Digital Relief Model Research Articles

The possibilities of GIS technologies for assessing and monitoring the climatic conditions of the Makazhoy Fepression (Chechen Republic, Russia)

Modeling based on a digital relief model of the spatiotemporal change in the amount of total solar radiation and the assessment of the contribution of locations to the distribution of meteorological elements.DEM analysis was conducted in a GIS environment to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of total solar radiation, and statistical analysis of retrospective climatic and actual (2023) meteorological data was conducted.Based on a digital model of the relief of average spatial resolution in a GIS environment, changes in the spatial and temporal magnitude of solar radiation were estimated. A prospective analysis of climatic conditions made it possible to assess the general features of the climate of the Makazhoy basin Field observations made it possible to characterize modern climatic conditions, as well as to calculate gradients.Depending on the locations, it was determined that the amount of total solar radiation in the Makazhoy basin varies by almost 3 times. Within the same altitude intervals, the difference between the slopes of the southern and northern exposures reaches up to 50 %. The smallest differences in the amount of radiation were observed on the days of the summer solstice, and the largest on the days of the winter solstice. The average annual air temperature in the altitude range of 1960–2264 m in 2023 varied from 8.6 to 5.8°, and the amount of precipitation – from 481 to 525 mm, respectively. The intra‐annual course of meteorological parameters (air temperature and leaf surface, precipitation and relative humidity) within the meteorological transect has been revealed. The data obtained make it possible to proceed to the formation of a GIS system for monitoring the climatic conditions of the carbon landfill of the Kadyrov Chechen State University.

GEODESIC ASPECTS OF THE CREATION OF DIGITAL RELIEF MODELS FOR THE NEEDS OF GEO-INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The article analyzes the role of geographic information systems (GIS) in the collection, storage, analysis, and visualization of geospatial data, emphasizing the importance of digital terrain models (DRMs). GIS and DEM are important tools for effective management and planning in various sectors, including ecology, water management, and emergency planning. The article examines in detail the process of creating a DEM using a variety of methods, such as ground surveys, aerial photography, satellite scanning and laser scanning (LiDAR). The value of these models is particularly important for ecologists and planners, as DEMs allow the assessment of changes in the landscape that occur as a result of natural processes or human activities, and the planning of interventions to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Analysis of terrain patterns also plays a key role in developing strategies to manage risks associated with natural disasters such as floods, determining optimal evacuation routes and locating rescue points. The paper also highlights modern technologies such as aerial photography and LiDAR, which are expanding the capabilities of geodesy, allowing faster data collection with high accuracy. This contributes to the expansion of the use of GIS in land use planning and urban planning. Digital relief models, created using geodetic methods, provide high data accuracy. This is critical for engineering, construction, urban planning, and conservation activities, where accurate elevation data can influence design, project implementation, and environmental impact assessment. The use of DEM in GIS allows for more efficient planning of land use, development of infrastructure projects, and optimization of natural resource management. For example, DEMs help in planning road routes that minimize interference with natural landscapes and watersheds. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of integrating digital terrain models into GIS to improve the effectiveness of land use and resource management, as well as to provide a deeper understanding of geospatial data, which in turn contributes to informed decision-making and sustainable development.

Use of GIS tools, enhanced by FFT filtering methods, to detect blurred craters in Synthetic Digital Elevation Models, to improve their location and morphological characterisation

