Digital Sphere Research Articles

Goya boycott: a protest in affinity space

ABSTRACT In the summer of 2020, many Goya Foods consumers utilized the digital sphere to express outrage and called for a boycott through the hashtag #BoycottGoya. The analysis of 64,000 tweets using hashtags revealed significant digital expression responding to the Goya CEO’s political speech. This article visualizes differences in the online political narratives around boycott tweets using mixed-methods sentiment analysis, enabling deconstruction of multiple actors’ aims in this discourse occurring in affinity spaces. This article uses a feminist digital geographies framework to analyse how engagement with online affinity spaces and digital mediations of everyday life may transform gendered power relations in economic, social, and political contexts. This critical structure concerns how affinity space-held discourses reproduce divisive socio-spatial politics, such as criminalizing and stigmatizing racialized and impoverished bodies and places. We find that product consumption from companies can take on heightened political significance, as a representation of complex negotiations around identity, convenience, and responsibility. These negotiations become visible when expressed in online affinity spaces and have the power to reshape socio-political choices offline in unique ways. This article seeks to unpack the multifaceted dimensions of the Goya Boycott digital discourse, emphasizing a feminist digital geographies perspective in comprehending the complexities of this online movement and its implications for broader socio-political dynamics.

Digital witnessing through 3D reconstruction of the Manus Island Detention Centre

The Against Erasure project, delivered a 3D digital model reconstruction of Manus Island Offshore Processing Centre, for use in teaching and learning, via a multidisciplinary Canvas Teaching Resource in the humanities and social sciences. The digital model is a "Simulation" of an historical site, supported by Seekbeak activities, reflecting learner engagement and learning environments that support innovative teaching and learning The 3D digital reconstruction preserves an historical record of the detention centre on Manus Island, where thousands of refugees were imprisoned under Australia’s harsh offshore processing regime. After its 2017 closure to comply with PNG laws, the centre was dismantled. Today, the jungle has overtaken the site, as if it had never existed. Yet several men died there, due to homicide, self-harm, suicide, or untreated medical conditions. Preserving a record of the site was important. (Loughnan et al, 2021; Giannacopoulos and Loughnan, 2020).The simulation is resonant of the work of Forensic Architecture, which adopts an archeological approach to the digital representation of sites of state-sponsored violence, providing ‘forensic’ evidence of human rights violations. The digitally reconstructured site delivers rich insights into the impacts of systemic injustice, through concepts like ‘performation’, showing how digital technology can enhance memory through the (re)creation of place (Mandelossi, 2021). (re) Through ‘performation’, place is ’actualised in the digital sphere. However its representation is also the effect of those engaged in its re-creation. That is, these digital sites are ‘never just an imitation or a reproduction of the physical place to which they refer. Rather, the physical place is staged through an interaction with the virtual place.' The Against Erasure simulation, shows that 'we do things with places, as the work of Forensic Architecture (discussed below) convincingly shows. The digital does something with place and can enhance it by adding layers of meaning allowed by the specific affordances of digital media.This project is a significant example of how learning technologies can advance research, of current research being used in teaching, and the nexus between research and teaching for restorative justice purposes. The Against Erasure project presents a 3D digital reconstruction of the Manus Island Offshore Processing Centre, developed as a multidisciplinary teaching resource for humanities and social sciences. The model preserves an historical record of the now-dismantled detention centre, where thousands of refugees were imprisoned under Australia's offshore processing regime. Despite limited access to official documents, the reconstruction was created using archival materials, interviews, Google Maps, film footage, and audio recordings. The accompanying Canvas community site demonstrates research-led teaching, utilising H5P, Seekbeak, and other learning technologies to contextualise the model across disciplines and delivery modes. Students engage in co-constructing interactive hotspots, becoming active contributors to the simulated site.In 2024 and 2025, students applied methods described above for a 3rd year Arts subject: Digital Humanities and the Social Sciences. It was clear that the simulation functioned as a provocation, with student feedback indicated that this simulation was quite distinct from other simulations: they weren’t just working with a simulator in an abstract way. Rather, they were engaged in contributing human dimensions to the simulation, through Seekbeak activities, becoming active participants in countering historical erasure. The model prompted students to consider the value of simulation, not just as a digital tool, but as a technique of memorialisation, honouring past suffering, and institutional violence, especially when the physical site has disappeared, and there is no concrete reminder of that history. This is an example of a ‘digital’ site of conscience. Students were also co-creators of the model, as noted above (methods), in which their engagement also reflected the idea of performation as an effect of such digital simulations. Although simulation techniques are common in the sciences, it is relatively rare to see them used in the humanities and social sciences. This is the only known 3D model of the detention centre, making it a significant contribution to collective knowledge about the facility and its location. It functions as a historical reminder of the suffering of those imprisoned there as especially, in the face of the Australia’s refusal to admit to its complicity in this violence. Students are asked to consider the value of simulating the former prison in 3D, including what is enabled by the 3D graphics, the critical implications of 3D modelling for scholarship in Criminology and Memory Studies and how the critical perspectives Criminology and Memory Studies have transformed the use of 3D modelling. This project is a significant example of how learning technologies can advance research, of current research being used in teaching, and the nexus between research and teaching for restorative justice purposes.

