Digestible Energy Values Research Articles

Digestible nutrient and energy values of corn and wheat glutens fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are affected by feed processing method

The impact of feed processing on the digestibility of two major grain proteins fed to post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was examined using a simple factorial experimental design of two protein types (wheat and corn gluten) and two feed processing methods (hot [cooking] extrusion and cold extrusion). A series of diets were each prepared from the same basal mash, including two basal diets (each diet was prepared using the same processing methods as the test diets) were also included in the experiment. Triplicate tanks of salmon (286 ± 20.9 g) were fed each diet for one week and then stripped of faeces, which was repeated two more times. Faeces, diets and ingredients were assessed for protein, amino acid, and energy digestibilities and by derivation the ingredient digestibilities for these parameters were also determined. Ingredient protein digestibility was affected by both ingredient type and feed processing method, with an interaction effect between parameters also present. Protein digestibilities were highest in diets that were cold extruded, with corn gluten protein digestibility being significantly affected by feed processing method, but wheat gluten comparatively less affected. Energy digestibilities typically reflected the protein digestibilities, but the interaction effect was not evident. The digestibility of the sum of amino acids in corn gluten was negatively affected by hot extrusion but this processing method had limited impact on wheat gluten digestibility. The digestibility of individual amino acids was highly variable between ingredients and processing methods, though was typically consistent with the digestibility observations of crude protein and sum of amino acids. Wheat gluten had superior digestibility characteristics than that of corn gluten across most parameters. This study demonstrates that the feed processing method has a clear influence on the nutritional value of corn gluten but in contrast has negligible effect on the digestibilities of wheat gluten.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates per treatment). The three experimental diets were the following: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121 °C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

PSII-20 Energy Evaluation of Heat-treated and Intact Extruded-expelled Soybean Meal for Growing Pigs

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy contents of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of thermal treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM in a 70:30 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 120°C for 60 mins to make heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy contents of the tested DESBM were calculated by using the difference method. All data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P &amp;lt; 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM but comparable net energy contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and net energy are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,242 kcal/kg on a DM basis. However, thermal damage during EESBM production should be considered in terms of DE and ME content of EESBM fed to growing pigs.

Energy value of babassu cake as substitute bulk in sheep diets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy value of diets containing babassu cake as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay (70, 140, 210, 280 and 350 g kg-1 dry matter, DM), using the technique of indirect calorimetry. Twenty-five castrated male Santa Inês sheep, with an average body weight of 49.6 + 9.4 kg, were used in a completely randomised design. The trial was carried out in an individual open-flow respirometry chamber for small ruminants, with each animal remaining for 24 hours inside the chamber. Gross energy and net energy intake were not affected by adding the cake. Digestible energy intake and metabolisable energy intake showed a linear response, ranging from 145.44 to 178.40 and from 121.85 to 158.08 kcal kg-0.75 day-1 respectively. The energy lost through faeces and methane (% of gross energy intake, GEI) showed decreasing linear behaviour, while the caloric increase, in %GEI, showed a quadratic response. The values for digestible energy and metabolisability presented an increasing linear response. The partial efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for maintenance ranged from 0.71 to 0.81, and showed a quadratic response; however, the net energy values did not differ. For every 10 g of added by-product, there was a reduction of 0.31 g of methane per kg of DM intake. The addition of babassu cake to replace up to 350 g kg-1 DM in sheep diets increases the energy efficiency of the diet and reduces methane emission by the animals.

Farklı Zamanlarda Ekilen Bazı Yem Bezelyesi (Pisum sativum ssp.arvense L.) Çeşitlerinin Tohum ve Kesinin Besin Değerleri