Filtered Geomorphic Reference Models (FGRMs), extracted from High-Pass Filters based on the Fast Fourier Transform (HPF-FFT), provide a semi-automated and objective detection of a wide range of geoforms and geomorphic situations (flat areas, slopes, depressions, or valley bottoms). The method is sensitive enough to reveal numerous inflection points that enable the identification of subtle changes in relief polarity, resulting in accurate representations of real land depressions. The effectiveness of this method has been demonstrated in lunar landscapes, utilizing altimetry extracted from high-precision Planetary Digital Elevation Models (PDEMs) to construct crater inventories with well-defined FGRMs. However, when analysing lunar environments with closely-spaced geomorphic features, the FGRMs display blurring and generalization effects, reducing their capability to identify all existing crater depressions. This limitation controls the ability of FGRMs, to generate reliable crater inventories. This study examines such effects in three experiments. Using Synthetic Digital Relief Models (SDRMs) constructed by means of a MATLAB script two experiments are performed. In Experiment_1 different scenarios of proximity between aligned craters are analysed. The marks, or footprints, formed by craters of identical size and shape (i.e., circular bowl-shaped depressions with central peaks) are considered, resulting in simplified PDEMs. Various scenarios of crater centre separation (proximity) and the presence of internal features within craters are also analysed. Experiment_2 validates the method with different proximities, locations and crater sizes. Experiment_3 validates the approach in a sampled area of LRO lunar PDEM corresponding to Zelinskiy crater (Mare Ingenii area). To address these blurring effects, a hybrid methodology is employed, generating FGRMs extracted from HPF-FFT, in conjunction with other GIS and remote sensing tools, such as singular point zoning, aspect-slope zoning, and edge-limits zoning. As a result, the correspondence between the FGRMs and the synthetic forms is examined, aiding the comprehension of the graphical response provided by filtering in these cratered areas. The methodology demonstrates that FGRMs derived from HPF-FFT are sensitive to capturing connections between shapes as soon as the crater features start to merge, while blurring becomes evident when the craters are located at a proximity of <20 model units. Additionally, the results highlight the method's utility in accurately locating crater footprints and morphologically characterizing inner crater features, even when crater centres are closely spaced. This approach effectively mitigates blurring effects and enables the precise localization of crater marks and their internal features. The validations carried out in complex relief and high precise DEMs provide a use in real situation.

Search for the lost Baghi Chinar garden in the Samarkand region and creation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the targeted area

The article is devoted to the study of the location of the Baghi Chinar garden of Amir Timur (translated as "Plane Garden"), based on the collection of historical information, tacheometric survey performed by the Leica TS-02 Plus tacheometer, the creation of a digital terrain model and a digital relief model using the Panorama geoinformation program. Thus, the use of GIS tools, the creation of an interactive map of the Timurid gardens in Samarkand and the collection of tacheometric and topographic data allowed for three-dimensional visualization of the site of the historical garden in the form of a DEM, as well as obtaining a wide range of data for a more accurate reproduction of the design of the Amir Timur "Baghi Chinar" garden.

Геолого-геоморфологическое районирование бассейна р. Сейды (восток Большеземельской тундры) на основе цифровой модели рельефа ArcticDEM

The Bolshezemelskaya tundra is one of the least studied and poorly mapped territories of the European North-East of Russia. The availability of the ArcticDEM digital elevation model with a high spatial resolution allowed conducting a comprehensive joint analysis of digital, geomorphological and geological data.&#x0D; The results of using the ArcticDEM global digital relief model for geological and geomorphological studies of the Seyda River basin (eastern Bolshezemelskaya tundra) in its middle and lower reaches are presented.&#x0D; An irregular triangulation network TIN covering the Seyda River valley was constructed, and the main geomorphometric parameters of the relief were calculated: hypsometric characteristics, surface inclination angles and slope exposures. Based on the obtained morphometric indicators of the relief and the textural and structural characteristics of Quaternary sediments, the following types of relief were identified: accumulative glacial, erosion-accumulative water-glacial and erosion-accumulative alluvial types of relief. A geological and geomorphological diagram of the Seyda River valley was been constructed and the main morphogenetic features of the relief during its formation were identified.