The digital public sphere, universities and intellectualising the public

ABSTRACT This article explores the role of universities in fostering public intellectualism in the rapidly developing digital public sphere. Specifically, the paper asks: Is there a viable role for universities in shaping and encouraging critical reasoning and deliberative dialogue in the digital public sphere? This is a significant question to ask, given the often-dubious quality of public argumentation, confusion over evidential authority and epistemic expertise, alongside the spread of misinformation and bad actors intent on manipulation and disorder. In exploring this question, we position the digital public sphere in the context of democratic practices and debates over the historical role of the public sphere in developing critical reasoning publics. Alongside this, we engage in a discussion of the role of institutions, in particular universities, in mediating and filtering public opinion, making the argument that universities are well positioned to mediate the endless epistemic struggles at play in the digital public sphere. An overview of the digital engagement of Russell Group universities suggests however, that these institutions are currently far removed from such processes of mediation, instead valuing dissemination over deliberation and publicity over publicness.

Digitalisation of Yorùbá Culture in YouTube Children’s Performances

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed how cultures are preserved, communicated, and appreciated. In recent years, YouTube has emerged as a powerful platform for cultural dissemination, particularly among younger audiences. However, the digitalisation and aesthetics of the Yorùbá culture and language remain underexplored, especially in the context of content created by and for children on YouTube. Despite the richness and diversity of Yorùbá culture including its language, folklore, music, and visual arts, there is a significant gap in understanding how these cultural elements are being adapted and presented in the digital sphere. This is particularly critical for younger generations, who are increasingly consuming content online and may have limited access to traditional forms of cultural transmission. Thus, this study analysed the elements of Yorùbá culture, and assessed the fidelity and authenticity of Yorùbá cultural portrayals in the content created by YouTube children’s performances. The study employed functionalist theory and analysed two children’s performances. We found that YouTube Children’s performances adopt various storytelling techniques (folktale, proverbs, and idioms), music, dance, and visual elements to suit digital platforms. Both performances effectively engage contemporary audiences while maintaining the essence of Yorùbá culture. By addressing these objectives, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how digital platforms can be utilised to preserve and promote cultural heritage, ensuring that younger generations remain connected to their roots in an increasingly digitalised world.

Shooting the Messenger? Harassment and Hate Speech Directed at Journalists on Social Media

Journalists have incorporated social networks into their work as a standard tool, enhancing their ability to produce and disseminate information and making it easier for them to connect more directly with their audiences. However, this greater presence in the digital public sphere has also increased their exposure to harassment and hate speech, particularly in the case of women journalists. This study analyzes the presence of harassment and hate speech in responses (n = 60,684) to messages that 200 journalists and media outlets posted on X (formerly Twitter) accounts during the days immediately preceding and following the July 23 (23-J) general elections held in Spain in 2023. The results indicate that the most common forms of harassment were insults and political hate, which were more frequently aimed at personal accounts than institutional ones, highlighting the significant role of political polarization—particularly during election periods—in shaping the hostility that journalists face. Moreover, although, generally speaking, the total number of harassing messages was similar for men and women, it was found that a greater number of sexist messages were aimed at women journalists, and an ideological dimension was identified in the hate speech that extremists or right-wing populists directed at them. This study corroborates that this is a minor but systemic issue, particularly from a political and gender perspective. To counteract this, the media must develop proactive policies and protective actions extending even to the individual level, where this issue usually applies.

