Misunderstanding in communication is a common occurrence. It often arises from gaps between literal and implied meanings, cultural differences, and contextual ambiguities. This research examines the use of Facebook memes as a pedagogical tool to teach about misunderstandings in communication within the EFL classroom. By analysing memes as multimodal artifacts that combine text, imagery, and cultural references, this study investigates how they can help students understand the complexities of meaning construction and interpretation. The research categorises misunderstandings into three types: misinterpreted speaker intent, the use of idiomatic expressions, and the contextual use of words. The study demonstrates how memes can illustrate these misunderstandings, fostering both linguistic competence and intercultural awareness by qualitatively analysing 20 selected memes. The findings align with Grice’s (1975) theory of conversational implicature and Thomas’s (1983) concept of pragmatic failure. This emphasises the importance of context, tone, and cultural knowledge in communication. The study highlights the potential of memes to bridge classroom learning with authentic communication, while also addressing challenges such as cultural specificity and the ephemeral nature of memes. By incorporating memes into EFL instruction, educators can enhance students’ pragmatic competence and prepare them for real-life cross-cultural interactions. This research contributes to the growing discourse on digital literacy in language education, offering practical insights for teaching communication skills in a globalised world. References Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.2307/1523157 Dynel, M. (2016). The pragmatics of humour in internet discourse. John Benjamins Publishing Company. García-Sánchez, S., & Luján-García, C. (2016). The use of memes in EFL teaching: A case study. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 7(5), 964–971. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0705.18 Godwin-Jones, R. (2019). Riding the digital wilds: Learner autonomy and informal language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 23(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.125/44674 Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41–58). Academic Press. Jawaid, A., Batool, M., Arshad, W., Haq, M. I. U., Kaur, P., & Arshad, S. (2025). English language vocabulary building trends in students of higher education institutions and a case of Lahore, Pakistan. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review, 3(1), 730–737.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391545433_ENGLISH_LANGUAGE_VOCABULARY_BUILDING_TRENDS_IN_STUDENTS_OF_HIGHER_EDUCATION_INSTITUTIONS_AND_A_CASE_OF_LAHORE_PAKISTAN Jawaid, A., Batool, M., Arshad, W., Haq, M. I. U., Kaur, P., & Sanaullah, S. (2025). AI and English language learning outcomes. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review, 3(1), 927–935. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391522256_AI_AND_ENGLISH_LANGUAGE_LEARNING_OUTCOMES Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. MIT Press. Knobel, M., & Lankshear, C. (2007). Online memes, affinities, and cultural production. In C. Lankshear & M. Knobel (Eds.), A new literacies sampler (pp. 199–227). Peter Lang. Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. Arnold. Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalised conversational implicature. MIT Press. Moleong, L. J. (2006). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. MIT Press. Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/4.2.91 Thorne, S. L., Sauro, S., & Smith, B. (2015). Technologies, identities, and expressive activity. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35, 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190514000257 Varis, P., & Blommaert, J. (2015). Conviviality and collectives on social media: Virality, memes, and new social structures. Multilingual Margins, 2(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.14426/mm.v2i1.55 Warschauer, M. (1997). Computer-mediated collaborative learning: Theory and practice. Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1997.tb05514.x Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Continuum.
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