Декомпозиция ретроспективных топографических карт для послойной оценки типов регионального природопользования

On the example of the most developed part of the lake Baikal basin, the decomposition of the digital coverage content from 12 sheets of the topographic map scale 1:84 000, compiled by the Corps of Military Topographers in 1896-1912, was performed. As a result of vectorization of retrospective layers of topographic objects and subsequent transformation of their shp files into classes of spatial objects of the ArcGIS environment, two cartographic sets of spatial object classes were formed that characterize two types of regional environmental management - traditional pastoral and invasive agricultural. As a result of layer-by-layer geoinformation modeling of cartographic sets on a modern topographic basis and a digital relief model, primary areas of settlement and economic use of the territory were established, physical and geographical characteristics of the past economic use of the territory were determined, and separate mapping of spatial and temporal life support structures of different types of nature management was performed. For operational digital visualization, a technological solution is proposed for storing and mapping sets of spatial object classes by organizing a file-based geodata of the ArcGIS information environment. Cartographic reconstructions of pastoral and agricultural nature management at the beginning of the 20th century are presented, as well as a general cartographic reconstruction of nature management on a landscape basis, which allows us to assert that traditional pastoral nature management does not involve the transformation of the Earth&amp;#x27;s surface and is characterized by continuous restorative dynamics of natural landscapes, and invasive nature management is based on the violation of soil cover, which later led to the emergence of areas of water and wind erosion.

Technical Support for the Creation and Updating of the Cartographic Basis of the Locality. The Prospect of Introducing Neural Networks Into the Process of Creating Digital Terrain Models

The technical support of the process of creating a cartographic basis for improving the efficiency of territorial management is considered. It is proved that digitalization of information about all management objects is based on the initially implemented stage of preparation of a digital model of terrain and relief. The effectiveness of management decisions depends on the detail and quality of the developed cartographic framework. The authors summarize the practical experience of using innovative technologies in the process of developing a cartographic framework, it is shown that the most promising direction here is the introduction of neural networks. The specifics of their application in the process of creating a digital model of terrain and relief are analyzed.

Numerical 2D-Modeling of Rain Runoff Transformation in the Drainage Basin of Gelendzhik City Taking into Account the Mountain Collector and Accumulating Reservoirs

A digital relief model of a mountain cluster and location schemes of mountain collectors and reservoir dams were used to develop a numerical hydrodynamic 2D-model of the mountain part of the drainage basin of Gelendzhik City area and to perform variant calculations of rain flood waves, taking into account their transformations in mountain collectors and accumulation in reservoirs. The rains considered in the model were assumed to have the exceedance probability of 1% and the duration of 20 and 720 min (12 h) with a total rainfall depths of 51 and 206 mm, respectively. Conclusions were made that the carrying capacity of the collector should be calculated for the parameters of a short-time intense rain and that the accumulating hydraulic structures, for their efficient operation, should be designed to allow continuous regulation of discharge rates.

Особенности современного строения подводной аккумулятивной формы банка Еленина

The Elenina Bank is an underwater accumulative form of the eastern part of the Sea of Azov. It was formed 2.5-1.7 thousand years ago during the Phanagorian regression. During the subsequent sea level rise the Elenina Bank was under water. The analysis of the modern structure of the Elenina Bank was carried out using literary sources and remote sensing data. Digital models of the underwater relief for the Elenina Bank were built on the basis of Sentinel-2 satellite images using the method of mutual correlation of the brightness of the spectrum channels and depth. The length of the Elenina Bank is about 40 km, the width is up to 5 km, the minimum depth of the water area is 1.5-2 m. Arc-shaped ridges up to 6 km long were found at the western tip of the bank. Currently, the Elenina Bank is active accumulative form and influences the lithodynamic regime of the adjacent part of the Sea of Azov. The transverse profile of the bank indicates the predominant direction of sediment movement – from S to N. The Elenina Bank accumulates most of the sediments transferred to the S-SE, but there is practically no extension of the edge of the accumulative body to the North due to a sharp drop in depths. The presence of the accumulative body of the Elenina Bank contributes to the formation of strong and stable currents to the North of it.

