Digital Video Transmission Research Articles

МЕТОДИКА РОЗРАХУНКУ ЗОН ПОКРИТТЯ ЦИФРОВОГО ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНОГО МОВЛЕННЯ

The introduction of DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting in the VHF waveband is currently underway, and test trials have already been conducted in some regions of Ukraine. To assess the effectiveness of the projects, it is of particular interest to compare the radio coverage areas of digital TV transmitters operating in the VHF and UHF wave bands. This requires extensive calculations for specific locations. For comparison, the city of Kyiv was chosen, where there is one multiplex MX-7 (8 TV channels) in the VHF band, and the following four multiplexes are represented in the UHF band: MX 1 (26 TV channels) and MX 3 (49 TV channels), which operate at the lowest and highest frequencies of the band. In this article, to predict the coverage areas of digital television broadcasting transmitters, the justification of the selected Longley-Rice radio wave propagation model is provided, which allows calculating the radio signal attenuation compared to free space propagation using terrain profiles (digital elevation maps) and the electrical characteristics of the Earth's surface, Taking into account the main mechanisms of radio wave propagation (interference on the line of sight, diffraction on irregular terrain, tropospheric scattering), it is more accurate and its results are closer to actual measurements. The calculations will be carried out using Radio Mobile software based on the Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model (ITM) and using Terrain Mission SRTM satellite maps with the possibility of further adding map data and roads from various sources. Based on the ITU R Recommendations on the design of DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting networks, the minimum required field strength to ensure reception with a given quality was calculated and the initial data for predicting the coverage areas of DVB-T2 digital television transmitters were prepared using the example of Kyiv. The proposed methodology and the data obtained will allow to calculate the boundaries of the coverage areas of DVB-T2 digital standard television transmitters in the VHF and UHF wave bands for selected television channels

Research on basketball training health smart monitoring system based on picture sequence analysis

Abstract At present, exercises have become a frequent international competitive exchange activity. To some extent, a country's exercise level also measures the country's comprehensive economic strength. The holding of various international and domestic exercise events directly leads to the explosive increase of exercise videos digital. Therefore, efficient exercise video analysis is necessary. With the expansion of multimedia techniques and the emergence of message highways, the storage and transmission of digital video is no longer a difficult thing. The holding of different exercise events directly leads to the explosive increase of exercise videos. Therefore, efficient exercise video analysis is very necessary. Computer techniques have injected new vitality into most industries, but their expansion in the exercise industry is relatively slow. The means used in this paper is picture sequence analysis. The basic operation of sequence picture analysis is to detect motion messages or aims from picture sequences. It is a very active branch of picture courseing and computer sight. Because it has been widely used in many aspects of national eco and military, its research has attracted the general concentration of scientists all over the world.

Experimental verification of passive radar space object detection with a single low‐frequency array radio telescope

AbstractThe paper focuses on the results of experimental research on the possibility of passive space object detection using a single radio telescope from the European Low‐Frequency Array (LOFAR) network of astronomical radio telescopes. Commercial digital television (DVB‐T) transmitters were used as illuminators of opportunity in this radar system. In the conducted experiments, one LOFAR radio telescope served both as a surveillance receiver and reference receiver in a passive radar system. The greater part of the LOFAR telescope array was used to observe a space object, while a small part of the array was directed towards the illuminator of opportunity to record the reference signal. One of the most important problems to overcome with utilising the LOFAR radio telescope in such a solution was the effective suppression of the direct‐path component in a surveillance signal coming from the illuminator of opportunity, which was relatively close to the LOFAR radio telescope. The results regarding the passive detection of the International Space Station, included in the paper, confirm the possibility of observing the space object flying in Low‐Earth Orbit using the LOFAR telescope or another receiving system with a similar antenna array.

