The pathway to energy savings requires coordination of technological progress and policy implementation. Specific factors are needed to bridge cross-disciplinary conversations within just one system. Regional public digital infrastructure and enterprises’ environmental management capabilities are incorporated into a research framework on digitalization and energy savings based on the theory of digital ecosystems. A cross-level moderating model is constructed using data from 2014 to 2022 for 650 Chinese enterprises listed in the manufacturing industry to examine the impact of various digital technologies on energy savings, moderating effect of digital infrastructure and the constraint effect of environmental management systems (EMSs). Artificial intelligence and big data are found making more notable contributions to enterprise energy savings than cloud computing and block chain. For every doubling of a region's digital infrastructure level, the energy-saving effect of local enterprises’ digitalization increases by three times. Digitalization facilitates energy savings for enterprises while digital infrastructure helps overcome limitations associated with insufficient digitalization capabilities. Digitalization significantly affects energy consumption only in enterprises with EMSs, confirming digitalization as an effective energy-saving tool when the enterprise acquires environmental management capabilities.

The growth of the digital economy brings both challenges and opportunities for regional economic development, especially in areas where infrastructure and human resources are unevenly distributed. This study examines how digital infrastructure and socio-economic factors influence ICT competence, which is a key driver of digital economic progress in Eastern Indonesia. Using data from 13 provinces between 2016 and 2023, the study applied a Fixed Effects Model (FEM) to analyze regional and time-based differences. The results show that Internet access has a strong positive impact on ICT competence, highlighting the critical role of digital infrastructure in boosting participation and reducing the digital gap. Education also plays a significant role, with improved education helping to build digital literacy and better prepare the population for technological change. On the other hand, income does not seem to have a significant effect on ICT competence, suggesting that economic factors are not yet the main drivers of technological skills in the region. Overall, the findings emphasize that digital development in Eastern Indonesia is primarily influenced by the availability of infrastructure and the quality of human resources. To support inclusive and sustainable digital growth, policies should focus on ensuring equal access to the Internet and incorporating digital literacy into education.

Development of inclusive finance, digital infrastructure, and the urban–rural education gap

The impact of digital infrastructure development on the green transformation of cities: Considering the moderating effect of human capital level

The effect of digital infrastructure on human capital development: Evidence from employment quality in China

Beyond the digital divide: Unlocking urban economic resilience through integrated digital infrastructure and finance

Environmental sustainability and firm performance: Unpacking the productivity effects of green data center pilots.

This study investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on organizational performance, comparing public and private enterprises. The research aims to assess how AI adoption influences key performance indicators such as operational efficiency, decision-making, innovation, employee productivity, and customer satisfaction. Using a descriptive and comparative research design, data were collected from 120 respondents 60 from public enterprises and 60 from private enterprises through structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, were employed to evaluate relationships between AI adoption and performance outcomes. The findings reveal that private enterprises demonstrate a significantly higher AI adoption rate (65%) compared to public enterprises (30%). Mean performance scores indicate that private enterprises (4.4) outperform public enterprises (3.5) across all performance dimensions. Correlation analysis shows a strong positive relationship between AI adoption and organizational performance in both sectors (r = 0.81 for private enterprises; r = 0.62 for public enterprises). Regression results further confirm that AI adoption explains 65% of performance variations in private enterprises and 48% in public enterprises. The study concludes that AI serves as a strategic catalyst for enhancing efficiency, innovation, and decision-making, with private enterprises reaping greater benefits due to their flexible structures and innovation-oriented management culture. It recommends increased investment in digital infrastructure, employee training, and supportive policy frameworks to strengthen AI readiness, particularly in public enterprises.