Improving filtering methods based on the Fast Fourier Transform to delineate objective relief domains: An application to Mare Ingenii lunar area

A recent study has proven that high-pass filtering (HPF) based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a rapid and efficient computational method for the semi-automated detection of geomorphic features from high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM). Although this new approach shows great potential for cartographic purposes using remote sensing data, some methodological improvements are still required in the following areas: (i) to develop a robust criteria for filter radius selection; (ii) to test the relationship between filter vectors and landscape form, and explore how DEM artefacts (vegetation, anthropic structures, etc.) can interfere with landform detection; and (iii) to explore filter response regarding generalisation and blurring effects when working with landscapes composed of landforms of different scales that are superimposed on one another. These topics are addressed here through two experiments (Experiment_1 and Experiment_2) with synthetic digital relief models inspired in the lunar landscape. Finally, the improved methodology was applied on the Mare Ingenii lunar relief (Experiment_3) using the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter DEM and the results were tested against ground truths (GTs) developed using the extensive database available at Astropedia website and an ad hoc crater map. The analysis of existing frequencies in a 2D DEM signal through the true magnitude-true frequency plot provides an objective method for filter radius selection, and the use of a Butterworth transference function enables a more versatile filtering. Experiment_1 demonstrates a close correspondence between vectors obtained by filtering called Filtered Geomorphic References (FGRs) and the synthetic landform selected. The accuracy indicators from Experiment_1 and 2 show the good results obtained in the correspondence between FGRs and crater depressions, either from flat-bottomed to bowl shapes. Experiments 2 and 3 confirm that in landscapes generated by superimposed geomorphic features of different sizes, the smaller the crater, the better the filters detect its boundaries. Moreover, the spatial repeatability of FGRs can be used as a cartographic criterion in the identification of crater shape depressions or hills. Besides, the criterion is useful to assess true reality mapped in the GT employed. Finally, the objective geomorphic units obtained by combining the FGRs demonstrate their usefulness for the objective characterisation of the moonscape. Using the synthetic landscapes, the FGRs identify those relief domains composed of depressions and hills.

Картографическая реконструкция природопользования на основе ретроспективных топографических карт

Taking the most developed part of the Baikal basin as example a digital cartographic reconstruction of the regional nature management of the early XX century is compiled; it enables establishing the physical and geographical characteristics of the territory economic use in the past. As a result of nature management objects retrospective layers vectorization and subsequent transformation of their shp files into the ArcGIS environment spatial object classes, two cartographic sets of such classes were formed. They characterize two types of regional nature use, traditional pastoral and invasive agricultural. As a result of layer-by-layer geoinformation modeling of cartographic sets on a modern topographic basis and a digital relief model, primary areas of settlement and economic use of the territory were established, and various mapping of spatial and temporal life support structures of nature management different types was performed. For operational digital visualization, a technological solution is proposed for storing and mapping sets of classes of spatial objects through arrangement of a file-based geodata of the ArcGIS information environment. Cartographic reconstructions of pastoral and agricultural nature management at the beginning of the XX century are presented, as well as its general cartographic reconstruction on landscape basis.

