Dimensional Manipulation Research Articles

Ultrafast Response in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing with Ni(II)-MOFs by Dimensional Manipulation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as promising candidates for electrochemical glucose sensing owing to their ordered channels, tunable chemistry, and atom-precision metal sites. Herein, the efficient nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing is achieved by taking advantage of Ni(II)-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni(II)-MOFs) and acquiring the ever-reported fastest response time. Three Ni(II)-MOFs ({[Ni6L2(H2O)26]4H2O}n (CTGU-33), {Ni(bib)1/2(H2L)1/2(H2O)3}n (CTGU-34), {Ni(phen)(H2L)1/2(H2O)2}n (CTGU-35)) have been synthesized for the first time, which use benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid (H6L) as an organic ligand and introduce 1,4-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene (bib) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as spatially auxiliary ligands. Bib and phen convert the coordination mode of CTGU-33, affording structural dimensions from 2D of CTGU-33 to 3D of CTGU-34 or 1D of CTGU-35. By tuning the dimension of the skeleton, CTGU-34 with 3D interconnected channels exhibits an ultrafast response of less than 0.4 s, which is superior to the existing nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors. Additionally, a low detection limit of 0.12 μM (S/N = 3) and a high sensitivity of 1705 μA mM-1 cm-2 are simultaneously achieved. CTGU-34 further showcases desirable anti-interference and cycling stability, which demonstrates a promising application prospect in the real-time detection of glucose.

Dimensional Transformation of Molecular Magnetic Materials.

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic layered materials have revolutionized size dependent magnetism to manipulate spin-based devices. However, it has been challenging to artificially create 2D magnetic materials from three-dimensional (3D) crystal structures with a variety of material groups. Here, we present the dimensionality manipulation via cation exchange of a 3D Prussian blue analogue [RbMnFe(CN)6] toward a 2D magnetic sheet [(K,Rb)(V,Mn)(Cr,Fe)(CN)6] with the magnetic ordering temperature rising from 12 to 330 K. Such a 2D magnetic sheet achieves crystalline V-Cr coordination in the Prussian blue lattice with pronounced anisotropy and stimuli responsiveness. The pressure dependent magnetic tunability of such 2D networks is predicted using first-principles calculations and demonstrated using the phase transitions of the hydrogel. This previously unobserved phenomenon of dimensional manipulation of a bulk crystal structure provides a rational strategy to expand the diversity and chemical compositions of 2D molecular magnetic material libraries.

Phase Engineering and Alkali Cation Stabilization for 1T Molybdenum Dichalcogenides Monolayers

AbstractThe technological barriers of the dimensional engineering and interfacial instability seriously hinder the scalable production of metallic (1T) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) monolayers. In this article, a facile and fast electron injection strategy is developed to modulate the d orbits of Mo center in trigonal prismatic 2H phases (MoS2 and MoSe2); meanwhile various cations (Li+, Na+, and K+) reinforce the in‐plane 1T‐atomic arrangement and expand the out‐of‐plane spacing for easy exfoliation. Theoretical and experimental evaluations further elucidate the decisive electron‐donating capability and suitable ionic radius in stabilizing 1T coordination. The as‐tailored 1T‐MoS2/MoSe2 anodes can achieve the robust Na+ storage in the half cells (5000 cycles at 5 A g–1) and extreme power output of 3134.9 W kg–1 in the full cell. This phase‐engineering approach enables the precise dimensional manipulation of the 1T TMDs, which further extends their application horizons as the cation host for the power‐oriented battery systems.

Phase and Polarization Modulations Using Radiation‐Type Metasurfaces

AbstractMetasurfaces exhibit promising capacities in the manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves, as to diverse dimensions like amplitude, phase, and polarization; even multiple dimensions can be synchronously modulated. Despite the rapid progress in enriching regulatory capabilities of EM waves, primary feeds are integral items however bringing profile elevation, energy obstruction, and leakage, both for reflection‐type and transmission‐type metasurfaces. Aiming at maintaining high operating efficiency and in meantime implementing multiple dimensional manipulations of EM waves, the authors present a concise design of radiation‐type metasurfaces, whose distinctive feature stands that each meta‐atom serves not only as geometry phase provider, but as radiator itself so as to spare primary feeds. To further achieve full phase modulation for arbitrary linear polarized radiations and abate innate conjugacy to orthogonal circular polarized radiations, the propagation phase is introduced irrelevant to geometry ones. Based on the radiation‐type metasurface with 0.07‐wavelength low profile, the authors verify experimentally advanced radiation functions for different polarizations like orbital angular momentum beams, asymmetric beams, and time‐reversed focusing. Compared with traditional planar arrays that rely on feeding networks to realize phase modulation, this design provides the possibility to achieve direct phase and polarization modulation at the element level, thus is with less complexity.