Encountering the Other in the Digital Sphere: Emmanuel Levinas' "Ethics of the Face" and the Implications for Virtual Healthcare Ethics in Contemporary Society.

The rise of virtual healthcare presents new ethical challenges, particularly regarding the quality and nature of patient-provider relationships. French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas' ethics of the face, which centers on the ethical responsibility of encountering the Other, offers a profound lens for examining these challenges. This philosophical exploration explores how the digital mediation of patient interactions in virtual healthcare affects the ethical encounter described by Levinas. We argue that while virtual healthcare can enhance accessibility, it risks diminishing the relational depth critical to healthcare ethics. As a proposal, this study outlines strategies for integrating Levinasian principles into virtual healthcare practices to emphasize empathy and attentiveness and acknowledge the patient's irreducible humanity, even through technological interfaces. Lastly, this paper calls for rethinking virtual healthcare to preserve the ethical command of responsibility toward the Other.

Habeas Data and Digital Rights: Implication for Legal Education and Digital Citizenship

This article explores the origin and development of Habeas Data as a constitutional guarantee in Latin America and its implications for Albania, especially in the digital era. While Habeas Corpus has long served as a cornerstone of European legal tradition, particularly in safeguarding personal freedom, Habeas Data emerges as a complementary legal mechanism aimed at protecting informational self-determination and the right to privacy in an increasingly data-driven society. In Latin America, Habeas Data has evolved not only as a tool for accessing, correcting, or deleting personal data but also as an expression of democratic oversight in the digital sphere. In Albania, the digitalization of public services through platforms such as e-Albania has improved efficiency but raised concerns about data security, especially following the 2023 cyberattack that disrupted national services. This context highlights the urgency of reinforcing legal protections for digital rights. The article argues that legal education must respond to these emerging challenges by integrating digital citizenship, data protection, and the right to privacy into the curriculum. Furthermore, Albanian legislators are called upon to strengthen constitutional guarantees through reforms that reflect the digital realities of contemporary society. Received: 9 January 2025 / Accepted: 27 April 2025 / Published: 08 May 2025

The discourse surrounding Saudi women's attire on Reddit

This study analyzes a Reddit thread discussing Saudi women's attire choices and explores the discourse surrounding modesty on social media. The thread reflects a complex negotiation of cultural norms, religious values, and societal expectations. Participants debate the concept of "modesty," with conservative views advocating for strict adherence to traditional dress (e.g., abayas and hijabs) and liberal perspectives challenging the notion that modesty is solely tied to clothing. The creator’s post constructs modesty as a central virtue, linking it to moral integrity and societal values, which reinforces a dichotomy between "modesty" and "immodesty." This moral framing is further reflected in the thread’s use of language to express judgment and social critique. Notably, the term "Death Note" is metaphorically used as a euphemism for "cuckold," drawing on its phonetic resemblance to the Arabic word 'دﯾﺚ' (deeth). This linguistic play demonstrates how users creatively manipulate language to convey culturally resonant meanings and social commentary. Using Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this study examines how language constructs social relations, power dynamics, and ideologies. It addresses two main questions: (1) How is "modesty" constructed in the discourse on Saudi women's attire? and (2) How do linguistic features shape moral judgments within these discussions? The analysis reveals three patterns: comments engaging in defamation through morally loaded language, comments opposing or critiquing defamation, and comments dismissing its significance. Some argue that women should anticipate and manage negative reactions by adhering to traditional norms, while others emphasize Islamic principles condemning slander. Religious references highlight moral consequences, while critical voices address the toxic social media atmosphere. In essence, the study uncovers how language, culture, and ideology intertwine to shape perceptions of modesty and morality. It also emphasizes the digital sphere's role in both reinforcing and challenging societal norms and offers a window into the ongoing negotiation of values and identities online.

