Diffusion Potential Research Articles

Fe@χ3-borophene as a promising catalyst for CO oxidation reaction: A first-principles study.

A novel single-atom catalyst of Fe adsorbed on χ3-borophene has been proposed as a potential catalyst for CO oxidation reaction (COOR). Quantitative pictures have been provided of both the stability of Fe@χ3-borophene and various kinetic reaction pathways using first-principles calculations. Strong adsorption energy of -3.19 eV and large diffusion potential of 3.51 eV indicates that Fe@χ3-borophene is highly stable. By exploring reaction mechanisms for COOR, both Eley-Ridel (E-R) and trimolecule E-R (TER) were identified as possible reaction paths. Low reaction barriers with 0.49 eV of E-R and 0.57 eV of TER suggest that Fe@χ3-borophene is a very promising catalyst for COOR. Charge transfer between the χ3-borophene and CO, O2 and CO2 gas molecules plays a key role in lowering the energy barrier during the reactions. Our results propose that Fe@χ3-borophene can be a good candidate of single-atom catalyst for COOR with both high stability and catalytic activity.

Importance of nanochannels shape on blue energy generation in soft nanochannels

Energy production is one of today's most pressing issues. Finding alternative energy sources has become one of the hottest research areas for scholars due to the limited use of fossil resources. Using water sources of different concentrations is one of the newest methods of energy production. Due to the energy of mixing fluids, two fluids of different concentrations on both sides of a nanochannel membrane can produce energy. Given the costs and restrictions of studying complex systems experimentally, simulation is required to investigate their behavior and determine the best states. As a result, using an energy production strategy, this work explores the effect of nanochannel shape on the ion transfer behavior. Asymmetric (bullet, trumpet, cigarette, hourglass, and hill) and symmetric (cylindrical) geometries were utilized. The effects of different geometries, soft layer density, and concentration ratio on energy production considering the effect of ion partitioning in soft surfaces was investigated. A finite element numerical computation approach was employed to solve the Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes equations at steady-state. The best geometry at various concentration ratios to create the most performance were: cylindrical and cigarette for osmotic current, hourglass and trumpet for transmission number, hourglass and trumpet for diffusion potential, cylindrical for electrical conductivity, cylindrical and trumpet for power capacity, and hourglass and trumpet for energy conversion efficiency, respectively. In the case of considering the ion partitioning at a concentration ratio of CH/CL=1000for trumpet geometry, raising the soft layer's charge density from NPEL/NA=25to100mol/m3 boosted the maximum produced power by about 25 times, from 0.215pW to 5.35pW.

Determination of Free Chemical Potential for Finasteride Diffusion through SDS Micelle Suggested as Alternative Living Membrane System

Abstract: As an alternative living cell membrane, sodium dodecyl sulfide (SDS) has been investigated at this study, spectroscopic assessment of Finasteride diffusion through the alternate model of the cell membrane in two distinct polar solutions, buffer phosphate solution pH 7.4 and Cyclohexane(Non-polar solution), has been studied. Finasteride in buffer phosphate solution showed a definite ?max at 253 nm, which was consistent with the default values. The results also reveal that the non-polar medium has a lower attenuation coefficient and a shorter maximum wavelength than the polar medium. The pH 7.4 finasteride solution demonstrated remarkable stability over time.
 Diffusion rate of Finasteride was investigated using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) as an alternative cell membrane model. The chemical potential was determined to be - 6294.76 J mol-1, showing the spontaneity of the compound's diffusion process.
 The results indicated that Finasteride may diffuse (at a rate constant of 51.11 min-1) from the aqueous media and other identified components to the inner micelle; the equilibrium constant for diffusion was calculated to be 11.5.
 Keywords: Finasteride, Diffusion, Chemical potential, SDS, Alternative model, Cell membrane.

From Heron of Alexandria to Amazon’s Alexa: a stylized history of AI and its impact on business models, organization and work

This paper explores the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impact on business models, organization and work. First, we provide a stylized history of AI highlighting the technological, organizational and market-related factors fostering its diffusion and transformative potential. We show how AI evolved from being a scientific field to a mostly corporate-dominated field characterized by strong concentration of technological and economic power. Second, we analyze the consequences of AI adoption for business models, organization and work. Our discussion contributes to show how the development and diffusion of this technological domain gives new strength to the lean-production paradigm - in both manufacturing and service sectors - by contributing to the establishment of the new ‘digital Taylorism’.