Non-redundant shift-invariant complex wavelet transform and fractional gorilla troops optimization-based deep convolutional neural network for video watermarking

With the development of multimedia processing approaches along with the Internet leads to various issues, like data tampering, data piracy, and illicit dissemination. The quick progression of fast communication networks for digital video transmission has formulated the prerequisite copyright protection for these media. On the other hand, the development of Internet technologies has directed the accessibility of images, audio, and videos in different structures. Moreover, unlicensed users manipulate the utilization of multimedia by broadcasting them on numerous internet sites to get money fraudulently without the involvement of the original copyright holder. Besides, watermarking is a process utilized to hide the watermark sign present in the multimedia statistics that are not perceptible to an intruder for manipulating any information. This paper devised a novel video watermarking technique which uses an optimized deep learning technique. Here, the binary pixel map generation is performed using DCNN for self-embedding in input video. In addition, weights as well as bias of DCNN are trained by designed Fractional Gorilla Troops Optimization-Deep Convolutional Neural Network algorithm, thus FGTO_DCNN algorithm is developed. Accordingly, the FGTO technique is newly introduced by integrating FC along with GTO algorithm. Moreover, non-redundant Shift Invariant Complex Wavelet Transform (SICWT) is employed for extracted key frame and thus watermark image is fed into embedding process. After that, inverse non-redundant SICWT is applied for embedding video, which is further passed to key frame extraction in extraction stage. Finally, non-redundant SICWT is utilized for obtaining extracted watermark image. The developed FGTO-driven DCNN model attained improved performance than other existing video watermarking techniques with Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.0437, Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NCC) of 0.9998, high Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) value of 51.93 dB, and high Weighted Signal-to-Noise Ratio (WSNR) of 49.86 dB.

Analysis of the Limitations of Further Improvement of the Efficiency of VVC-CABAC

Hybrid video compression plays an invaluable role in digital video transmission and storage services and systems. It performs several-hundred-fold reduction in the amount of video data, which makes these systems much more efficient. An important element of hybrid video compression is entropy coding of the data. The state-of-the-art in this field is the newest variant of the Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) entropy compression algorithm which recently became part of the new Versatile Video Coding (VVC) technology. This work is a part of research that is currently underway to further improve the CABAC technique. This paper provides analysis of the potential for further improvement of the CABAC by more accurate calculation of probabilities of data symbols. The CABAC technique calculates those probabilities by the use of idea of the two-parameters hypothesis. For the needs of analysis presented in this paper, an extension of the aforementioned idea was proposed which consists of three- and four-parameters hypothesis. In addition, the paper shows the importance of proper calibration of parameter values of the method on efficiency of data compression. Results of experiments show that for the considered in the paper variants of the algorithm improvement the possible efficiency gain is at levels 0.11% and 0.167%, for the three- and four-parameter hypothesis, respectively.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE POWER AMPLIFIER ACCORDING TO W. DOHERTY’S SCHEME WITH AUTOMATIC POWER ADJUSTMENT

At present, in relation to the power amplifiers of digital television broadcast transmitters, the scheme proposed by engineer William Dougherty for the construction of broadcast transmitters with amplitude modulation is widely used. W. Dougherty’s method, today is practically the only solution for improving the energy efficiency of OFDM signal power amplifiers, as applied to terrestrial digital television transmitters, when the wide band of the envelope of such a signal does not allow the construction of a transmitter based on a polar architecture. Transmitters for digital terrestrial television broadcasting using linear power amplifiers built on the basis of the W. Doherty method are developed and produced. When building transmitters for terrestrial digital television broadcasting, the problem of ensuring an acceptable efficiency of a linear power amplifier is very acute. The main reason for the low efficiency of such amplifiers is the high OFDM crest factor of the digital television radio signal. The problem of increasing the linear power amplifiers average efficiency of digital broadcasting transmitters is considered. The joint application of two methods for constructing high-efficiency linear power amplifiers is discussed: the method of William Dougherty and method of automatic power mode control. Preliminary assessment results of the energy gain from the combined use of these two methods, obtained by computer circuit simulation, are presented.