ANALYSIS OF GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SKIING TRACKS FOR TOURISTIC POTENTIAL EVALUATION OF UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the quality of skiing tracks in the Ukrainian Carpathians. To do this we suppose to define a set of geomorphological characteristics of skiing tracks and determine theirs influence value on the tracks specialization and its suitability for skiing, also assess the touristic potential of the ski resorts of the Ukrainian Carpathians.&#x0D; Methods and approaches of research borrowed from a similar study on the avalanches danger estimation of other ski resorts. We obtained a number of geomorphological characteristics of the tracks and visually estimated the quality of its bed using created lengthwise and cross-section profiles of skiing slopes using a digital relief model. The visual analysis identified the areas for braking, as well as significant inequalities, protracted areas and track parts with inversed inclination which make worse the quality of the skiing and is danger the skiers.&#x0D; So the main research method is the cartographic modeling. We selected 7 ski resorts located in different parts of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The profiles were created using free Geographic Information System QGIS and open geospatial data of radar survey of the Earth's surface (SRTM and ASTER GDEM). We also compared received results with foreign similar studies. Scientific novelty. There are defined the set of geomorphological characteristics of a ski slope in the article. There are the length of the track (or its horizontal projection), the level difference and the derivative characteristic is the steepness of the slope (as well as its maximum and minimum values). This list was supplemented by cross-section profiles description (it may be convex, bent, flat or inclined). Altogether we compared 24 tracks of the Ukrainian Carpathians. There are created lengthwise and cross-section profiles for each of them and all results put into a table presented in the article.&#x0D; Practical results. We made a conclusion that the skiing slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians have similar geomorphological characteristics in most cases. The average slope of the tracks is 9.5°. The maximum value is 13° and the minimum is about 3°. The length of the tracks varies from 1 to 4 km and the length of majority of them is not excites of 1.8 km. The height difference is from 50 m to 550 m, the average mean is 315 m, which is not quite long. The configurations of the most horizontal profiles are convex or even, which is not optimal for skiing. In addition, the presence of hills makes “blind zones” which limit the visibility of the track and can cause a collision of skiers. Most of skiing track beds has convex cross-section profiles or they are significantly declined, which is also not an advantage.&#x0D; Based on the received metric values we defined the weak and strong sides of the national resorts. The ski slopes haven’t many complexity categories and are interesting for amateur skiers. Therefore the national resorts give way to foreign ones even located in the Carpathians which have a greater variety and more levels of complexity of tracks. This circumstance can be an obstacle to maintenance of tracks and increase requirements for corresponding equipment. So national skiing resorts should focus on pricing policies and territorial accessibility.

Оценка состояния подземных инженерных сооружений мелиоративной системы с помощью карт влажности, полученных на основе данных дистанционного зондирования земли беспилотным летательным аппаратом DJI Phantom 4 Multispectra

Reclamation system is a complex of engineering structures and devices that ensure the creation of the required water, air, thermal and nutrient regimes of soils. The composition of reclamation systems includes underground pipelines, drains, hydraulic structures that may fail and require repair, but it is impossible to detect a problem area without monitoring the area of the system by antediluvian methods or conducting survey work. The purpose of the work: to justify the use of soil moisture maps obtained by the DJI PHANTOM 4 MULTISPECTRA UAV to identify problem areas of the reclamation network or vice versa absence. Aerial photography was carried out in May 2021 on the treated section of the drainage and humidification network of the Yakhrom floodplain of the Moscow region. As a result of the survey, a digital relief model, an operational humidity map based on the calculated NDWI water index were obtained. The flight altitude of the quadcopter was 180 m above the earth’s surface, the pixel size of the image of the earth’s surface to be 7.9 cm. According to the results of aerial photography on the selected site, the absolute marks of the earth’s surface vary from 134.67 to 135.23. On average, the slope of the earth’s surface of the selected site is 0.002 in the direction from northwest to southeast. There are no pronounced microforms of relief moisture in the surface layer of the soil obtained in the field corresponds to the variety of color areas of the NDWI water indices highlighted on the operational humidity map. In the soil conditions of the studied area, the moisture content of the surface soil layer is logarithmic with the normalized difference water index NDWI. The correlation coefficient is 0.9 ± 0.06, which indicates a very high relationship between the studied indicators. Such a map can be used to identify problem areas of the reclamation network.

Морфометрический анализ донного рельефа крупного долинного водохранилища в процессе его эволюции

Until now, the study of the morphology of the bottom of large reservoirs, subject to gradual siltation, received little attention. Morphometric descriptions of reservoirs are limited by the type, shape, altitude position, size of the bed, and the volume of water in them. The article presents the results of the analysis of the bottom relief of the Krasnodar Reservoir and the transformations of this relief for 2005–2021. The analysis was performed based on the materials of bathymetric surveys for the regulated volume of the reservoir on an area of 224 km2 with the construction of the corresponding digital relief models. The relief of the bottom of the reservoir is represented by flat areas of a flooded accumulative plain with prevailing slopes of about 0.2–0.4°, dissected by river channels of lower order tributaries. The transformation of the relief is caused by gradual siltation. The total volume of deposits for the specified area in 2005–2021 amounted to 127 million m3 with an average silt layer of 0.4 m. To describe the morphological properties of the bottom topography, we used geomorphometric techniques with the calculation of the BPI (Bathymetric Position Index) and the classification of mesoscale landforms based on it. For the bed, relief forms have been established related to three types of surfaces: flat (lower bank shelf), concave (depressions, deep depressions) and convex (reef crests, back reefs, mid-slope reefs). The constructed maps reflect the differentiated morphology of the bed surface, the evolution of landforms under conditions of continuous transformation of the basin, and also make it possible to judge the prevailing processes of morphogenesis. The coastal zone and the shallow part of the bed are the most complex in morphological terms. Here, along with reefs of different genesis, deep depressions and depressions in the form of underwater channels in advanced deltas can form on the accumulative shoal.