Ionic Conductivity Enhancement Achieved by Binder in Electrodes and Its Influence in Supercapacitor

AbstractIonic conductivity is a critical factor affecting the electrochemical performance of double layer capacitor. Therefore, additional ion transport channels are introduced by using Nafion as binder in electrode. In this study, carbonized maple as active substance was mixed with binder of Nafion or PVDF to form electrodes. The electrode structures were obtained by scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms with the aim of clarifying negligible differences in the microstructure and binding strength of electrodes with different binders. Furthermore, the two electrodes with different binders tested in KOH exhibited similar electrochemical properties. However, in H2SO4 electrolyte, the electrode containing Nafion showed a much higher specific capacitance than that of electrode using PVDF binder. To directly prove the high ionic conductivity of Nafion electrode, concentration battery was constructed using the two electrodes as separators to investigate their liquid junction potential. This study focused on the ionic conduction in electrodes, which could provide suggestions for electrode design, especially for the utilization of commercial supercapacitors.

Productive Replication of HIV-1 but Not SIVmac in Small Ruminant Cells.

Animal lentiviruses (LVs) have been proven to have the capacity to cross the species barrier, to adapt in the new hosts, and to increase their pathogenesis, therefore leading to the emergence of threatening diseases. However, their potential for widespread diffusion is limited by restrictive cellular factors that block viral replication in the cells of many species. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the restriction of CAEV infection of sheep choroid plexus cells was due to aberrant post-translation cleavage of the CAEV Env gp170 precursor. Later, we showed that the lack of specific receptor(s) for caprine encephalitis arthritis virus (CAEV) on the surface of human cells was the only barrier to their infection. Here, we examined whether small ruminant (SR) cells can support the replication of primate LVs. Three sheep and goat cell lines were inoculated with cell-free HIV-1 and SIVmac viral stocks or transfected with infectious molecular clone DNAs of these viruses. The two recombinant lentiviral clones contained the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter sequence. Infection was detected by GFP expression in target cells, and the infectious virus produced and released in the culture medium of treated cells was detected using the indicator TZM-bl cell line. Pseudotyped HIV-GFP and SIV-GFP with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) allowed the cell receptors to be overcome for virus entry to further evaluate the viral replication/restriction in SR cells. As expected, neither HIV nor SIV viruses infected any of the SR cells. In contrast, the transfection of plasmid DNAs of the infectious molecular clones of both viruses in SR cells produced high titers of infectious viruses for human indicators, but not SR cell lines. Surprisingly, SR cells inoculated with HIV-GFP/VSV-G, but not SIV-GFP/VSV-G, expressed the GFP and produced a virus that efficiently infected the human indictor, but not the SR cells. Collectively, these data provide a demonstration of the lack of replication of the SIVmac genome in SR cells, while, in contrast, there was no restriction on the replication of the IV-1 genome in these cells. However, because of the lack of functional receptors to SIVmac and HIV-1 at the surface of SR cells, there is specific lentiviral entry.

Temperature dependence of kinetics pathway of γ′ precipitation in Co-Al-W superalloys: A phase-field study

The expeditious development of novel Co-based superalloys depends on achieving a compressive understanding of the kinetics path way of γ′ precipitates. This paper investigates the temperature dependence of evolution processing and mechanism of γ′ phase in a model Co-9.5Al-9W (at%) alloy using phase-field method. The simulated microstructures during aging at 700, 800 and 900 ℃ show that spherical γ′ quickly changes to cuboidal aged at 900 ℃ while transforms into irregular interconnected morphology at low temperature, which is consistent well with experimental observations. By characterizing the long-range parameters, this irregular γ′ is attributed to the coalescence of adjacent precipitates with the same domain, primarily driven by the decrease of interfacial energy. The temporal evolution of average size of the γ′ precipitates suggests classical Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner coarsening at the three temperatures, and the coarsening rate constants K are determined. The temperature dependence of K is clarified by analyzing the thermodynamic driving force and chemical mobility. Additionally, the effects of particle inter-distance, shape and size on γ′ evolution are discussed from the perspective of diffusion potential.