Digital Warfare and Computational Propaganda in the Israeli-Hamas War: An Analysis of the Influence of Perception Warfare on Conflict Dynamics

The prolonged conflict between Israel and Hamas has experienced significant escalation, particularly following the events of October 7, 2023. This escalation has shifted the confrontation from conventional warfare to digital battlegrounds, where both parties engage in cyber and narrative warfare. The increasing use of digital platforms highlights a new dimension of conflict: the battle for public opinion and international legitimacy. This study aims to analyze the role of propaganda warfare within the Israel-Hamas conflict through a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. The research is framed using computational propaganda theory and digital diplomacy concepts, utilizing primary and secondary data sources critically assessed through literature review and digital media observation. The findings reveal that both Israel and Hamas systematically employ digital platforms to frame narratives that justify military actions, influence global opinion, and gain strategic advantage. Propaganda content is carefully curated to evoke international sympathy and mobilize political support. Social media, in particular, emerges as a powerful tool for operationalizing digital warfare tactics, shaping public perception, and sustaining momentum in the global discourse surrounding the conflict. The study concludes that digital propaganda has become a central strategy in modern asymmetric warfare. Its growing influence demands increased digital literacy and critical media analysis, especially in conflict zones. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how contemporary conflicts evolve in the digital sphere and emphasizes the need for regulatory frameworks to address the misuse of digital platforms in international disputes.

Digital Diasporas and Identity in Contemporary Nepali Literature: A Bibliometric and Textual Analysis

This study presents a bibliometric and textual analysis of 268 scholarly works on Nepali literature, examining patterns of authorship, institutional collaboration, and thematic evolution. Using VOSviewer for network visualization and WordSift for textual mining, the research reveals a fragmented yet internationalized academic field, with notable imbalances in representation and disciplinary boundaries. While identifying key contributors like Michael Hutt and institutions such as Tribhuvan University, the analysis exposes significant methodological challenges - particularly the conflation of literary studies with health research due to database filtering issues. The findings highlight emerging discourses on identity and diaspora alongside persistent gaps in gender studies and regional scholarship. The study concludes by advocating for improved data standardization, more inclusive research practices, and strengthened South Asian academic networks to better capture the complexities of contemporary Nepali literature in both traditional and digital spheres. This research contributes to ongoing discussions about decolonizing literary studies and optimizing bibliometric methods for underrepresented linguistic traditions.

The impact of the online disinhibition effect on the formation of an individual's virtual identity

The evolution of society is directly influenced by technological advancements, particularly in information and communication technologies. Their proliferation facilitates the transformation of social reality, the emergence of new forms of communication, and the evolution of social practices. Modern digital tools such as mobile devices, computers, and the internet shape novel modes of interaction that affect communicative processes. Globalization accelerates the development of social and communicative practices, transcending geographical and demographic boundaries while shaping individuals' daily lives, worldviews, and self-identities. This article explores the impact of the online disinhibition effect on the formation of virtual identity within the contemporary digital environment. This process entails individuals gradually distancing themselves from traditional social interactions in the real world and transitioning to virtual spaces, where they construct new roles and modes of engagement. The rise of social media, online gaming, forums, and various digital platforms has facilitated the creation and maintenance of these novel identities. Identity, as a complex psychological construct, develops through an individual's interaction with the social environment, encompassing both real and virtual domains. Psychological defense mechanisms play a significant role in this process, helping individuals manage internal conflicts, maintain a coherent self-concept, and adapt to external conditions. Within the digital sphere, mechanisms such as reality avoidance can contribute to the modification or concealment of personal attributes, thereby influencing self-perception and the perception of others. As a consequence of the online disinhibition effect, a new form of identity emerges, characterized by the intertwining of real and virtual experiences and the growing significance of social networks in shaping personal traits and status. However, this process also presents risks, including the erosion of real-world social connections, dependence on virtual validation for self-worth, and potential shifts in attitudes toward reality. Investigating the implications of these transformations for self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, and social adaptation in the context of increasing digitalization remains a pertinent area of research.

Enhancing accessibility: deep learning-based image description for individuals with visual impairments

Technological developments in artificial intelligence, namely in the area of deep learning, have created new avenues for enhancing accessibility for those with visual impairments. In order to improve the capacity of people who are blind or visually impaired to understand and interact with visual material, this research investigates the creation and use of deep learning-based image description systems. We provide a comprehensive method that uses recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to generate natural language descriptions and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Autoencoders for extracting picture features. Our technology automatically creates comprehensive, context-aware descriptions of photographs by incorporating these models, giving users a better knowledge of their surroundings. We show the accuracy and reliability of the system on a wide range of photos through comprehensive testing. According to our research, deep learning-based picture description systems and converting the description in audio and making a promise to empower people who are visually impaired and foster diversity in the digital sphere.