The rapid digitalization of commerce in Indonesia has positioned Tokopedia as a central marketplace that facilitates large-scale transactions while managing vast amounts of sensitive user data. This reliance on digital infrastructures, however, exposes the platform to escalating cyber threats that jeopardize both operational continuity and consumer trust. This study evaluates Tokopedia’s cybersecurity strategies by applying the Risk Assessment Framework derived from ISO 27001 and ISO 31000. Using a qualitative descriptive design, the research draws exclusively on secondary sources such as peer-reviewed journals, industry reports, and case studies published between 2015 and 2025. The analysis identifies five dominant risks: large-scale data breaches, phishing and identity theft, ransomware attacks, insider threats, and system misconfigurations. Risk assessment results indicate that data breaches pose the most critical threat, with phishing and ransomware classified as medium but persistent risks. Tokopedia has implemented several protective measures, including encryption, multi-factor authentication, e-KYC verification, and privacy policies. Nevertheless, gaps remain in governance, routine audits, and employee awareness, leaving the platform vulnerable to recurring incidents. A comparative analysis with global platforms highlights the importance of proactive governance, systematic risk documentation, and continuous training, areas where Tokopedia is still underdeveloped. The findings underscore that cybersecurity should be recognized not merely as a technical safeguard or financial burden but as a strategic investment essential for resilience, consumer confidence, and sustainable growth in Indonesia’s competitive digital economy.

Agriculture, as a critical sector of the Indian economy, is increasingly benefiting from advancements in mobile and cloud-based technologies. This paper presents Fertiflow, a cross platform agricultural application developed using Flutter and Firebase, designed to modernise the digital infrastructure available to farmers. Fertiflow leverages modern software engineering principles to deliver a modular and scalable solution that connects farmers with essential services, including market pricing, government schemes, agency support, and digital payments. The system architecture comprises key application modules, including Home Screen, Agency Screen, Profile Screen, Login Screen, Payment Screen, and dedicated components for Government MSP integration and Farming Tools access. Built on Firebase’s real-time database and authentication services, the app ensures seamless synchronization, secure user management, and efficient data handling in low-connectivity rural environments. This paper examines the user interface design, component-based architecture, and backend integration strategy of the application, as well as the challenges of delivering reliable performance in resource-constrained settings. Additionally, it discusses the broader implications of Fertiflow in advancing rural digital transformation, highlighting how mobile-first software solutions can bridge the gap between traditional farming practices and emerging digital ecosystems. Fertiflow exemplifies the convergence of mobile computing, cloud services, and agricultural informatics, demonstrating how computer science can directly contribute to socio-economic development in rural sectors.

This study examines the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI), political accountability, and administrative efficiency as critical pathways toward achieving good governance in the digital era. With governments across the globe increasingly integrating digital technologies into public administration, AI has emerged as a transformative tool capable of enhancing transparency, efficiency, and citizen engagement. The study adopts a qualitative approach, data derived from policy reports, institutional documents, and governance performance indicators. Findings reveal that AI contributes significantly to administrative efficiency by automating decision processes, optimizing resource allocation, and improving service delivery speed and accuracy. Moreover, AI-driven data analytics facilitates greater political accountability by enabling real-time monitoring of government activities, early detection of corruption risks, and evidence-based policymaking. However, challenges such as inadequate digital infrastructure, ethical concerns, data privacy issues, and limited technical capacity hinder effective AI adoption in many developing countries. The study concludes that integrating AI into governance systems requires a balanced policy framework that emphasizes transparency, inclusivity, and ethical oversight. It recommends that governments invest in AI literacy, institutional capacity building, and regulatory reforms to ensure equitable and responsible deployment of AI technologies in governance. By aligning AI innovation with democratic principles and administrative reforms, nations can foster more accountable, efficient, and responsive governance structures capable of addressing 21st-century challenges.