Composition Dependence of the Atomic Structures and Properties of Sodium Aluminosilicate Glasses: Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Reactive and Nonreactive Potentials.

Understanding the composition-structure-property relations of glass materials is essential for their technological applications. In this study, the structures and properties of a series of sodium aluminosilicate glasses with varying Al2O3/Na2O ratios ((35 - x)Na2O-xAl2O3-65SiO2, x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 17.5, 20) covering peralkaline to peraluminous compositions, have been studied by using molecular dynamics simulations with two types of interatomic potentials: a fixed partial charge pairwise potential (Teter) and a reactive diffusive charge reactive potential (DCRP). The short and medium structural features such as bond lengths, coordination numbers, Qn distributions, and ring size distributions were obtained and compared with experimental data. It was found that silicon remained fourfold-coordinated throughout the compositional range, while a noticeable amount of fivefold-coordinated aluminum together with oxygen triclusters (TBO) are present in compositions with higher Al2O3 contents (RAl/Na > 1). In addition, the simulation results from both potentials show a certain level of violation of the Al avoidance rule by exhibiting a non-negligible amount of [AlOx]-[AlOx] polyhedral connections. Neutron and X-ray diffraction structure factors of the simulated glasses were calculated and compared with available experimental data. The mechanical properties, including Bulk, Shear, and Young's modulus, were calculated and found to increase with increasing RAl/Na, in good agreement with the experiments. Correlations of the properties with glass structures as a function of glass compositions and the advantages as well as potential issues of the two sets of potentials in modeling sodium aluminosilicate glasses are discussed in the context of features of glass structures and the prospect of future simulations of glass-water reactions.

The role of diffusion induced electro-osmosis in the coupling between hydraulic and ionic fluxes through semipermeable clay soils

Most of the experimental research conducted to date has provided evidence on the semipermeable membrane behaviour of smectite-rich clay soils, the extent of which is typically quantified through the reflection coefficient, when the permeant (electrolyte) solution contains a single monovalent or divalent salt. Under such conditions, the osmotic flow of solution is controlled to a great extent by the different accessibility of ions and water molecules to the soil porosity, which is referred to as the chemico-osmotic effect. However, theoretical simulations of coupled solute and solvent transport suggest that, when two or more cations that diffuse in water at different rates are present simultaneously in the permeant solution, the electro-osmotic effect, which stems from the condition of null electric current density through the porous medium, can be enhanced compared to the case of a single salt to such an extent that it becomes comparable to or even greater than the chemico-osmotic effect. An original closed-form analytical solution to the problem of calculating the diffusion potential, which in turn controls the magnitude of the electro-osmotic effect, is here illustrated, and the relative importance of the aforementioned contributions to multi-electrolyte systems is examined through the interpretation of laboratory test results from the literature pertaining to a bentonite amended clay soil in equilibrium with aqueous mixtures of potassium chloride (KCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The proposed mechanistic model is shown to be able to quantitatively capture the impact of both chemico-osmosis and electro-osmosis on the measured reflection coefficient of smectite clays, thereby breaking new ground in the experimental and theoretical research on the osmotic properties of engineered clay barriers in contact with mixed aqueous electrolyte solutions.

Development of potentials for molecular dynamics simulations of dry and hydrated calcium aluminosilicate glasses by force matching and refinement

Potential development and refinement to improve the applicability and transferability of the forcefield is important to atomistic simulations of glass materials and their interactions with the environment. In this paper, we demonstrate potential development of calcium aluminosilicate glasses with and without water using a reactive potential framework by adopting the force matching technique and subsequent refinement. Accordingly, we have reproduced the forces on atoms of the system from a DFT based ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations by adjusting the potential parameters. We chose the diffuse charge reactive potential (DCRP) as the classical potential as it has been previously demonstrated to accurately and efficiently simulate interactions between water and silicate-glasses. The obtained force matched parameters were further refined to accurately reproduce the structures and dynamics of dry and hydrated calcium alumino silicate glass and gel structures. The Ca2+ behavior in solution was correctly reproduced with an average local coordination equal to 6.12 and a diffusion coefficient close to the experimental values. This force field also correctly reproduces the local environment of Al3+ in glass, but it falls short in describing Al3+ ion coordination in solutions as compared to AIMD results, suggesting a direction of future improvement. This set of potential can thus be used for simulations of calcium aluminosilicate glasses with various technological applications and hydrated gel structures resulted from corrosions of boroaluminosilicate glasses.