Vision-Based Imitation Learning of Needle Reaching Skill for Robotic Precision Manipulation

In this paper, an imitation learning approach of vision guided reaching skill is proposed for robotic precision manipulation, which enables the robot to adapt its end-effector’s nonlinear motion with the awareness of collision-avoidance. The reaching skill model firstly uses the raw images of objects as inputs, and generates the incremental motion command to guide the lower-level vision-based controller. The needle’s tip is detected in image space and the obstacle region is extracted by image segmentation. A neighborhood-sampling method is designed for needle component collision perception, which includes a neural networks based attention module. The neural network based policy module infers the desired motion in the image space according to the neighborhood-sampling result, goal and current positions of the needle’s tip. A refinement module is developed to further improve the performance of the policy module. In three dimensional (3D) manipulation tasks, typically two cameras are used for image-based vision control. Therefore, considering the epipolar constraint, the relative movements in two cameras’ views are refined by optimization. Experimental are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Finite element analysis of the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy with three dimensional balanced manipulation

To explore the biomechanical characteristics of "three-dimensional balanced manipulation" for the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy(CSR). A CSR patient was treated with "three-dimensional balanced manipulation", and the mechanical changes during the manipulation were monitored by mechanical testing system. Using spiral CT to scan the neck of the patient to obtain DICOM data. The three-dimensional finite element model of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy was established by using Mimics software, Geographic Studio software. The "three-dimensional balance manipulation" was simulated and loaded, and the mechanical parameters of each part were replaced into the finite element model, and the finite element analysis was carried out by using ANSYS software to study the internal stress changes and displacement deformation of vertebral body and intervertebral disc under the action of "three-dimensional balance manipulation". The established C3-C7 finite element model of the CSR patient consisted of 5 vertebrae, 4 intervertebral discs and 3 ligaments, involving 153 471 nodes and 64 978 units. The stress of C3-C7 vertebral body was mainly located in anterior and root of C5 spinous processes, arch, vertebral arch and the combination of the two after full loading of manipulation, and the maximum stress was 17.781 MPa. The deformation sites were mainly concentrated in articular processes and anterior transverse processes of C3, superior articular processes and transverse processes of C4, articular processes of C5. The stress of C3-C7 intervertebral disc mainly distributed in the anterior part of C3, 4 intervertebral disc and the nucleus pulposus of C4, 5 and C5, 6. The displace mentextended to the middle and posterior part of C3, 4 nucleus pulposus, around the nucleus of C4, 5 and C5, 6 and anterior part of cervical intervertebral disc. The establishment of three-dimensional finite element model of C3-C7 cervical spondylotic radiculopathy can simulate the geometry and material properties of cervical spine, and also accurately reflects the biomechanical characteristics of cervical spine, verifys the internal mechanism of "three-dimensional balanced manipulation" on CSR, proves the safety and effectiveness of treatment, guides more standardized manipulation, and avoids medical accidents.

Impedance control of three dimensional hybrid manipulator

The hybrid manipulators are always found to be of great use in industries due to the major shortcoming of serial manipulators (lesser accuracy and heavy structure) and parallel manipulators (small workspace). Henceforth, a three-dimensional hybrid manipulator is presented in this paper and this hybrid manipulator connects two parallel manipulators in a serial arrangement. Afterwards, the theory of impedance control with some changes is applied for an operation on a three dimensional L-shaped path having some restrictions imposed on the interactive forces when the manipulator is interacting with an object in its environment along with an approach to eliminate amnesia i.e. difference between the actual trajectory and the command trajectory. The overwhelming controller is used between the actual system and the inverse controller. It is observed from the result that there is always some amnesia during force control and some time is provided before the next phase of force control to remove this difference in trajectory.