Financial technology (fintech) has emerged as a transformative force in promoting financial inclusion by enhancing access, affordability, and literacy in financial services. This study investigates the role of fintech in bridging financial gaps, particularly for underserved and rural populations. Using a quantitative research design with survey responses from 65 participants,the analysis applies descriptive statistics,correlation, and regression techniques to evaluate how fintech platforms influence financial literacy, cost reduction, and accessibility of digital banking services. Findings indicate that fintech significantly improves financial literacy (M = 3.97) and affordability of services (M = 3.94), with a moderate positive correlation (r = .400) between financial literacy gains and accessibility of digital banking. Regression results further reveal that fintech-driven cost reduction has a statistically significant effect on improving financial service accessibility (p < .001). These results underscore fintechs capacity to lower barriers for disadvantaged groups, promote equitable economic participation, and support sustainable development goals. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks,limited digital literacy,and regulatory inconsistencies remain critical barriers. The study concludes that collaboration between policymakers, financial institutions, and fintech companies is essential to strengthen digital infrastructure,enhance financial education, and ensure safe, inclusive access to financial services.

The article presents a review of digital transformation as a tool for enabling enterprises to transition from local development to a global presence. The study is based on a comprehensive approach combining methods of comparative analysis, content decomposition, and systemic interpretation of statistical and empirical data. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of digitalization in foreign economic activity, the institutional prerequisites for transitioning to platform–based management models, and the impact of digital technologies on the technological complexity of export operations. The stages of implementing digital solutions in the international business environment are examined, including the use of analytical systems, online platforms, supply chain management tools, electronic document workflow, and smart contracts. The analysis of the economic effects of digitalization reveals a direct correlation between the level of digital maturity, innovation activity, and production efficiency of companies. Part of the study is based on the practical experience of implementing digital strategies in the Advisability Group and Atlantix projects, which confirm the possibility of scaling a business without physical expansion through the development of digital infrastructures and distributed teams. The paper substantiates that digital transformation shapes new models of global positioning based on data, knowledge, and intelligent technologies, ensuring enterprise resilience, innovation self–sufficiency, and long–term competitiveness in the global economy. The article will be useful for economists, managers, specialists in the field of digital economy, and developers of international business development strategies.

The study explored the compliance and satisfaction levels of PhilHealth Konsulta Package Program providers in Albay’s First District, focusing on three accredited facilities: Malilipot Rural Health Unit, Mother and Child K-Linic Tabaco City, and Tiwi Doctors Hospital. Using a qualitative narrative analysis, the researcher examined how these providers adhere to regulatory standards set by PhilHealth. Compliance was demonstrated through documentation practices, service delivery protocols, and adherence to prescribed health packages. Providers consistently followed guidelines on patient enrollment, diagnostics, and preventive care, although variations in implementation were noted due to resource constraints. The study ensured participant anonymity through coded identifiers, allowing candid insights into operational realities while maintaining ethical standards. Satisfaction among providers was generally positive, with participants expressing appreciation for the program’s intent to expand access to primary care. However, satisfaction levels varied depending on infrastructure, staffing, and support from local government units. Providers valued the opportunity to serve more patients and recognized improvements in health-seeking behavior among communities. Nonetheless, concerns were raised regarding delayed reimbursements, limited diagnostic capabilities, and inconsistent supply chains. These factors affected morale and service efficiency. Despite these challenges, providers remained committed to the program’s goals, emphasizing the need for continuous training, clearer communication from PhilHealth, and streamlined reporting systems to enhance service quality and provider experience. Challenges encountered by Konsulta Package Program providers included logistical limitations, administrative burdens, and gaps in inter-agency coordination. The lack of electronic medical records, insufficient manpower, and unclear referral pathways hindered optimal service delivery. To address these issues, the study proposed a multi-tiered action plan: (1) strengthen capacity-building initiatives through regular training and mentorship; (2) improve digital infrastructure to support data management and reporting; (3) establish clearer guidelines for reimbursement and referral protocols; and (4) foster collaboration between PhilHealth, LGUs, and service providers to ensure policy alignment and resource mobilization. These recommendations aim to enhance compliance, boost provider satisfaction, and ensure the Konsulta Program’s sustainability and impact.