Bu araştırma Iğdır ekolojik şartlarında kışlık ve yazlık olmak üzere 6 farklı ekim zamanı (Ekim sonu Kasım başı ve Kasım sonu, Mart başı, Mart sonu, Nisan başı)’nda, 4 farklı yem bezelyesi (GAP Pembesi, Kirazlı, Özkaynak ve Taşkent) çeşidinin tohum ve keslerinin yem olarak besin değerleri belirlenmiştir. Deneme Iğdır Üniversitesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkez Müdürlüğünün deneme sahasında 2018-2019 ve 2019-2020 yıllarında olmak üzere 2 yıl süreyle tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada yem bezelyesi’nin tohumda ham protein oranı (tohum-HP), kes ham protein oranı (kes-HP kes nötr çözücülerde çözünemeyen lif (kes-NDF), asit çözücülerde çözünemeyen lif (kes-ADF), kuru madde sindirilebilirliği (kes-KMS), kuru madde tüketimi (kes-KMT), sindirilebilir enerji (kes-SE), metabolik enerji (kes-ME), ve nispi yem değeri (kes-NYD) belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, tohum-HP oranı, kes-HP oranı, kes NDF oranı, kes-ADF oranı, kes-KMT oranı ve kes-NYD değeri Nisan ayı başındaki ekimlerde en iyi değerlere ulaştığı görülmüştür. Çeşitler arasında ise en iyi yem değerleri Özkaynak çeşidinde belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Iğdır ekolojik şartlarında yem bezelyesi yetiştiriciliğinde tohum ve kes en iyi yem değerlerinin alınabilmesi için Özkaynak çeşidinin ekilmesi gerekmektedir. Diğer taraftan Nisan başında yapılacak ekimlerde kes kalitesinin daha yüksek olacağı belirlenmiştir.

FEED VALUE OF PROCESSED AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTED CASSAVA PEEL IN GROWING PIGS

Ten crossbred male pigs of 39 ± 3.9 kg body weight were used to evaluate the digestibility, energy value and nitrogen (N) retention of processed and of enzyme supplemented cassava root peel (CRP), as alternatives to increasingly expensive conventional feedstuffs. Employing an incomplete block design, pigs were housed individually in metabolic crates for quantitative collection of faeces and urine. During two 7-day trial periods, two pigs were offered each of the following experimental diets: Basal diet (BD), BD + unprocessed cassava peel without (UCP) and with (UCP+E) enzyme addition, BD + fermented cassava peel (FCP) and BD + retted cassava peel (RCP). Samples of test ingredients, feeds and excrements were analysed for their chemical composition. Fermentation marginally improved the crude protein content of CRP. Retting and enzyme supplementation of CRP improved dry matter, organic matter and gross energy digestibility of the diets. Total N excreted per unit of N intake was higher in pigs fed the UCP diet, resulting in reduced N retention. Digestible and metabolizable energy values (DE, ME) of diets UCP+E, FCP and RCP were not significantly (P>0.05) improved, and energy values (DE, ME) of the four test ingredients ranged from 10.2 to 11.4 and from 9.4 to 11.3 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Results indicated that both retting and enzyme supplementation can improve the use of CRP by growing pigs, whereby retting is cheaper than the use of a multi-enzyme blend in the diet of growing pigs.

Effects of barley and corn as sources of silage and grain on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and total-tract digestibility in growing beef heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of barley (BS) or corn (CS) silage when fed with dry-rolled barley grain (BG), corn grain (CG), or an equal blend (BCG) of BG and CG for backgrounding cattle. Ruminally cannulated heifers (n = 5) were assigned to an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design. Treatments contained either BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. Samples were collected to determine dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance. Interactions between cereal silage and cereal grain sources were detected for the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate where the magnitude of change with the type of cereal grain was increased in heifers fed CS relative to BS. Feeding CS increased estimated microbial N production (silage, P = 0.022) and fecal N excretion (silage, P = 0.042) over BS. Diets containing BG had greater dry matter, organic matter, starch, and gross energy digestibility values compared with CG, but values for BCG were not different (grain, P ≤ 0.043). Based on limited silage × grain interactions, use of CS in backgrounding diets may increase microbial N production relative to BS and dry-rolled CG may reduce apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility relative to dry-rolled BG.

Comparative energy values of sorghum distillers waste, maize cob and shea butter waste for pigs.

A balance trial aimed at determining the energy values of sorghum Distiller's wastes (SDW), Maize cob(MC) and shea butter waste (SBW) for barrows was conducted using a 4 X 4 Latin square cross-over experimental design. While feed intake was influenced (P&lt;0.05) by the test feed ingredients, the weight gained was not significantly affected (P&gt;0.05). Digestibilities of dry matter and gross energy (GE) as well as metabolizability of digestible energy (DE) were not influenced (P&gt;0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. The energy values (i.e GE, DE, uncorrected metabolizable energy (ME), and metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (MEn) determined for ingredients were different (P&lt;0.05). DE values of 7.19, 6.73 and 15.54 Mj/kg DM;ME values of 5.90, 4.79 and 12.94 Mj/kg Dm were established for SDW, MC and SBW respectively. These ingredients have potentials as alternative low-energy feedstuffs in pig feeds.