Multidimensional manipulation of wave fields based on artificial microstructures

Artificial microstructures, which allow us to control and change the properties of wave fields through changing the geometrical parameters and the arrangements of microstructures, have attracted plenty of attentions in the past few decades. Some artificial microstructure based research areas, such as metamaterials, metasurfaces and phononic topological insulators, have seen numerous novel applications and phenomena. The manipulation of different dimensions (phase, amplitude, frequency or polarization) of wave fields, particularly, can be easily achieved at subwavelength scales by metasurfaces. In this review, we focus on the recent developments of wave field manipulations based on artificial microstructures and classify some important applications from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of wave fields. The development tendency of wave field manipulation from single-dimension to multidimensions provides a useful guide for researchers to realize miniaturized and integrated optical and acoustic devices.

Creation of two-dimensional layered Zintl phase by dimensional manipulation of crystal structure.

The discovery of new families, beyond graphene, of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials has always attracted great attention. However, it has been challenging to artificially develop layered materials with honeycomb atomic lattice structure composed of multicomponents such as hexagonal boron nitride. Here, through the dimensional manipulation of a crystal structure from sp3-hybridized 3D-ZnSb, we create an unprecedented layered structure of Zintl phase, which is constructed by the staking of sp2-hybridized honeycomb ZnSb layers. Using structural analysis combined with theoretical calculation, it is found that the 2D-ZnSb has a stable and robust layered structure. The bidimensional polymorphism is a previously unobserved phenomenon at ambient pressure in Zintl families and can be a common feature of transition metal pnictides. This dimensional manipulation of a crystal structure thus provides a rational design strategy to search for new 2D layered materials in various compounds, enabling unlimited expansion of 2D libraries and corresponding physical properties.

Stability improvement under high efficiency—next stage development of perovskite solar cells

With efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) overpassing 23%, to realize their commercialization, the biggest challenge now is to boost the stability to the same level as conventional solar cells. Thus, tremendous effort has been directed over the past few years toward improving the stability of these cells. Various methods were used to improve the stability of bulk perovskites, including compositional engineering, interface adjustment, dimensional manipulation, crystal engineering, and grain boundary decoration. Diverse device configurations, carrier transporting layers, and counter electrodes are investigated. To compare the stability of PSCs and clarify the degradation mechanism, diverse characterization methods were developed. Overall stability of PSCs has become one central topic for the development of PSCs. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress on the improvement of device stability and discuss the directions for future research, hoping it provides an overview of the current status of the research on the stability of PSCs and guidelines for future research.

Metasurfaces: From Single‐Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces (Adv. Mater. 16/2019)

Realizing optical wave manipulation in an arbitrary dimension with metasurfaces will greatly advance the realization of optical computation and biological sensing, for example. In article number 1802458, Shuqi Chen and co-workers briefly review and classify the recent advances in metasurfaces from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of optical waves, showing the development trend of metasurfaces for effective dimensional manipulation of optical waves.

From Single-Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces.

Metasurfaces, 2D artificial arrays of subwavelength elements, have attracted great interest from the optical scientific community in recent years because they provide versatile possibilities for the manipulation of optical waves and promise an effective way for miniaturization and integration of optical devices. In the past decade, the main efforts were focused on the realization of single-dimensional (amplitude, frequency, polarization, or phase) manipulation of optical waves. Compared to the metasurfaces with single-dimensional manipulation, metasurfaces with multidimensional manipulation of optical waves show significant advantages in many practical application areas, such as optical holograms, sub-diffraction imaging, and the design of integrated multifunctional optical devices. Nowadays, with the rapid development of nanofabrication techniques, the research of metasurfaces has been inevitably developed from single-dimensional manipulation toward multidimensional manipulation of optical waves, which greatly boosts the application of metasurfaces and further paves the way for arbitrary design of optical devices. Herein, the recent advances in metasurfaces are briefly reviewed and classified from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of optical waves. Single-dimensional manipulation and 2D manipulation of optical waves with metasurfaces are discussed systematically. In conclusion, an outlook and perspectives on the challenges and future prospects in these rapidly growing research areas are provided.