Методы пространственного анализа: возможности оценки рыночной стоимости объектов недвижимости

The work attempts to apply spatial analysis methods within the framework of a comparative approach to assessing the market value of real estate. According to information (on the market value of the property specified in the advertisement for sale, its area, latitude and longitude, the market value of one square meter), collected from open sources, about 3,923 one-room apartments in St. Petersburg that were on sale at as of March 2023, a database has been formed on the basis of which, using a multifunctional geographic information system, a digital relief model has been built – a model of a regular network of heights – and a map of the distribution of real estate across city districts with equal intervals of the market value of one square meter has been compiled. For 150 one-room apartments (corresponding to the specified parameters), information for which was not included in the original database, the market value of one square meter was assessed using the constructed digital model. The difference between the calculated values and the market value indicated in advertisements for the sale of apartments, in relative terms, varies from ?9.9 to 8.1%. The mathematical expectation of the measurement difference is 1.89%, and the standard deviation is 4.11%. According to the authors, the method of constructing a digital relief model, in particular a regular network of heights, can be used as part of the implementation of a comparative approach to the assessment of real estate objects when solving applied problems by subjects of valuation detail

Геоинформационное моделирование экосистем на основе бассейнового подхода

The basin approach is an effective tool for the organization and administration of environmental management at the regional and interregional levels. Statistical processing of basin information makes it possible to comprehensively assess the ecology of river catchment areas of different hierarchical levels. Assessing the state of unique natural characteristics for each basin and identifying relationships between them is a complex task that requires the use of various methods and technologies of geoinformation modeling using a variety of ground and satellite data. The elementary territorial unit in this work is the minimum watersheds of the pilot area of four watersheds in Eastern Siberia with an average area of about 1 ha. For each basin, a set of attributes of unique natural characteristics is formed, which are obtained on the basis of ground-based research and satellite data, as well as climate models. Such a set of attributes makes it possible to assess the state of the territory based on various methods of mathematical modeling, statistical and cluster analysis. Basin modeling of the territory was performed on the basis of a hydrologically correct digital relief model MERIT DEM Hydro. Based on Terra/MODIS satellite information, data on temperature, vegetation indices, and vegetation cover were obtained for each catchment area. According to the data of the NASA GPM and NCEP GFS reanalysis, data on accumulated precipitation were generated for all elementary watersheds. An analysis of the seasonal dynamics of surface temperature in the study area was carried out, and statistical distributions of changes in surface temperature during the year were obtained for each watershed. The sum of active air temperatures above 10°C was calculated. Statistical values and average annual characteristics of trends in the vegetation indices NDVI, SAVI and LAI for each basin were obtained. The created geoinformation model is a tool for ensuring the tasks of assessing the state of ecosystems based on the landscape-basin approach. The necessary methods and technologies for creating, storing and processing data for each watershed have been developed.