The increasing complexity and data throughput of optical fiber communication systems have made them critical yet vulnerable components of modern digital infrastructure. With the rapid growth of high-speed networks, ensuring cybersecurity in these systems requires intelligent, adaptive, and real-time mitigation strategies. This review examines the application of machine learning (ML)-enabled anomaly detection models for identifying and mitigating cyberattacks in optical fiber communication environments. It highlights how supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning algorithms—such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests, Deep Neural Networks (DNN), and Autoencoders—enable real-time detection of network anomalies, signal disruptions, and malicious intrusions. Furthermore, the paper explores the integration of hybrid ML frameworks combining statistical signal processing with deep learning for enhanced detection accuracy and low false alarm rates. Special emphasis is placed on the challenges of model interpretability, scalability, and latency in large-scale fiber networks, alongside the role of edge computing and federated learning in decentralized security monitoring. The study also evaluates emerging trends such as graph-based anomaly detection, explainable AI (XAI), and transfer learning approaches for resilient optical network protection. By synthesizing current methodologies, datasets, and performance metrics, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the state-of-the-art in ML-driven anomaly detection and outlines research directions for achieving secure, autonomous, and self-healing optical communication systems.

Urban India is facing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases, migration-linked vulnerabilities, and overdependence on tertiary care. While the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) was launched to strengthen urban primary health care, its implementation has varied across states. This review presents a critical appraisal of evolving urban PHC models such as Delhi’s Mohalla Clinics, Hyderabad’s Basti Dawakhanas, Maharashtra’s Aapla Dawakhana, Karnataka’s Namma Clinics and Rajasthan’s Jan Arogya clinic. This review presents a comparative analysis of five state-led urban PHC models implemented between 2015 and 2023. Data sources included official implementation guidelines, state reports, NHSRC best practice compendia, and peer-reviewed articles. The models were selected based on visibility in policy discourse, geographic representation, and documented field experience under the NUHM framework. The analysis highlights key gaps in staffing, digital infrastructure, governance, and alignment with Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS). While some models offer promising examples of decentralized, community-responsive care, they remain limited in scope, scalability, and integration with existing health systems. Most facilities suffer from inadequate infrastructure, fragmented referral linkages, and a lack of standardized human resource norms. The paper recommends a harmonized urban PHC strategy anchored in IPHS, a dedicated HR policy for urban areas, digital health integration, and financial sustainability mechanisms. A renewed focus on equity, digital readiness, and convergence with urban development and social protection schemes is essential to make UPHCs the first point of contact for urban populations. This review highlights key enablers for strengthening UPHCs as the cornerstone of India’s urban health system.

This research is entitled Normative Study of the Right to Space in the Installation of Digital Infrastructure, which aims to analyze the legal and justice aspects in the use of space for the development of digital infrastructure in Indonesia. The development of digitalization demands the availability of legal and equitable space for the installation of towers, fiber optic networks, and other supporting devices. In a legal context, the right to space originally focused on physical development, but has now expanded to encompass the need for digital space as a vital public facility. The method used is doctrinal legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach, examining the suitability of legal norms governing the management of physical space as regulated in Spatial Planning Law Number 26 of 2007 and digital. The study results show that the regulation of spatial rights for digital infrastructure must guarantee the principles of legality, social justice, transparency, and public participation. The state plays a central role in regulating and ensuring equal access, data protection, and equitable distribution of digital benefits for all members of society. This research emphasizes the importance of adaptive and equitable digital legal transformation so that infrastructure development does not create disparities, but rather realizes inclusive, safe, and sustainable spatial planning in the era of technological transformation.