Application of Network Technologies in Low-Budget Television Production

The article considers the classical scheme of the broadcast news studio and the principle of operation of the television broadcasting system on the example of the standard of the international digital television system, which is the reference model of terrestrial digital television transmission. The structural scheme of the broadcast news studio is given, the functions of each block of the studio and the principle of their work are described. The diagram of the digital television system shows how the signal from the studio passes through the stages of encoding and modulation to the broadcasting antenna, and then the demodulated and decoded TV signal appears in the digital television application on the viewer's side. The interactive communication channel is also discussed in more detail. The diagram of the interactive communication channel presented in this article shows how the communication between the broadcasting company and the viewer of digital television takes place. However, given the current tendency of TV channels to move from broadcasting on digital television to online broadcasting on streaming platforms, the article considers an example of organizing an online broadcast on the YouTube platform. Using the example of equipment from the classical scheme of the broadcast studio, the selection of similar low-budget equipment for organizing a studio for online broadcasts was carried out. The list of low-budget equipment includes a video mixer, video cameras, lighting equipment and two types of microphones. The advantages and disadvantages of low-budget equipment are indicated, from which it can be concluded that low-budget equipment is not of poor quality, but is designed for a smaller number of connected equipment, so it is suitable for use in small television studios. The functions and possibilities of using the selected Blackmagic ATEM Mini Pro video mixer are considered. A scheme for organizing a live broadcast on the YouTube streaming platform using the selected equipment is presented. The low budget of the studio is substantiated by estimates and comparison with the budget of a similar educational television studio. The possibilities of remote access organizing to the workplace via VPN (Virtual Private Network) and RDC (Remote Desktop Connection) are also considered. These features allow employees to work from a remote location, not directly in the studio. The purpose of the article was to determine how does remote access delay the work of the studio and complicate the process of launching online broadcasts. Measurements of connection delay and broadcasting were carried out. According to the results of the measurements, it was concluded that both VPN and RDC insignificantly affects the connection speed of the equipment, so remote work can be equally comfortable as working directly in the studio. The difference between remote work and direct work in the studio consists of in the preliminary configuration of devices for remote connection and also remote work depends on the Internet connection entirely and light availability in the studio.

Database supported successive interference cancellation scheme for intra-platoon communications

High reliability of wireless communications is a rudimentary requirement for guaranteeing safe autonomous driving. This paper discusses the performance of communications between cars within autonomous platoons, with the application of a proposed database-supported successive interference cancellation (SIC) algorithm. By assumption, it utilizes the knowledge on other existing interfering transmissions (such as pre-entered information on digital television transmissions stored in the roadside database) to remove the interfering signal at the receiver side. It is shown that this approach improves the bit error rate, and in turn — the reliability of intra-platoon transmission. The proposed solution is evaluated using link-level extensive computer simulations.

Modeling digital terrestrial television signal strength with atmospheric parameters and noise temperature: a case study of North-Central Nigeria

The modeling of DTTV signal strength (AIT, NTA, ETV and Channels TV) in Abuja and Unity TV, Jos, Plateau State, with atmospheric parameters (temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and rainfall) as well as noise temperature, from April 2019 to December 2020 have been carried out using the atmospheric parameters measured with an automatic weather station and noise temperature measured with a non-contact infra-red thermometer, with TV signal strength measured with a CATV signal strength meter from 5.00 am – 9.00 pm daily, at 30 minutes interval. The results show that atmospheric temperature (58%), noise temperature (60%) and atmospheric pressure (100%) affect the Received Signal Strength (RSS) negatively, while the wind speed (60%), relative humidity (80%), and rainfall (100%) affect the signal strength positively. The RSS measured in Jos on altitude 1,400m was higher than that in Abuja on altitude 470m which may likely be due to an increase in altitude resulting in a decrease in atmospheric pressure and air density which implies less signal attenuation. It can be inferred that atmospheric parameters and noise temperature have a great impact on the RSS in the study areas. Consequently, the higher signal received in the rainy season compared to the dry season may be due to less dust in the atmosphere as well as the enhanced digitalized television signal and its robustness to interference and signal attenuation compared to the analogue signal. The developed models have low RMSE values; hence will be able to predict the influence of atmospheric parameters on TV RSS in the areas. Generally, the result will be useful to the Nigeria Broadcasting Commission to improve the quality of the signal transmission of digital television broadcasting for the future digital switchover in other parts of the country especially on the choice of antennas on their transmitters. The findings will also be useful to spectrum users such as mobile telecommunication, wireless internet, and radio broadcasting in managing and improving the quality of their services.