The Composition, Nutrient Digestibility and Energy Value of Maize Cobs, Yam Peels and Plantain Peels for Three Weight Groups of Pigs

THE proximate and mineral composition of yellow maize (YM), maize cobs (MC), yam peels (YP) and plantain peels (PP) were determined. Their digestion coefficients for dry matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) were determined with 48 pigs at 18, 45 and 65 kg liveweight. In a second trial 60 pigs of similar weights were used to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen corrected ME (ME) for a basal diet and these feeds in diets in which 40; by weight of the test ingredients were added to the basal diet. The digestion coefficents of DM, CP, CF and EE for YM (92.0, 86.0, 76.7 and 88.6% respectively) were significantly better than the values of 83.4, 54.2, 71.7 and 38.4 and 79.5, 57.7, 70.2 and 55.7{ observed for YP and PP respectively. MC had significantly the least digestion coefficients for these nutrients (27.9, -18.5, 51.7 and 17.1%). The 18 kg pigs digested DM and CF to a lesser extent than the 45 or 65 kg pigs. There were no significant differences in CP, EE and NFE digestibility between weight groups. The DE and ME values of 3.14 and 2.98 and 3.15 and 2.94 kcals/g for YP and PP respectively were identical but significantly lower than the values of 4.0 and 3.68 for YM, MC had significantly the least DE, ME and ME% values. The ME values of 3.49, 2.95 and 2.94 kcal/g for YM, YP and PP were not significantly different, There were no significant differences in DE, ME or ME between the weight groups.

Nutrient utilization by rabbits fed brewers' dried grains from different proportions of barley, maize and sorghum

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the energy and protein of Brewers' Dried Grains (BDG) produced from different proportions of harley, maize and sorghum on the performance of rabbits. Sixteen (16) rabbits made up of New Zealand and Chinchilla, eight (8) weeks old averaging 1.20kg were used in the trial in a completely randomized design. The four (4) diets were BDG (maize: barley: sorghum) (BDG MBS); BDG (maize: harley) (BDGMB); BDG (maize: sorghum) (BDG MS) and BDG (sorghum) (BDG S). The diets were the only source of protein and energy. The treatment effect was significant (p &lt; 0.05) with the highest crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention values recorded for BDG MBS. The digestible and metabolizable energy values were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) for the BDG investigated. The digestible energy values determined for BDG MS, BDGS, BDG MBS and BDG MB in W/kg of dry matter were 16.97, 15.57, 14.84 and 13.35 respectively while the values for ME in MJ/kg of dry matter were 16.32, 14.91, 14.31 and 12.34 respectively. BDG from local sources have potential to make complete feed for rabbits judging from their impressive energy and protein values.

The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

On the ecology and nutritional value of two &lt;em&gt;Echinochloa species&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Echinochloa colona&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Echinochloa stagnina&lt;/em&gt;) in Egypt

In arid and semi-arid countries, where drought prevails together with population growth and limited food resources led to the search for non-conventional alternatives resources for food or feed. In the present study, the ecology, phytochemical composition, and nutritional value of two Echinochloa species (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and E. stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv.) collected from the canal banks of the Nile Delta, Egypt were investigated. The soils of E. stagnina had the highest values of moisture content (24.35%), water holding capacity (45.85%), pH (8.12), electric conductivity (5 dsm-1), chloride (1.15%), sulphates (0.95%), organic carbon (2.52%) and Na+ (66.78 mgkg-1). The cover percentages of E. stagnina showed positive significant correlations with water-holding capacity, organic carbon, pH, EC, Na but negative correlations with sand-fraction and sulphates. The shoot of E. stagnina had the highest values of moisture (11.20%), fibers (27.65%), crude proteins (6.90%), total carbohydrates (70.36%), but the shoot of E. colona had the highest contents of total fats (2.80%) and digestible carbohydrates (43.18%). The shoots of E. stagnina had the highest values of flavonoids (6.88 mg g-1 dry weight), alkaloids (5.66 mg g-1 dry weight), tannins (18.23 mg g-1 dry weight), saponins (1.99 mg g-1 dry weight) and total phenols (33.09 mg g-1 dry weight). Regarding nutritional status, E. colona had the highest total digestible energy (60.55%) and nutritive value (11.11%) while E. stagnina had the highest caloric value (219.72 kcal/100 g dry matter) and potential energy (315.21 kcal/100 g dry matter). The two Echinochloa grass are rich-source in nutrients and showed a great energy value. Therefore, the studied grasses are candidates as feed for livestock or as supplementary feed but after detailed toxicological studies.