Simulating electrochemical migration and anion exclusion in porous and fractured media using PFLOTRAN[formula omitted

Multicomponent transport of dissolved charged species often involves electrostatic interactions among the different ions. These interactions are the result of the different diffusion rates of the chemical species, which create a diffusion potential and thus an electromigration term in the transport equation that is additive to the Fickian diffusion term due to the concentration gradient. The explicit consideration of the electromigration term involves the use of the Nernst–Planck equation, which tightly couples the transport of the charged species through the electro-diffusive term. Here, we have implemented the Nernst–Planck equation in the open source computer code PFLOTRAN. The advantages of the customised code, denoted as PFLOTRANNP, in comparison with other recent similar developments, are that (i) the implementation is extended also to the multiple continuum module of PFLOTRAN, which makes the code suitable for the modelling of electromigration processes in fractured rock, (ii) PFLOTRANNP leverages the parallelisation capabilities of one of the latest stable PFLOTRAN versions and thus it is suited for large-size simulations in supercomputers and (iii) the developed code is made available through a public repository. PFLOTRANNP was successfully validated against a standard benchmark involving 1D transport of a multicomponent electrolyte solution and a verification case, involving a fracture–matrix system, was also presented. Finally, PFLOTRANNP was used to interpret field and experimental data at Olkiluoto (Finland), which show that an imbalance exists between chloride concentration in the matrix pore water and in the fracture filling groundwater. The results of the simulations show that this imbalance is indeed caused by anion exclusion processes, which are more significant in gneiss rock types than in pegmatitic granitic rock.

Pomegranate derivative dye/silicon hybrid photodiode for sensor applications

Here, we describe the use of pomegranate peel (PG) biomolecules as a light sensor. For this purpose, PG/n-Si hybrid photodiode was fabricated by coating PG biomolecule on the Si with spin coating method. The density functional theory (DFT) approach was utilized to optimize the geometry of the PG molecules. In the I-V measurements performed in the dark and under the visible light, it was observed that the device exhibited photodiode characteristics. Namely, it was seen that the photo-generated current was extremely larger than the dark current for the reverse current and thus the I-V measurements were performed by expanding it under different light intensity. The open-circuit voltage, the short circuit current, and the on/off ratio of the hybrid photodiode were determined as a function of light intensity. Furthermore, Current-voltage (I-V) and Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements of the device were analyzed in detail for dark conditions. The ideality factor, the barrier height, the Fermi level, the diffusion potential, and the series resistance of the PG/n-Si hybrid device were determined.

The anchoring effect of Nb-based MXenes lithium-sulfur batteries: A first-principles study

The dissolution and diffusion of S-species in the electrolyte are one of the most important reasons affecting the development of lithium-sulfur batteries. MXenes, a two-dimensional material which has received a lot of attention recently, is investigated in lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries due to its excellent properties. Most of the current reports focus on Ti-based MXenes materials, while there are few studies on Nb-based MXenes materials. In this paper, the interactions between lithium polysulfide and Nb2C-MXenes as well as O-functionalization (Nb2CO2 and Nb3C2O2) and S-functionalization (Nb2CS2 and Nb3C2S2) are investigated by using density functional theory calculations (DFT). According to the calculated results, both O-functionalized and S-functionalized have sufficiently large adsorption energy to inhibit the shuttle effect which occurs during the cycling of Li–S battery. As a comparison, O-functionalized MXenes have a more suitable adsorption energy for Li–S battery cathode materials, while S-functionalized MXenes have a lower ion diffusion potential barrier. In addition, all studied materials retain their original metallic properties after adsorption of lithium polysulfide, which contributes significantly to the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries during charging and discharging. The results may be useful for investigating high-performance storage materials with Nb-based MXene materials.