URGENCY OF USING HIDDEN DATA TRANSMISSION IN VIDEO FILES

The article examines the problems of protecting information from unwanted access, which have tried to solve throughout the existence of mankind. Nowadays, the widespread use of electronic means of communication, electronic eavesdropping and fraud, a variety of computer viruses and other electronic hazards, electronic systems place high demands on the protection of information. Thus, the study of digital steganography is an urgent task. There are two main areas of hidden data transmission: cryptography and steganography. The purpose of cryptography is to restrict access to information by encrypting it. Unlike cryptography, steganography allows you to hide the very fact of the presence of hidden data. The study examined the main methods of covert data transmission using computer steganography, namely: the method of using system-reserved areas of digital data formats, methods of hiding information by special formatting of text files, which include the use of word, sentence or paragraph shift, selection certain positions of letters in the text or the use of properties of system fields that are not displayed on the screen, the method of using simulation functions, methods of using unused disk sectors, the method of using redundant media files (audio, photo and video). Currently, due to the growth of information and increasing the bandwidth of communication channels, the issue of hiding information in video sequences is becoming increasingly important. The transmission of digital video in recent years is a typical event and does not arouse suspicion. In the course of the research the peculiarities of hiding information in video files are considered, the comparison of existing algorithms of computer video steganography is made. The task is to develop your own algorithm for embedding information in the blue color channel of video files. The object of research is the transfer of hidden data in digital media files. The subject of research is the transmission of hidden data in the video stream. The purpose of research is to review the subject area, to examine the available methods of embedding information in media files in general and specifically in video files, to identify the advantages and disadvantages of existing algorithms, to develop their own algorithm of video steganography based on previously obtained research results. Research methods - methods of information theory, probability theory and mathematical statistics; methods of digital processing of signals, static images and video files; methods of vector analysis. The results of research - an overview of the features of hiding information in video files, compared existing algorithms of computer video steganography.

Measurements Accuracy Evaluation for ATSC Signal-Based Passive Radar Systems

The detection and tracking performance of passive radar systems can be enhanced by exploiting multiple emitters and one receiver site by allowing for multiple bistatic geometries. This article investigates the measurement accuracy of passive radar systems that employ the advanced television system committee (ATSC 1.0) signal as a signal of opportunity. The monostatic and bistatic modified Cramér-Rao lower bound for the range and velocity measurements are derived as a quantitative way to evaluate the performance variation when exploiting multiple transmitters. The effect of 3D target position on the signal-to-noise ratio, with respect to stationary transmitters and receiver, is highlighted. Furthermore, signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio modeling is included by considering the direct signal interference suppression performance for a set of transmitters. An example in Columbus, Ohio, for a single receiver and multiple digital television transmitters that are spatially distributed is presented to find the optimal emitter that yields the best range and velocity measurement in the analyzed area. Target-tracking experiments show an agreement between the optimal emitter map and the tracking quality for the set of transmitters.

Handling Tradeoff Between Visual Perception and Compression in Video Codec Using Optimal Intra-Frame Prediction

Video coding and compression play a key role in efficient transmission and distribution of digital video content with comparatively lower storage and bandwidth requirements. However, the current research effort and evolutionary aspects still expect to develop a better solution that can jointly address the time complexity, quality measures, and data transfer rate problem in digital video transmission and distribution. Considering this, the study introduces an optimal video codec model to handle the tradeoff between visual perception and compression issues in video coding by introducing a novel optimized modeling of the intra-frame prediction method. The method's design and development are extensively carried out from the analytical viewpoint, where it also emphasizes reducing the encoding time to a significant extent. The experimental, numerical analysis shows that the proposed modeling of the optimized estimation of intra-frame prediction outperforms the conventional approach in terms of visual perception evaluated concerning Peak Signal-To-Noise Ratio (PSNR), bit rate and encoding time.