Egyptian universities face a series of rapidly evolving and complex challenges, most notably limited financial resources, intensifying competition at the regional and global levels, rapid digital transformations, and academic quality and accreditation requirements. Based on these challenges, this research seeks to develop a conceptual framework for strategies for sustainability in Egyptian universities, based on Nafee’s integrative model of institutional excellence and smart transformation (N. IMOE). The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by a conceptual review of existing policies and prior studies, and incorporated comparisons with prominent international models such as EFQM. The proposed framework illustrates mechanisms for integrating key model components—strategic intelligence, strategic agility, leadership, innovation and digital learning management, artificial intelligence capabilities, and talent management—with the phased transformation cycle comprising abandonment, adoption, adaptation, excellence, competition, and smart transformation. This integration facilitates the translation of strategic objectives into actionable, measurable, and sustainable practices. The results revealed a gap between the level of awareness of the importance of sustainability and the level of its actual implementation, highlighting the need for an integrated institutional framework that links policies, resources, and digital infrastructure to ensure sustainable performance and enhance institutional excellence in Egyptian universities. Based on this, the research proposes a set of recommendations, most notably integrating sustainability into university policies, developing digital infrastructure, building human capacity, allocating stable financial resources, expanding community and international partnerships, and adopting pilot projects supported by accurate performance indicators to measure progress toward smart transformation.

This article examines how platform‐mediated food delivery work shapes the socio‐economic inclusion and exclusion of migrants in Italy, Poland, and Spain. Drawing on 60 in‐depth interviews with migrant riders in Turin, Warsaw, and Barcelona, the study adopts a comparative ethnographic approach to examine how distinct regulatory models—Italy’s “dual‐track,” Poland’s “contractual bricolage,” and Spain’s “regulated exclusion”—shape migrant inclusion in platform labour markets. Despite these differences, the findings reveal a striking convergence: migrant riders across all three contexts face legal ambiguity, economic insecurity, and algorithmic control, which together entrench their marginalisation. Theoretically, the article engages with scholarship on platform capitalism, migration governance, and informality to show how digital infrastructures and stratified legal regimes co‐produce new forms of labour exploitation. Migrants respond with informal strategies to navigate the contradictions between denied rights and urgent needs. These practices expose how platform logics of outsourcing and opacity align with state‐driven hierarchies of legal status to corner migrants into the most vulnerable segments of the labour market. The article concludes that the convergence of precarity is not incidental but structurally embedded in the interplay between digitalised labour regimes and exclusionary migration policies, calling for a rethinking of protections that address both technological and legal dimensions of inequality.

Background Library and Information Science (LIS) schools are increasingly expected to embrace innovative and inclusive teaching and learning approaches. Virtual learning technologies (VLTs), valued for their adaptability and accessibility, have emerged as promising tools for strengthening instructional delivery within these institutions. Despite their potential, the extent to which VLTs are integrated into LIS education in Nigeria remains insufficiently understood. Purpose This study examined librarians’ perspectives on the integration of VLTs in Nigerian LIS schools, with specific attention to awareness, types of tools used, relevance, impacts, challenges, and implications for policymaking. Research Design A quantitative research design was adopted to investigate the integration of VLTs across LIS programmes. Study Sample The study engaged 1,103 LIS educators drawn from tertiary institutions offering LIS programmes in Nigeria. Data Collection and/or Analysis Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistical techniques to address five core objectives of the study. Results Findings revealed substantial awareness of VLTs such as smartphones, WhatsApp, and eBook applications; however, their practical integration into teaching, research, and administrative activities was limited. Major challenges hindering effective use included unstable internet connectivity, high data costs, electricity shortages, and insufficient institutional support. Respondents nonetheless affirmed the value of VLTs in promoting inclusive, flexible, and accessible learning experiences. Conclusions The study concludes that meaningful integration of virtual learning technologies in LIS schools requires deliberate policy action, enhanced institutional investment, and continuous professional development for librarians. It recommends that policymakers prioritise digital infrastructure, capacity-building initiatives, and sustainable institutional strategies to fully maximise the potential of VLTs in LIS education.