A comparison of peer change agent selection methods: Evidence from a high-school based suicide preventive intervention

BackgroundPeer-led interventions for adolescents are effective at accelerating behavioral change. The Sources of Strength suicide preventive program trains student peer change agents (peer leaders) in secondary schools to deliver prevention messaging and conduct activities that increase mental health coping mechanisms. The program currently has school staff select peer leaders. This study examined potential for more efficient program diffusion if peer leaders had been chosen under network-informed selection methods.MethodsBaseline assessments were collected from 5,746 students at 20 schools. Of these, 429 were selected by adults as peer leaders who delivered intervention content through the school year. We created theoretical alternate peer leader sets based on social network characteristics: opinion leadership, centrality metrics, and key players. Because these sets were theoretical, we examined the concordance of these sets with the actual adult-selected peer leaders sets and correlated this metric with diffusion of intervention modalities (i.e., presentation, media, communication, activity) after the first year.ResultsThe sets of adult-selected peer leaders were 13.3%—22.7% similar to theoretical sets chosen by other sociometric methods. The use of friendship network metrics produced peer leader sets that were more white and younger than the general student population; the Key Players method produced more representative peer leader sets. Peer opinion leaders were older and more white than the general population. Schools whose selected peer leaders had higher overlap with theoretical ones had greater diffusion of intervention media and peer communication.ConclusionsThe use of network information in school-based peer-led interventions can help create more systematized peer leader selection processes. To reach at-risk students, delivery of an indirect message, such as through a poster or video, may be required. A hybrid approach where a combination of visible, respected opinion leaders, along with strategically-placed key players within the network, may provide the greatest potential for intervention diffusion.

Synthesis of electron-rich thiophene triphenylamine based organic material for photodiode applications

In this paper, a new electron-rich π-conjugated organic material, 4,4'-(thiophene-3,4-diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline) (bisTPAT), which contain thiophene skeleton as the central core with bistriphenylamine side groups as the electron-rich unit and/or donor groups at the 3- and 4-positions, was designed for photodiode application. The bisTPAT was efficiently synthesized via the Pd-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction between 3,4-dibromo-thiophene (3) and (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)boronic acid 4. Structural, optical, and chemical features of the bisTPAT material and thin film form -was characterized by NMR, FTIR, HRMS, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and SEM/EDX analysis techniques. Subsequently, bisTPAT/n-Si device fabrication was carried out by using the spin coating method. Current-voltage (I–V) measurements were performed to determine the characteristic properties of the device under different operating conditions. According to I–V measurements taken under illumination conditions, the fabricated device has photoresponse characteristics in the reverse bias region. Therefore, the fabricated device can be employed as a photodiode for optoelectronic applications. Additionally, the photodiode parameters, such as ideality factor (n), barrier height (Φb), series resistance (Rs), photosensitivity (S), photoresponsivity (R), photodetectivity (D*), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and short-circuit current (Isc), were analyzed under the light intensity of 100 mWcm−2. Finally, capacitance-voltage (C–V) measurements were carried out to obtain important information about the diode's interfacial characteristics at different frequencies. The results show that the calculated parameters such as diffusion potential (Vd) and carrier concentration are sensible to frequency changes.

Experimental Characterization of the Engineering Properties of Landfill Compost-Biocover

A landfill biocover system optimizes environmental conditions for biotic methane (CH4) consumption that controls the fugitive and residual emissions from landfills. Research shows that wasted compost material has more (CH4) oxidation potential than other materials. Thus, in this study, the authors investigate the engineering properties of compacted compost to test its suitability for CH4 oxidation capacity. Different laboratory and analytical approaches are employed to attain the set objectives. The biochemical tests show that the studied material indicates the presence of methanotrophs with sufficient organic contents. The compacted compost also shows adequate diffusivity potential to free air space for a wide range of water content. The data also imply that compacting compost to low hydraulic conductivity can be accomplished for a wide range of water content, according to the suggested values for a landfill hydraulic barrier. Furthermore, the low thermal properties of compost as compared to other mineral materials seem more beneficial, as specifically, during the winter season, when the atmospheric temperature is low, low thermal conductivity enables it to sustain a stable temperature for the activities of the microbial organisms, which therefore extends the CH4 oxidation process right through a long period in the winter.