A low-cost wireless endoscope camera: a preliminary report

BackgroundTechnology currently used for surgical endoscopy was developed and is manufactured in high-income economies. The cost of this equipment makes technology transfer to resource constrained environments difficult. We aimed to design an affordable wireless endoscope to aid visualisation during rigid endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The initial prototype aimed to replicate a 4-mm lens used in rigid cystoscopy.MethodsFocus was placed on using open-source resources to develop the wireless endoscope to significantly lower the cost and make the device accessible for resource-constrained settings. An off the shelf miniature single-board computer module was used because of its low cost (US$10) and its ability to handle high-definition (720p) video. Open-source Linux software made monitor mode (“hotspot”) wireless video transmission possible. A 1280 × 720 pixel high-definition tube camera was used to generate the video signal. Video is transmitted to a standard laptop computer for display. Bench testing included latency of wireless digital video transmission. Comparison to industry standard wired cameras was made including weight and cost. The battery life was also assessed.ResultsIn comparison with industry standard cystoscope lens, wired camera, video processing unit and light source, the prototype costs substantially less. (US$ 230 vs 28 000). The prototype is light weight (184 g), has no cables tethering and has acceptable battery life (of over 2 h, using a 1200 mAh battery). The camera transmits video wirelessly in near real time with only imperceptible latency of < 200 ms. Image quality is high definition at 30 frames per second. Colour rendering is good, and white balancing is possible. Limitations include the lack of a zoom.ConclusionThe novel wireless endoscope camera described here offers equivalent high-definition video at a markedly reduced cost to contemporary industry wired units and could contribute to making minimally invasive surgery possible in resource-constrained environments.

Laboratory Tests of ATSC M/H Commercial Receivers Performance on SFN Networks

The Single Frequency Networks (SFN) are widely used in Digital Television transmission networks due to the high spectral efficiency achieved by them. Digital modulation techniques with a cyclic prefix, like OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) are adequate to define and use SFN networks due to their ability to deal with the artificial multipath produced in a SFN network. Nevertheless, the ATSC 1.0 and ATSC M/H standards use the VSB-8 modulation technique, which has no cyclic prefix, so it is very sensitive to multipath. The ATSC 1.0 standard has been recently implemented in Mexico, so the ATSC M/H standard can be used in the next years because it is compatible with ATSC 1.0, meanwhile ATSC 3.0, the newest standard of ATSC, it is not compatible.The performance of the reception with VSB-8 modulation depends strongly on the receiver channel equalizer. For this reason, the objective of this study is to analyze the performance of ATSC M/H commercial receivers in SFN networks. The results of this study will help in the implementation of SFN networks in Mexico and other countries that use ATSC 1.0 and ATSC M/H.

Evaluation of DTTV Transmission for SFN with Minimum Threshold in Thailand

The digital terrestrial television (DTTV) transmission based on digital video broadcasting-terrestrial second generation (DVB-T2) for a single frequency network (SFN) shall be studied. The DTTV signal performance is very important. Therefore, the performance of DTTV should be studied. SFN is a key factor in DVB-T2 technology due to the benefits of SFN. In order to evaluate the DVB-T2 performance, this research had investigates broadcasting reception threshold of DVB-T2 signal. The experiment was done in a laboratory of Mass Communication Organization of Thailand company, Thailand, and field experiment was done in urban area of Sing Buri, Thailand. The measurement model was set up to measure the the DTTV performance parameter with respected to guard interval delay time of two SFN transmitters. The acceptable result of minimum power, received signal, CNR, MER, and transmission loss are presented. The reliability of the result was validated by using polynomial. The measurement results provided a useful information for optimization and modeling of DTTV broadcasting for SFN system with DVB-T2 in Thailand.