Research progress of topological photonics

Inspired by topological phases and phase transitions in condensed matter, a new research field based on topological band theory, topological photonics, has emerged. It breaks through the traditional idea of light regulation by optical superposition principle of real space and energy band theory of solids of reciprocal space, providing a novel mechanism of optical regulation and rich properties of transport and light manipulation. Such as transmission properties of against backscattering and rubout to defects and disorders, selective transports dependent on spin-orbit coupling, and high dimensional manipulation of light. This review paper classifies different topological photonic systems by dimensions, briefly introducing the topological model, the novel physical phenomena, and the corresponding physical picture, such as SSH models, photonic quantum Hall effects, photonic quantum spin Hall effects, photonic Floquet topological insulator, and photonic three-dimensional topological insulator; other advanced platforms such as higher-order, non-Hermitian, and nonlinear topological platforms are also involved; a summary and outlook about the current development, advantages, and challenges of this field are present in the end.

Training model for cerebral aneurysm clipping

Abstract Clipping of cerebral aneurysms is still an important skill in neurosurgery. We have made a training model for the clipping of cerebral aneurysms. The concepts for the model were 1: training model for beginners, 2: three dimensional manipulation using an operating microscope, 3: the aneurysm model is to be perfused by simulated blood causing premature rupture. The correct relationship between each tissue, and softness of the brain and vessels were characteristics of the model. The skull, brain, arteries, and veins were made using a 3D printer with data from DICOM. The brain and vessels were made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). One training course was held and this model was useful for training of cerebral aneurysm surgery for young neurosurgeons.

Kinematic Analysis of a 3-dof Parallel Machine Tool with Large Workspace

Kinematics of a 3-dof (degree of freedom) parallel machine tool with large workspace was analyzed. The workspace volume and surface and boundary posture angles of the 3-dof parallel machine tool are relatively large. Firstly, three dimensional simulation manipulator of the 3-dof parallel machine tool was constructed, and its joint distribution was described. Secondly, kinematic models of the 3-dof parallel machine tool were fixed on, including displacement analysis, velocity analysis, and acceleration analysis. Finally, the kinematic models of the machine tool were verified by a numerical example. The study result has an important significance to the application of the parallel machine tool.

Single florescent nanodiamond in a three dimensional ABEL trap.

Three dimensional single particle trapping and manipulation is an outstanding challenge in various fields ranging from basic physics to life sciences. By monitoring the response of a trapped particle to a designed environment one can extract its characteristics. In addition, quantum dynamics of a spatially scanned well-known particle can provide environmental information. Precise tracking and positioning of such a particle in aqueous environment is crucial task for achieving nano-scale resolution. Here we experimentally demonstrate three dimensional ABEL trap operating at high frequency by employing a hybrid approach in particle tracking. The particle location in the transverse plane is detected via a scanning laser beam while the axial position is determined by defocused imaging. The scanning of the trapped particle is accomplished through a nano positioning stage integrated to the trap platform.

Modeling and simulation of three dimensional manipulations of biological micro/nanoparticles by applying cylindrical contact mechanics models by means of AFM

This paper has attempted to investigate the effective forces in 3D manipulation of biological micro/nano particles. Most of the recent researches have only examined 2D spherical geometries but in this paper, the cylindrical geometries, which are much closer to the real geometries, were considered. For achieving a more accurate modeling, manipulation dynamics was also considered to be three dimensional which have been done for the first time. Because of the sensibility to the amount of endurable applied forces, manipulation process of biological micro/nano particles has some restrictions. Therefore, applied forces exerted on the particles in all different directions were simulated in order to restrict all those possible damages cause by operator of the AFM. Those data from simulated forces will bring a more accurate and sensible understanding for the operator to operate. For the validation of results, the proposed model was compared with the model presented for manipulation of gold nanoparticle and then, by reducing the effective parameters in the 3D manipulation, the results were compared with those obtained for the 2D cylindrical model and with the experimental results of spherical nanoparticle in the 2D manipulation.

Pareto Optimal Design for Synthetic Biology.