Use of biofermented plants adapted to the semi-arid region in piglet diets

ABSTRACT Two experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of a biofermented semi-arid plant mix in diets of piglets in the initial weaning phase. In the first trial, the nutritional value and digestibility of nutrients and the digestible and metabolizable energy values of the bio-fermented plants mix were evaluated. To do so, eight piglets with an initial average weight of 15.2 ± 2.7 kg were used, housed in metabolic cages, and using the total collection of feces and urine. The bio-fermented plant mix diet presented 80.40% and 68.18% as digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude fiber, respectively; 10.08% crude protein and 2,865 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. In the second trial, the inclusion of 0, 3, 6 and 9% of bio-fermented plant mix was evaluated on performance, diarrhea incidence, plasma components, weight, and length of digestive organs of piglets in the initial weaning phase. To do so, 40 piglets with an initial average weight of 12.6 ± 3.5 kg were used, distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments, five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. The inclusion of different levels of bio-fermented plant mix did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the performance, weight, and length of digestive organs or serum parameters. However, the inclusion of bio-fermented plant reduced (P&lt;0.01) the diarrhea incidence. It is concluded that bio-fermented plants adapted to the semi-arid region has the potential to be used in diets for pigs in the initial weaning phase.

Prediction of the metabolisable energy content of forages and mixed diets for horses: validation and comparison of two evaluation systems

The metabolisable energy (ME) content of feeds is a better estimate of their ‘true’ energy value than their digestible energy (DE) content, because ME takes account of the gross energy of methane (GEgas) and the gross energy of urine (GEurine) losses. The accuracy and precision of the Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (GfE) and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) systems for predicting the DE and ME contents of diets for horses were compared using the results of a study comprising 15 mixed diets. The INRA system was more accurate than the GfE system for predicting DE, GEurine and ME: the biases between the predicted and the measured values were −0.26 vs –0.46 MJ/kg DM for DE (P < 0.05), −0.03 vs 0.13 MJ/kg DM for GEurine (P < 0.05) and −0.09 vs –0.62 MJ/kg DM for ME (P < 0.05). The biases for GEgas were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between systems. In addition, a study was carried out with 24 forages to compare the ME value of permanent meadow and lucerne hays predicted with the GfE and the INRA systems. The INRA system gave higher prediction values of DE than the GfE system (P < 0.001) and lower estimates of GEgas (0.34 vs 0.63 MJ/kg DM for permanent meadow hays and 0.38 vs 0.63 MJ/kg DM for lucerne hays) (P < 0.001) and GEurine (0.85 vs 0.93 MJ/kg DM for grassland hays and 1.08 vs 1.37 MJ/kg DM for lucerne hays) (P < 0.001). The INRA system thus gave higher estimates of ME (7.57 vs 6.77 MJ/kg DM for permanent meadow hays and 8.80 vs 6.46 MJ/kg DM for lucerne hays, P < 0.001) in agreement with the results obtained with mixed diets. The ME values of permanent meadow hays and legume hays should therefore be predicted separately using specific equations as previously established for the DE value.

Giving the extract of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) fermented through drinking water against growth of kampong chicken

This study aims to determine the microbial population, nutrient digestibility and growth in native chickens fed fermented clove leaf extract through drinking water. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications, using three native chickens 2 weeks old in each unit. The treatments were drinking water without fermented clove leaf extract (P0), drinking water given 1% fermented clove leaf extract (P1), drinking water given 2% fermented clove leaf extract (P2), drinking water given 3% fermented clove leaf extract (P3 ). The variables observed were microbial population, nutrient digestibility and growth. The results showed that giving fermented clove leaf extract through drinking water in treatment P1 and P2 resulted in significantly different increase in lactic acid bacteria (P &lt;0.05) compared to the control and treatment P1 reduced pathogenic bacteria Escherichia Coli and Coliform significantly different (P &lt;0, 05) compared to control. Treatment P2 received a higher Total Plate Count (TPC) which was significantly different (P &lt;0.05) compared to P0, P1 and P3. The digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and digestible energy were significantly different in treatment P1 (P &lt;0.05) compared to the control.