ВПЛИВ МОРФОМЕТРИЧНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ РЕЛЬЄФУ НА ПЛОЩУ ПОВЕРХНІ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ДІЛЯНОК ЛІСОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

A plot of land is characterized by the following main attributes: purpose, location and turning points coordinates, regulatory monetary value and area. The exact value of the plot area is required for keeping land data and entering informationinto the State Land Cadastre; as well as to determine the real amount of land tax or rent. For forest and agricultural lands, the area also determines the amount of cultivation and the obtained products.Based on the analysis of literature sources, the established goal was to check the possibility of using Earth remote sensing data to generate digital relief models of plots in order to estimate their area. An important task was to establish the quantitative difference between the surface area of the land plot and the area of its horizontal projection using the example of large forested parcels. Five sites were selected for research, which are located in the Volyn, Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions of Ukraine. Using Google Earth, Global Mapper, and Surfer software, digital relief models of the objects were generated and visualized. At the next stage, the main relief parameters of the sites, as well as the values of the areas of their surfaces, were determined. It was established that for the specified land plots, the physical surface area is larger than the area of its horizontal projection by 1.15-87.83 hectares or from 0.1 to 7.7 %.Therefore, the surface area depends on the morphometric parameters of the relief, namely the steepness and its roughness. For large parcels of agricultural and forestry purposes, it is recommended to take into account the area of their surfaces; to enter it as a separate parameter in the land cadastre. To increase the accuracy of the surface area calculation, it is necessaryto use a digital terrain model with a smaller grid step. To generate such DEMs, we can use aerial photography materials.

Digital relief models of open-pit mining facilities: Analysis and optimization

Digital relief models of open-pit mining facilities: Analysis and optimization

Using Remote Data and GIS in Research of Morphometric Characteristics of the Coastal Area in Bulgaria

Remote methods provide information on both the natural objects on the earth's surface, water bodies, water-land boundaries, and relief and relief forms. Satellite images were used to determine the characteristics of the coastline and Black Sea area (about 50 km distance) of the Republic of Bulgaria. Its fractal dimension and curvature are determined. A number of thematic maps have been generated through the digital relief model to assist in the interpretation and geomorphologic characteristics of the study area. A database was created as part of the project MARINEGEOHAZARD – “Set-up and implementation of key core components of a regional early-warning system for marine geohazards of risk to the Romanian-Bulgarian Black Sea coastal area” from CBC Romania-Bulgaria Programme.

Spatial modelling of soil humus content using the drone-based measurements

The aim of the study was to assess the potential of spatial modeling of soil humus content through measurements with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), using digital relief model combined with geostatistical and regression methods. Location and time of the study. The study area was in the Middle Urals (Perm municipal district of the Perm region) in the southern taiga zone of the Central Russian province. The key area of the surveyed territory is located on the educational and scientific experimental field of the Perm State Agro-Technological University (56°34-37'N and 57°92-93'E). Soil samples were taken with a drill from a depth of 0–20 cm in May 2023. Methods. The survey data was obtained using the drone DJI mini 2 UAVS from a height of 50 m. The orthophotoplan and digital elevation model of the key site were made using the Drone Deploy software. The object of research was the soil cover of the site, represented by sod-podzolic soils. The soil humus content was determined using potassium digestion method. The UAV data processing was performed using the QGIS 3.22 system and SAGA 9 software. Spatial modeling was carried out using the geostatistical method “Ordinary Kriging” employing the Geostatistical Analyst tool of the ArcGIS 10.8 geographic information system. Results. Humus content in in the 0-20 cm soil layer varied from 0.9 to 3.0%, following normal distribution, thus allowing using the normal labels method without data transformation. The U-shape indicated a strong trend direction from north to south and from west to east. The correlation analysis showed the association of humus content with the morphometric parameters, the correlation coefficient ranging from -0.48 to 0.75. A regression equation was constructed for predicting soil humus content by using the parameters with the maximal correlation coefficients such as height (ELEV), distance to watercourses (Channel Network Distance) and relative position of the slopes (Relative Slope Position), having the correlation coefficients of 0.75, 0.75 and 0.66, respectively. This equation was found to model spatial humus with a relative divergence from Kriging interpolation of -0.6…-1.1%. Conclusions. The use of highly detailed UAV images to establish the influence of geomorphological conditions on soil properties allows not only to determine their spatial distribution, establish relationships with surface elevations, distance to watercourses, but also to simulate property changes in properties due to anthropogenic intervention, which, among other things, can enhance water erosion.