Recent advances in synthetic biology call for robust, flexible and efficient in silico optimization methodologies. We present a Pareto design approach for the bi-level optimization problem associated to the overproduction of specific metabolites in Escherichia coli. Our method efficiently explores the high dimensional genetic manipulation space, finding a number of trade-offs between synthetic and biological objectives, hence furnishing a deeper biological insight to the addressed problem and important results for industrial purposes. We demonstrate the computational capabilities of our Pareto-oriented approach comparing it with state-of-the-art heuristics in the overproduction problems of i) 1,4-butanediol, ii) myristoyl-CoA, i ii) malonyl-CoA , iv) acetate and v) succinate. We show that our algorithms are able to gracefully adapt and scale to more complex models and more biologically-relevant simulations of the genetic manipulations allowed. The Results obtained for 1,4-butanediol overproduction significantly outperform results previously obtained, in terms of 1,4-butanediol to biomass formation ratio and knock-out costs. In particular overproduction percentage is of +662.7%, from 1.425 mmolh⁻¹gDW⁻¹ (wild type) to 10.869 mmolh⁻¹gDW⁻¹, with a knockout cost of 6. Whereas, Pareto-optimal designs we have found in fatty acid optimizations strictly dominate the ones obtained by the other methodologies, e.g., biomass and myristoyl-CoA exportation improvement of +21.43% (0.17 h⁻¹) and +5.19% (1.62 mmolh⁻¹gDW⁻¹), respectively. Furthermore CPU time required by our heuristic approach is more than halved. Finally we implement pathway oriented sensitivity analysis, epsilon-dominance analysis and robustness analysis to enhance our biological understanding of the problem and to improve the optimization algorithm capabilities.

Dexterity of underactuated six degrees of freedom three dimensional redundant manipulators

We quantify the dexterity of underactuated robot manipulators equipped with active and passive joints. We discuss the harnessing of redundant degrees of freedom in a robotic manipulator in order to keep it in service. We assume that the passive joints are locked at an arbitrary known position. There are three important dexterity measures: workspace volume, reachability, and manipulability. We discuss the workspace volume of a six degrees of freedom, three dimensional, redundant manipulator with an arbitrarily located passive joint. References X. Xin, J.-H. She, T. Yamasaki and Y. Liu, Swing-up control based on virtual composite links for n-link underactuated robot with passive first joint, Automatica , 45(9):1986–1994, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.automatica.2009.04.023 M. Bergerman and Y. Xu, Dexterity of underactuated manipulators, ICAR , 719–724, 1997. doi:10.1109/ICAR.1997.620261 S, Yahya, M. Moghavvemi and H. A. F. Mohamed, Singularity Avoidance of a Six Degrees of Freedom Three Dimensional Redundant Planar Manipulator, Comput. Math. Appl. , 64(5):856–868, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2011.12.073 S. Yahya, M. Moghavvemi and H. A. F. Almurib, Joint Torque Reduction of a Three Dimensional Redundant Planar Manipulator, Sensors , 12(6):6869–6892, 2012. doi:10.3390/s120606869 A. K. Pradeep, P. J. Yoder, R. Mukundan, R. J. Schilling, Crippled motion in robots, IEEE T. Aero. Elec. Sys. , 24(1):2–13, 1988. doi:10.1109/7.1030 R. G. Roberts, Quantifying the local fault tolerance of a kinematically redundant manipulator, Amer. Contr. Conf. , 3:1889–1893, 1995. doi:10.1109/ACC.1995.531215 R. G. Roberts and A. A. Maciejewski. A local measure of fault tolerance for kinematically redundant manipulators, IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. , 12(4):543–552, 1996. doi:10.1109/70.508437 S. Yahya, M. Moghavvemi and H. A. F. Mohamed. Geometrical approach of planar hyper-redundant manipulators: Inverse kinematics, path planning and workspace, Simul. Model. Pract. Th. , 19(1):406–422, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2010.08.001 H. A. F. Mohamed, S. Yahya, M. Moghavvemi and S. S. Yang. A New Inverse Kinematics Method for Three Dimensional Redundant Manipulators, ICCAS-SICE , 1557–1562, 2009. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5335259&refinements%3D4274859776%26sortType%3Dasc_p_Sequence%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A5332438%29

Modeling the effects of mechanical parameters on the hydrodynamic behavior of vertical current classifiers

This study modeled the effects of structural and dimensional manipulations on hydrodynamic behavior of a bench vertical current classifier. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used as modeling method, and turbulent intensity and fluid velocity were applied as system responses to predict the overflow cut size variations. These investigations showed that cut size would decrease by increasing diameter and height of the separation column and cone section depth, due to the decrease of turbulent intensity and fluid velocity. As the size of discharge gate increases, the overflow cut-size would decrease due to freely fluid stream out of the column. The overflow cut-size was significantly increased in downward fed classifier compared to that fed by upward fluid stream. In addition, reforming the shape of angular overflow outlet’s weir into the curved form prevented stream inside returning and consequently unselective cut-size decreasing.