PSII-17 Comparison of corn ethanol co-products from Brazil and USA apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, GE, EE, NDF, ADF, and CP, the metabolizability of energy, of two high protein (HP) corn distillers dried grain (DDG) and of two corn DDG with solubles (DDGS), from Brazil and USA, and their respective digestible and metabolizable energy content in growing pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4±6.9kg) were distributed in a randomized block design, with 10 replicates, and received a 96.7 % corn basal diet (BD) or four diets with 40% of each test ingredient: Brazilian HP DDG (BHP); USA HP DDG (UHP); Brazilian DDGS (BDG) and USA DDGS (UDG), substituting for corn. Animals were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75) for 7 d adaptation and 4 d of total feces and urine collection. The ATTD of nutrients and energy were calculated by difference and the results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P&amp;lt; 0.05). The BHP and UHP samples contained (as is basis) 92.3 – 89.6% DM, 2.8 – 3.5% ash, 42.9 – 34.9% CP, 10.3 – 7.3% EE, 32.7 – 47.5% NDF, 13.3 – 17.5% ADF, 5.30 – 4.90 Mcal/kg, respectively. The BDG and UDG samples contained (as is basis) 86.1 – 86.1% DM, 4.8 – 4.9% ash, 13.9 – 25.8% CP, 9.0 – 6.4% EE, 40.8 – 40.2% NDF, 13.3 – 14.3% ADF, 4.51 – 4.53 Mcal/kg, respectively. The ATTD of DM and GE and the digestible and metabolizable energy contents of BHP were greater (P&amp;lt; 0.05) than those verified in UHP. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, ADF, digestible and metabolizable energy values of BDG were lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those verified in UDG. In conclusion, the BHP presented higher digestible values to almost all parameters evaluated, however, all ingredients presented acceptable digestible contents, indicating they may be used in pigs feeding.

Effect of morphological components on the herbage yield and quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown at different dates

In addition to environmental conditions and cultural practices, plant factors, particularly morphological parts, have a significant effect on the yield and feed value of roughages. However, no studies have been conducted for this purpose on quinoa grown for hay production. Therefore, between 2017 and 2018, a study was planned to determine the effect of different sowing times (mid- March, late March, early April, and mid-April) and plant parts (leaves, stems and panicles) together on the herbage yield and quality characteristics of quinoa. In the experiment established according to a randomized complete blocks design, a significant decrease in plant height, stem thickness, number of branches, and panicle ratios were determined with delayed sowing time. The highest contribution of the stems to the fresh herbage and dry matter yield was determined in the 1st sowing period, but the highest contribution to the neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents were determined in the first 2 sowing periods. The highest crude protein ratio and yield were determined in the leaves in the late and 1st sowing period, respectively. The highest digestible dry matter and metabolic energy contents were measured in the leaves in all of the sowing periods. The highest digestible energy and relative feed values were determined in the leaves of plants sown in the last 2 sowing periods. As a result, it was shown that the leaves had a positive contribution to the feed quality of quinoa, while the stems had a positive contribution to the feed yield. In addition, it was concluded that sowing should be performed without delay for high yield and at a later time for quality hay production. Key words:

Measurement of ileal endogenous energy losses and true ileal digestible energy of cereal grains for broiler chickens

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal endogenous energy losses (IEEL) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and true ileal digestible energy (TIDE) of 4 cereal grains (corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley) for broilers. In experiment 1, a glucose-based purified diet was used to determine the IEEL for correcting the apparent ileal digestible energy (AIDE) values to TIDE. The diet was randomly allocated to 6 replicates (6 birds per replicate) of male broilers and fed from 18 to 21 d after hatch. The jejunal and ileal digesta were collected on day 21. The results showed that glucose absorption continued beyond the jejunum but was complete in the terminal ileum demonstrating that endogenous energy losses can be quantified in the ileal digesta of birds by feeding a glucose-based diet. The IEEL were determined to be 347 ± 29.4 kcal/kg DM intake. In experiment 2, 4 experimental diets with similar inclusion (957 g/kg) of grains were developed to determine the AMEn, AIDE, and TIDE. Titanium dioxide (5.0 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was randomly allocated to 6 replicates (8 birds per replicate) and fed from 14 to 21 d after hatch, and the ileal digesta were collected on day 21. The AIDE was corrected to TIDE using the IEEL value determined in experiment 1. The TIDE of corn, sorghum, wheat, and barley were determined to be 3,920, 3,650, 3,138, and 2,885 kcal/kg DM, respectively, and was higher (P < 0.05) than the corresponding AMEn values of 3,439, 3,284, 2,576, and 2,371 kcal/kg DM, respectively. No differences were observed between the AMEn and AIDE. The AMEn:TIDE ratio tended (P = 0.06) to be lower for viscous cereals (wheat and barley) than that for nonviscous cereals (corn and sorghum). The apparent ileal digestibility of DM, nitrogen, and starch was positively correlated (P < 0.001) with TIDE (r = 0.990, 0.703, and 0.705, respectively) and the AMEn (r = 0.873, 0.483, and 0.656, respectively). Further studies are warranted to determine the TIDE of a range of ingredients and to investigate the application of TIDE as a potential available energy system in poultry feed formulations.