Influence of interatomic potential and simulation procedures on the structures and properties of sodium aluminosilicate glasses from molecular dynamics simulations

The effects of various simulation parameters such as interatomic potential, cooling rate, system size, and glass-formation procedures on the short and medium range structures of sodium aluminosilicate glasses were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Two widely used interatomic potentials: a fixed-charge pair-wise potential and a diffusive charge reactive potential (DCRP) were investigated. To provide validation of the simulation results, high energy X-ray and neutron diffraction studies of the sodium aluminosilicate glasses were performed. The results show that the reactive potential provides reasonable structures consistent with those from the fixed charge potentials and experiments. But the fixed charge potential is more robust in various glass forming procedures such as constant pressure, constant volume, and the QSQ method, while DCRP is more sensitive to the ensemble choice and thermal history. The DCRP potential, however, has the advantage to allow study glass-water interactions and interfacial behaviors.

Monitoring outward drying of externally insulated basement walls: A laboratory experiment

Basements used for habitation represent a major challenge in terms of moisture safety design; they are prone to high moisture strain and have a limited ability for outward drying compared to structures above grade. Exterior vapour-permeable thermal insulation is used in countries with cold climates to enable outward drying. However, its effect is not well documented when combined with a dimpled membrane. A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the outward drying of concrete walls and to generate data for the validation of hygrothermal simulations. Two wall segments with vapour-permeable insulation and exterior dimpled membranes were compared with a segment having a dimpled membrane positioned between the concrete and exterior insulation. The segments were subjected to a steady warm interior and a cold exterior climate in a climate simulator. Weight change, precipitated condensation, and temperature data were monitored for six months. Although the weights varied nonuniformly at the start, they decreased uniformly during the last four months; they exhibited the same rate and variations of weight change. No precipitated condensation occurred in the air gaps, although the moisture content of the concrete was high and the driving potential for diffusion (temperature gradient) was large. Results indicate that the concrete's ability to transfer moisture to the drying surface limits outward drying. Hence, the vapour permeability of the insulation and the membrane position were less influential. The moisture transfer properties of concrete currently used in basements should be investigated to better predict the long-term moisture performance of products and solutions for basements.

Diffusiophoresis in suspensions of highly charged soft particles.

Diffusiophoresis phenomenon of aoft particles suspended in binary electrolyte solutions is explored theoretically in this study based on the spherical cell model, focusing on the chemiphoresis component in absence of diffusion potential. Both the electrostatic and hydrodynamic aspects of the boundary confinement, or steric effect, due to the presence of neighboring particles are examined extensively under various electrokinetic conditions. Significant local extrema are found in mobility profiles expressed as functions of the Debye length in general, synchronized with the strength of the motion-inducing double layer polarization. Moreover, a seemingly peculiar phenomenon is observed that the soft particles may move faster in more concentrated suspensions. The competition between the simultaneous enhancement of the motion-inducing electric driving force and the motion-retarding hydrodynamic drag force from the boundary confinement effect of the neighboring particles is found to be responsible for it. The above findings are also demonstrated experimentally in a very recent study on the diffusiophoretic motion of soft particles through porous collagen hydrogels. The results presented here are useful in various practical applications of soft particles like drug delivery.

Diffusiophoresis of a highly charged dielectric fluid droplet induced by diffusion potential

Diffusiophoresis of a dielectric fluid droplet in electrolyte solutions is investigated theoretically, focusing on the electrophoresis component resulting from the induced diffusion potential in the electrolyte solution when the diffusivities of cations and anions there are different. The resultant electrokinetic equations are solved with a pseudo-spectral method based on the Chebyshev polynomials. We found, among other things, that the electrophoresis component dominates at a larger Debye length, whereas the chemiphoresis component at a smaller Debye length for a dielectric droplet of a constant surface charge density. The two components are of comparable magnitudes in the NaCl solution. The dual between the spinning electric driving force tangent to the droplet surface and the hydrodynamic drag force reinforced by the motion-deterring electrokinetic Maxwell traction from the surrounding exterior osmosis flow is crucial in the determination of the ultimate droplet motion. Unlike the chemiphoresis component, which is independent of the sign of charges carried by the droplet, the droplet moving direction as well as its magnitude in the electrophoresis component depends on the sign of charges carried by the droplet as well as the direction of the electric field induced by the diffusion potential. This gives the electrophoresis component excellent maneuverability in practical applications like drug delivery and enhanced oil recovery, where migration of droplets toward regions of higher solute concentrations is often desired.