Robust Video Broadcast for Users With Heterogeneous Resolution in Mobile Networks

Recently, robust video transmission system that can eliminate the cliff effect in digital video transmission has attracted great interest from both academia and industry. By linearizing the whole system, robust video transmission is intrinsically scalable to channel conditions in mobile networks. However, the heterogeneity of user devices in terms of viewing resolution has not been well studied for robust video broadcast systems. In this paper, we propose a spatial scalability enabled robust video broadcast (SSRVB) system, aiming at accommodating diverse users with both heterogeneous resolutions and heterogeneous channel conditions. In SSRVB, a novel spatial decomposition method based on linear projection is first designed for robust video transmission. Then the transmission distortion minimization problem with joint subcarrier matching and power allocation is formulated. A near-optimal low-complexity subcarrier matching algorithm based on auction theory and an optimal power allocation strategy are also proposed. Furthermore, an iterative algorithm is designed to solve the problem of joint resource allocation. Simulation results demonstrate that SSRVB can achieve an average of 3 dB gain when compared with the reference schemes (i.e., ECast, MCast, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based scheme, and scalable video coding (SVC) scheme) in terms of average peak signal-to-noise ratio under heterogeneous scenarios.

Hybrid ARIMA and Neural Network Modelling Applied to Telecommunications in Urban Environments in the Amazon Region

This study explores the use of a hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Neural Network modelling for estimates of the electric field along vertical paths (buildings) close to Digital Television (DTV) transmitters. The work was carried out in Belém city, one of the most urbanized cities in the Brazilian Amazon and includes a case study of the application of this modelling within the subscenarios found in Belém. Its results were compared with the ITU recommendations P. 1546-5 and proved to be better in every subscenario analysed. In the worst case, the estimate of the model was approximately 65% better than that of the ITU. We also compared this modelling with a classic modelling technique: the Least Squares (LS) method. In most situations, the hybrid model achieved better results than the LS.

HDA Video Transmission Scheme for DASH

In recent years, with the development of Internet communication technology, more and more people tend to get information through the network. And people prefer multimedia video streaming services. Traditional streaming media technology cannot meet people's needs because of its limitations. Recently, HTTP-based Dynamic Adaptive Streaming Over HTTP (DASH) has emerged as a new approach. In this paper, we consider two hybrid digital and analog video transmission schemes for DASH and propose three methods of enhancing the video quality of experience (QoE) of DASH users. First of all, considering the importance of data to video quality, we propose an energy-aware recombination method of reorganizing and packaging data and define the priority of the generated DASH layer in transmission. Second, we design an adaptive bitrate allocation algorithm to improve bandwidth utilization and video quality. Finally, we propose a retransmission mechanism to address the situation in which the digital stream at the receiving end cannot be decoded due to channel distance errors. Experiments show that our two schemes are superior to traditional DASH schemes.

A blind video watermarking algorithm robust to lossy video compression attacks based on generalized Newton complex map and contourlet transform

The rapid growth of fast communication networks for digital video transmission has created a need to copyright protection for these media. Digital video can be manipulated easily by users with various motivations. Compression is the most common attack that users can apply on videos in order to eliminate digital video copyright. Proposed technique in this article is specially designed for resisting against compression attacks. This method is presented a blind and robust watermarking method to copyright protection in digital video. In the proposed method, the coefficients of the contourlet transform are extracted and then encrypted watermark embedded into video with using the singular value decomposition (SVD). Embedding watermark in SVD domain increases the robustness of proposed method against attacks. In the embedding process and watermark encryption, pseudo-random numbers generated by the proposed new chaotic map, which is a generalized two-dimensional complex map based on the Newton model. The PSNR, SSIM, BER, and NCC measures examine the performance of the proposed method in terms of robustness and visual quality.

Integrated Antenna for the Digital Audio Broadcasting and Digital Video Broadcasting by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system is one of the high - definition radio with the ability to provide high audio quality and data - based services for stationary and mobile receivers. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is the popular broadcasting standards that enable handheld receivers to receive high definition digital television transmissions. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is a digital multi – carrier modulation technique intend offers high spectral efficiency. The main aim set is to arrive as an efficient unified system for multipurpose wireless system that would cater to all existing standards. This paper presents the unified approach for designing an integrated antenna for DAB and DVB using OFDM system. In this paper DAB and DVB using OFDM system is designed individually and their performance is measured by Bit Error Rate (BER). Integrated antenna for DAB and DVB using OFDM system is designed and simulated radiation patterns are presented. The proposed unified approach produces the better BER performance and better gain as compared to individual standard design.