What grows, adapts and lives in the digital sphere? Systematic literature review on the dynamic modelling of flora and fauna in digital twins

What grows, adapts and lives in the digital sphere? Systematic literature review on the dynamic modelling of flora and fauna in digital twins

Family Conflict Disclosure on Social Media in Islamic Law: Islah as a Reconciliation Mechanism

This study examines the phenomenon of disclosure of family conflicts on social media from the perspective of Islamic law, with particular emphasis on the social and psychological effects and violations of sharia values. Qualitative research methods were used through the analysis of the texts of the Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic legal literature, as well as case studies of viral conflicts on Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, and Twitter. The results showed that this practice contradicts the principles of ghibah (gossip), namimah (divisive gossip), and ifk (false accusations). These principles violate family privacy and the honor of al-'irdh as part of maqashid syaria. The spread of conflict in the digital public sphere causes greater problems, emotional distress, social stigma, and the separation of family relationships, as seen in viral inheritance, polygamy, and intergenerational conflicts. Solutions offered by Islamic law include the concept of islah, or reconciliation, which emphasizes digital ethics education, mediation by neutral parties, and closed conflict resolution. First, deliberation with good intentions, second, the application of the principle of forgiveness (al-'afw), third, raising awareness about the long-term impact of conflict exposure, and fourth, setting boundaries of privacy on social media. This study found that to maintain family harmony in the digital age, sharia-based ethics education and the principle of islah must be combined. The academic results enhance Islamic legal research on social media dynamics. On the other hand, the practical consequences offer guidelines for practitioners and families to resolve conflicts in a way that is in accordance with Islamic values. Strengthening digital literacy based on prudence and optimizing community-based mediation are two main recommendations.

Baudrillard and the Dead Internet Theory. Revisiting Baudrillard’s (dis)trust in Artificial Intelligence

The goal of this paper is to revisit Baudrillard’s take on artificial intelligence and to present a critique of AI (especially considering large language models). Baudrillard expressed his skepticism about AI already in his essay Xerox and Infinity from 1993. To understand Baudrillard’s argumentation, it is necessary to open up his theoretical body of work, starting from Marxist value theory and leading up to his own concept of simulation theory, which he later became known for. Baudrillard’s main idea throughout his work is how the meaning of a sign, once emerging out of a social bond which he calls symbolic exchange, transfers into a sphere of representative signs that then morph into a life of their own. Baudrillard’s critique falls perfectly in line with the discussion around the dead internet theory and the loss of meaning within the virtual space through the rise of bots and artificially created content, stripped of human origin and connection. Artificial content is, for Baudrillard, the purest form of simulation, with signs that have lost their origin of representation and are now exponentially recreated in a digital sphere. Just like the AI-generated image of “Shrimp Jesus,” which flooded the social media platform Facebook and became a viral hit. “Shrimp Jesus” is a perfect example of an artificial image pushing human-generated content out of the virtual sphere. From a Baudrillardian perspective, that dead internet, the internet dying because of the flood of artificial content, is not an accident, but an inevitable event.

‘Lost futures’ and undermined pasts of the pandemic: Digital lecturers’ ghostly reflections of time, self and the university

This article seeks to bear witness to the spectres of uncertainty and anxiety experienced through workplace isolations as university teaching occupied solely digital environments during the early weeks of the pandemic. We reflect on the ways lecturers experienced uncanny and fearful moments as orders of organisational time and its expected realities were abruptly abandoned, exploring working life and its unsettling, ghostly insights during this singular moment of social pause. Using Derrida’s hauntology as a theoretical framework, this study fuses reflections from previous research using three-level image and content analysis to trace the covert realms temporarily inhabited during the liminal episode of lockdown. Alternative and hitherto unnoticed understandings residing in real-time narratives and curated images enable a recognition of lost and stifled futures alongside a tracing of working histories during a moment of crisis. The spectral lens provides an understanding of how a temporary disjuncture in organisational time, coupled with disembodied work in the digital sphere, sees individuals questioning self and role and struggling with reincorporation. The article also reflects on possible implications of professional and personal isolation, relating how pandemic discomforts haunt subsequent trajectories and working relationships in university life.

