to evaluate how many times the resolution could be improved. Experimental results validate that when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is 30 dB, LASAR could usually obtain 2 times of resolution improvement in CT direction, while the proposed method further improves the REA by a factor about 2.5. Moreover, the 3D surface terrain simulation shows a great improvement for the digital elevation map (DEM) in resolution enhancement.

Performance of a Micro-Strip Gas Chamber for event wise, high rate thermal neutron detection with accurate 2D position determination

A two-dimensional (2D) position sensitive detector for neutron scattering applications based on low-pressure gas amplification and micro-strip technology was built and tested with an innovative readout electronics and data acquisition system. This detector contains a thin solid neutron converter and was developed for time- and thus wavelength-resolved neutron detection in single-event counting mode, which improves the image contrast in comparison with integrating detectors. The prototype detector of a Micro-Strip Gas Chamber (MSGC) was built with a solid natGd/CsI thermal neutron converter for spatial resolutions of about 100 μm and counting rates up to 107 neutrons/s. For attaining very high spatial resolutions and counting rates via micro-strip readout with centre-of-gravity evaluation of the signal amplitude distributions, a fast, channel-wise, self-triggering ASIC was developed. The front-end chips (MSGCROCs), which are very first signal processing components, are read out into powerful ADC-FPGA boards for on-line data processing and thereafter via Gigabit Ethernet link into the data receiving PC. The workstation PC is controlled by a modular, high performance dedicated software suite. Such a fast and accurate system is crucial for efficient radiography/tomography, diffraction or imaging applications based on high flux thermal neutron beam.In this paper a brief description of the detector concept with its operation principles, readout electronics requirements and design together with the signals processing stages performed in hardware and software are presented. In more detail the neutron test beam conditions and measurement results are reported. The focus of this paper is on the system integration, two dimensional spatial resolution, the time resolution of the readout system and the imaging capabilities of the overall setup. The detection efficiency of the detector prototype is estimated as well.

Uso da tomografia Cone Beam na avaliação de fraturas radiculares

The diagnosis of root fracture is a challenge in dentistry, the examination of diagnostic imaging more used in dentistry it is still conventional radiography. This, in turn, is limited because adjacent structures show in one plane, and therefore a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object. The aim of study was demonstrate clinical cases of root fracture in which it was used cone beam computed tomography for diagnosis. Cone beam CT scan is an imaging exam with excellent dimensional quality resolution and indicated when there is uncertainty about the presence of root fractures.

Light-Addressed Electrodeposition of Polysaccharide Chitosan Membranes on a Photoconductive Substrate

This paper describes a light-addressed electrolytic system used to perform an electrodeposition of polysaccharide chitosan membranes on a photoconductive substrate using a digital micromirror device (DMD). In this system, a patterned light illumination is projected onto a photoconductive substrate serving as a photo-cathode to electrolytically produce hydroxide ions, which leads to an increased pH gradient. The high pH generated at the cathode can cause a local gelation of chitosan through sol-gel transition. By controlling the illumination pattern on the DMD, a light-addressed electrodeposition of chitosan membranes with different shapes and sizes, as well as multiplexed micropatterning, was performed. The effect of the illumination time of the light pattern and the applied current density on the dimensional resolution of chitosan membrane formation was examined experimentally. The spatial resolution in our proposed method was demonstrated about 40 mm by patterning with a variety of lines with different widths and different spaces between the lines. We anticipate that photo-electro-chemically-induced deposition of chitosan-based hydrogels may offer interesting opportunities for the integration of biological systems into miniaturized devices.

Multi-view optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy.

Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), while providing high lateral resolution, has been limited by its relatively poor acoustically determined axial resolution. Although this limitation has been tackled in recent works by using either broadband acoustic detection or nonlinear photoacoustic effects, a flexible solution with three dimensional optical resolution in reflection mode remains desired. Herein we present a multi-view OR-PAM technique. By imaging the sample from multiple view angles and reconstructing the data using a multi-view deconvolution method, we have experimentally demonstrated an isotropic optical resolution in three dimensions.

Design, Fabrication and Computational Characterization of a 3D Micro-Valve Built by Multi-Photon Polymerization

We report on the design, modeling and fabrication by multi-photon polymerization of a complex medical fluidic device. The physical dimensions of the built micro-valve prototype are compared to those of its computer-designed model. Important fabrication issues such as achieving high dimensional resolution and ability to control distortion due to shrinkage are presented and discussed. The operational performance of both multi-photon and CAD-created models under steady blood flow conditions was evaluated and compared through computational fluid dynamics analysis.

Downward looking sparse linear array 3D SAR imaging algorithm based on back-projection and convex optimization

Downward Looking Sparse Linear Array Three Dimensional SAR (DLSLA 3D SAR) is an important form of 3D SAR imaging, which has a widespread application field. Since its practical equivalent phase centers are usually distributed sparsely and nonuniformly, traditional 3D SAR algorithms suffer from low resolution and high sidelobes in cross-track dimension. To deal with this problem, this paper introduces a method based on back-projection and convex optimization to achieve 3D high accuracy imaging reconstruction. Compared with traditional SAR algorithms, the proposed method sufficiently utilizes the sparsity of the 3D SAR imaging scene and can achieve lower sidelobes and higher resolution in cross-track dimension. In the simulated experiments, the reconstructed results of both simple and complex imaging scene verify that the proposed method outperforms 3D back-projection algorithm and shows satisfying cross-track dimensional resolution and good robustness to noise.