Regression Equations of Energy Values of Corn, Soybean Meal, and Wheat Bran Developed by Chemical Composition for Growing Pigs.

Simple SummaryIn pig production, feed represents a large part of the total cost, and available energy in feedstuff represents the greatest proportion of this cost. In China, corn, soybean meal (SBM), and wheat bran (WB) are the principal ingredients in diets of pigs because these feedstuffs are widely available in China, have highly available energy, and are generally economical. In practice, the actual digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of corn, SBM, and WB are unknown. The experimental determination of DE or ME values is expensive, time consuming, and labor intensive. Regression equations to estimate DE and ME in feed ingredients based on chemical composition can be a useful tool in feed ingredient evaluation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate a wide variety of corn, SBM, and WB to generate the regression equation for DE and ME and to evaluate and compare the energy content of various corn, SBM, and WB samples. A range of regression equations were developed in the present study, and proved adequate to reliably predict the DE and ME of commercially available corn, SBM, and WB for growing pigs. The application of these regression equations is expected to optimize productivity and maximize profits for pork producers.The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical compositions, digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME) in corn, soybean meal (SBM) and wheat bran (WB) fed to growing pigs, and to develop regression equations for predicting DE and ME. Three separate experiments were conducted to determine DE and ME of corn, SBM, and WB. The DE and ME in corn were determined directly using 10 barrows allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design, and the diets were formulated with one of 10 corn samples. The DE and ME in SBM and WB were determined by difference using two corn basal diets and 10 corn-SBM or 10 corn-SBM-WB diets, which were allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design. Ten corn samples were obtained from the main corn producing areas of China. Ten SBM samples were obtained from nine different crushing facilities in nine provinces in China. Ten WB samples were collected from different feed mills of China. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), gross energy (GE), and soluble carbohydrates (SCHO). The best-fit equations for corn were DE (MJ/kg DM) = 20.18 − 0.76 × EE (%) and ME (MJ/kg DM) = 5.74 + 1.11 × DE (MJ/kg DM) − 0.33 × CP (%) − 0.07 × SCHO (%). The best-fit equations for SBM were DE (MJ/kg DM) = 42.91 − 3.43 × Ash (%) − 0.20 × NDF (%) + 0.09 × ADF (%) and ME (MJ/kg DM) = −21.67 + 0.89 × DE (MJ/kg DM) − 1.06 × GE (MJ/kg DM). The best-fit equations for WB were DE (MJ/kg DM) = −7.09 + 1.54 × CP (%) − 0.25 × NDF (%) − 0.32 × ADF (%) + 0.23 × Ash (%) and ME (MJ/kg DM) = 0.02 + 0.96 × DE (MJ/kg DM). The chemical composition of corn, SBM, and WB can vary substantially from zone to zone, resulting in considerable variation in its available energy value for pig. The DE and ME of corn, SBM and WB for growing pigs can be predicted based on their chemical compositions.

Use of barley silage or corn silage with dry-rolled barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn on predicted nutrient total tract digestibility and growth performance of backgrounding steers

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding barley silage (BS) or corn silage (CS) with dry-rolled barley (BG), dry-rolled corn (CG), or a blend of barley and corn grain (BCG), on growth performance and nutrient digestibility, the latter predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy for backgrounding cattle. Steers (n = 288) were stratified by body weight (BW) into 24 pens and pens were randomly assigned to one of six treatments (n = 4) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Main factors included BS or CS in combination with BG, CG, or BCG. There were no silage × grain interactions. Dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.018) and final BW (P = 0.004) were greater for steers fed CS than BS, but average daily gain (1.01 kg d−1) and gain-to-feed ratio (0.10 kg kg−1) were not affected by silage or grain source. Steers fed CS also had greater dry matter, organic matter, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), starch, and gross energy digestibility values (P &lt; 0.01) than BS. Feeding BG increased starch, neutral detergent fiber, ADF, and CP digestibility values (P ≤ 0.01) over CG and BCG. Relative to BS, feeding CS increased DMI, final BW, and nutrient digestibility, whereas dry-rolled BG improved nutrient digestibility when compared with CG and BCG in backgrounding diets.