Перспективы сотрудничества стран-участниц Евразийского экономического союза и Китая в рамках инициативы «Один пояс, один путь» в области цифровой экономики: исторический аспект

This article presents a historical analysis of digital cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states and China under the aegis of the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI). The evolution of this relation-ship is examined through a lens of evolving integration processes within the digital sphere. The study traces key developmental stages of the digital economy in Eurasia, commencing in the 1990s, when the digitalization of the post-Soviet space was constrained by resource scarcity, while China experienced robust growth in its technological sector. The impact of the BRI on the digital modernization of the EAEU countries is analyzed, and salient challenges are identified, including infrastructural limitations, human capital deficits, and geopolitical instability. Particular attention is directed to issues of cybersecurity and technological dependence. The article delineates historical parallels with prior integration projects in Eurasia and discusses the prospects for the for-mation of a unified digital ecosystem.

Improving Customer Engagement in Banking An Aras-Based Evaluation of Marketing and Communication Strategies

The banking sector has seen a transformation thanks to the development of big data technology, which allows organizations to handle more publicly accessible data. Banks' capacity to facilitate long-term transactions with clients has improved as they have developed into all-inclusive information aggregators, strengthening client connections. Enhancing customer service, loyalty, and overall service quality requires modernizing financial communication channels rather than replacing them. In order to promote long-term client engagement and competition in the digital sphere, this study looks at how big data and marketing communication tactics are integrated in banking. This study advances our knowledge of how customer loyalty in the banking sector is impacted by big data and smart marketing communication. The study sheds light on successful communication tactics for banks by examining the functions of direct marketing, public relations, and online interaction. The results offer useful advice for financial organizations looking to enhance client retention and satisfaction in step with technology advancements. The study also emphasizes how crucial client relationship management and relationship marketing are to the contemporary banking sector. Alternative: Omni channel Marketing Strategy, Influencer, AI-Driven Chat bots, Customer-Centric Loyalty, Community Engagement. Evaluation Preference taken as Customer Engagement Rate, Lead Conversion, Marketing ROI, Customer Retention. The results show that Omni channel Marketing Strategy has the highest ranking and Customer-Centric Loyalty has the lowest ranking. Omni channel Marketing Strategy has the highest value for Marketing and communication in banking sector according to the ARAS approach.

Cybersecurity and Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Challenges and Prospects of International Law

INTRODUCTION. This article explores the concept of “cyber sovereignty”, understood as the set of legal claims and mechanisms through which states seek to control and protect their interests in the digital domain. Amid the rapid development of information and communication technologies, the transnational nature of cyberspace, and the lack of unified international norms, debates on the applicability of classical state sovereignty to the digital realm are intensifying. The paper examines various approaches taken by different countries (Russia, China, the United States, EU member states, etc.) in regulating cyberspace, highlighting the growing importance of cybersecurity in international law, and analyzing the role of international organizations (including the UN) and key documents such as the Tallinn Manual 2.0.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of academic literature, international legal instruments (UN Charter, International Court of Justice rulings, doctrinal documents), national cybersecurity strategies (Russia, the USA, China, among others), and a comparative examination of state practices and positions regarding cyber sovereignty. General and specific scientific methods – analysis and synthesis, systematic and comparative-legal approaches – were employed to identify legal gaps and contradictions in the regulation of the digital environment.RESULTS. The analysis shows that states increasingly aim to extend the concept of classical sovereignty to cyberspace by developing national legislation and creating independent cyber jurisdictions. This trend is reflected in the strategies and doctrines of several countries (China, Russia), which seek to control their segment of the internet. At the same time, a rift remains between states that advocate for an open and free internet (the USA, EU states) and those that prioritize strengthening national control over the digital sphere. In practice, it is difficult for states to reach consensus on the permissible scope of intervention and the application of the principles of non-intervention and sovereignty in cyber operations.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis reveals legal uncertainty in defining what kinds of cyber operations violate sovereignty, as well as in the categorization of cyber espionage and low intensity cyberattacks. The UN and its specialized expert groups (GGE, OEWG) are working on harmonizing approaches; however, no single universal mechanism has yet been established. The most acute controversies concern recognizing sovereignty in the digital sphere as a distinct norm of international law and establishing clear criteria for legitimate cyber operations. Overcoming legal gaps and reducing the risk of conflict require the development of universal principles that account for the unique characteristics of cyberspace, as well as the deepening of international cooperation, including the exchange of information and the creation of rapid response mechanisms to cyber threats.

The metamorphosis of autonomy in the digital sphere: Implications for the eco-emancipatory project

The metamorphosis of autonomy in the digital sphere: Implications for the eco-emancipatory project