Small-Scale Surface Reconstruction and Volume Calculation of Soil Erosion in Complex Moroccan Gully Morphology Using Structure from Motion

This study presents a computer vision application of the structure from motion (SfM) technique in three dimensional high resolution gully monitoring in southern Morocco. Due to impractical use of terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in difficult to access gully systems, the inexpensive SfM is a promising tool for analyzing and monitoring soil loss, gully head retreat and plunge pool development following heavy rain events. Objects with known dimensions were placed around the gully scenes for scaling purposes as a workaround for ground control point (GCP) placement. Additionally, the free scaling with objects was compared to terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data in a field laboratory in Germany. Results of the latter showed discrepancies of 5.6% in volume difference for erosion and 1.7% for accumulation between SfM and TLS. In the Moroccan research area soil loss varied between 0.58 t in an 18.65 m2 narrowly stretched gully incision and 5.25 t for 17.45 m2 in a widely expanded headcut area following two heavy rain events. Different techniques of data preparation were applied and the advantages of SfM for soil erosion monitoring under complex surface conditions were demonstrated.

Plasmonic nanoparticle-film calipers for rapid and ultrasensitive dimensional and refractometric detection.

In this study, we develop an ultrasensitive nanoparticle (NP)-film caliper that functions with high resolution (angstrom scale) in response to both the dimensions and refractive index of the spacer sandwiched between the NPs and the film. The anisotropy of the plasmonic gap mode in the NP-film caliper can be characterized readily using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) without the need for further optical modeling. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to report the use of SE to study the plasmonic gap modes in NP-film calipers and to demonstrate that SE is a robust and convenient method for analyzing NP-film calipers. The high sensitivity of this system originates from the plasmonic gap mode in the NP-film caliper, induced by electromagnetic coupling between the NPs and the film. The refractometric sensitivity of this NP-film caliper reaches up to 314 nm per RIU, which is superior to those of other NP-based sensors. The NP-film caliper also provides high dimensional resolution, down to the angstrom scale. In this study, the shift in wavelength in response to the change in gap spacing is approximately 9 nm Å(-1). Taking advantage of the ultrasensitivity of this NP-film caliper, we develop a platform for discriminating among thiol-containing amino acids.

Abstract 330: Endothelial JNK Is Critically Required for Native Collateral Artery Development

Arterial occlusive diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries and represent a huge economic burden. The extent of the native collateral circulation is considered to be the most important determinant of the magnitude of tissue damage and subsequent functional impairment that ensues following an arterial occlusive event. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms responsible for collateral artery development may provide avenues for the design of strategies to enhance the collateral circulation in patients at risk for arterial occlusive diseases. Here, we identify a critical requirement for cJun-NH2-Terminal Kinase (JNK) in collateral artery development. Indeed, using immunofluorescence, microfil perfusion and three dimensional high resolution micro computed tomography (μCT) imaging techniques, we demonstrate that mice with compound JNK-deficiency in the vascular endothelium display abnormal collateral arteries, which are unable to restore blood perfusion following occlusion of a major artery leading to severe tissue necrosis in animal models of femoral and coronary artery occlusion. Furthermore, employing constitutive and inducible conditional deletion strategies, we demonstrate that JNK acts during the initial development of collateral arteries to ensure proper patterning and connectivity, but is, for the most part, dispensable for angiogenic and arteriogenic responses in adult mice. The defects in collateral artery development may reflect an enhanced sensitivity of JNK-deficient endothelial cells to cell death in specific contexts. This study introduces JNK as a major regulator of vascular development and highlights the crucial importance of the collateral circulation as the main defining factor in reducing the severity of tissue damage and functional impairment following arterial occlusive events.

679 Does Three Dimensional High Resolution Anorectal Manometry Increase Diagnostic Yield?

679 Does Three Dimensional High Resolution Anorectal Manometry Increase Diagnostic Yield?

Permeability of rapid prototyped artificial bone scaffold structures

In this work, various three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds were produced via micro-stereolithography (µ-SLA) and 3D printing (3DP) techniques. This work demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of these two different rapid prototyping methods for production of bone scaffolds. Compared to 3DP, SLA provides for smaller feature production with better dimensional resolution and accuracy. The permeability of these structures was evaluated experimentally and via numerical simulation utilizing a newly derived Kozeny-Carman based equation for intrinsic permeability. Both experimental and simulation studies took account of porosity percentage, pore size, and pore geometry. Porosity content was varied from 30% to 70%, pore size from 0.34 mm to 3 mm, and pore geometries of cubic and hexagonal closed packed were examined. Two different fluid viscosity levels of 1 mPa · s and 3.6 mPa · s were used. The experimental and theoretical results indicated that permeability increased when larger pore size, increased fluid viscosity, and higher percentage porosity were utilized, with highest to lowest degree of significance following the same order. Higher viscosity was found to result in permeabilities 2.2 to 3.3 times higher than for water. This latter result was found to be independent of pore morphology type. As well as demonstrating method for determining design parameters most beneficial for scaffold structure design, the results also illustrate how the variations in patient's blood viscosity can be extremely important in allowing for permeability through the bone and scaffold structures.