To assess the tolerance to simulated astigmatism and patient-reported outcomes in pseudophakic eyes implanted with a violet light-filtering diffractive full visual range intraocular lens (VLF FVR IOL). This prospective, observational study included 30 patients who had cataract surgery with the implantation of a VLF FVR IOL (Tecnis Odyssey, DXR00V & DRT models; Johnson & Johnson Vision). Visual outcomes were assessed 1 to 3 months postoperatively. Cylindrical defocus was induced using +0.50 to +2.00 diopters (D) cylinder lenses in 0.50-D increments for with-the-rule (WTR), oblique, and against-the-rule (ATR) orientation over the patient's corrected distance refraction. The tolerance to simulated astigmatism was evaluated by calculating the difference between distance visual acuity at each defocus and corrected distance visual acuity without defocus. The patient's reported outcomes were analyzed using the Assessment of IOL Implant Symptoms (AIOLIS) questionnaire. More than 90% of patients achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better with 1.50 D WTR and 1.00 D oblique/ATR astigmatism. WTR astigmatism resulted in visual acuity within one line for up to 1.00 D and two lines for 1.50 D, outperforming ATR, which achieved it for 0.50 and 1.50 D, followed by oblique, which resulted in 0.50 and 1.00 D, respectively. Induced 1.00 D WTR astigmatism demonstrated better visual acuity than ATR (P = .04) and oblique (P = .03). Starbursts, halos, and snowballs were reported as severe in 3% of patients, whereas 7% experienced glare at night. Notably, 96.6% of patients reported spectacle independence. The VLF FVR IOL showed good tolerance to induced astigmatism for distance vision, with WTR astigmatism being better tolerated than oblique and ATR orientations. The AIOLIS questionnaire showed a strong level of patient satisfaction and optical phenomena.

Reading Speed and Visual Acuity in Photopic and Mesopic Conditions After Bilateral Implantation of Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses.

Association of Ocular Comorbidities on Long-term Patient-Reported Outcome Measures After Multifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation.

In this Letter, a transverse achromatic liquid crystal bifocal lens (ALCBLs) is proposed in which the relative intensity between the two foci can be controlled via polarization. The proposed device comprises three diffractive liquid crystal bifocal lenses fabricated using a specialized multi-twist (MT) structure, the transmittance for the target wavelength of all lenses can reach approximately 95%. Each lens focuses the left-circular polarized (LCP) and right-circular polarized (RCP) beams of the target wavelength (445, 520, and 638 nm) to different focal points. The proposed ALCBLs have a size of 2 mm and have been experimentally verified to effectively suppress chromatic aberration. Potential applications are expected to be found in augmented reality (AR) displays, multi-wavelength chiral imaging systems, and biomedical imaging applications.

To analyse the halo formation of several intraocular lenses (IOLs) in the optical bench. University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain). In vitro study. Light from a green LED passed through a pinhole and was collimated. Each IOL was placed within a realistic model eye having a PMMA cornea with a physiological amount of spherical aberration and a 4.5 mm aperture. A CMOS sensor acted as the retina and a focus tunable lens was used to change the object's vergence (range ±4 D). Series of images were captured with different exposure times and fused to get a high dynamic range (HDR) image. Performance was assessed by analysing the corresponding halo brightness and size. The tested lenses, that included biconvex and inverted meniscus IOLs, were: monofocals, extended depth-of-focus (EDOF), and diffractive trifocals. Monofocal lenses produced halos with a radius close to 0.4 degrees. The halo radii of the non-diffractive EDOF lenses ranged between 0.45 and 0.63 degrees, whereas diffractive lenses had radii ranging from 0.84 to 1.22 degrees. The halo was generally dimmer for the refractive lenses and brighter for the diffractive. The through-focus images show that the halo size was larger at any defocus position for the diffractive lenses than for the rest of the tested IOLs. The diffractive IOLs exhibited a characteristic halo structure. Performance of the inverted meniscus and other non-diffractive lenses (Vivity and Eyhance) was comparable to a monofocal lens. This on-bench test can serve as an indication of the potential impact of photic phenomena on patient satisfaction.

To assess the refractive and functional outcomes of a novel trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) with smooth micro phase technology. This prospective, single-arm, single-center, observational study included patients who underwent cataract surgery with the implantation of the AT ELANA 841P (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Berlin, Germany) IOL. Visual acuity (VA) at distance, intermediate, and near were evaluated 1- and 3-month postop as well as refractive outcomes. Monocular and binocular defocus curve, binocular contrast sensitivity (M&S® Technologies) and patient satisfaction with the Catquest-9SF questionnaire were measured at 3-month postop. In total, 46 eyes (23 patients) were bilaterally implanted with the IOL. Mean patient age was 59.86±5.55y. At 1-month postop, monocular corrected VA for distance, intermediate, and near were -0.15±0.09, 0.11±0.10, and 0.15±0.12 logMAR, respectively. These outcomes remained stable at the 3-month follow-up (P>0.05). Spherical equivalent (SE) at 1- and 3-month postop remained stable (P>0.05). Following surgery, 91% of the eyes at 1mo and 95% of the eyes at 3mo were within ±0.5 D of SE. Monocular defocus curve showed that the lens can be categorized as a steep transition IOL. The contrast sensitivity function revealed high values at low spatial frequencies and decreased values at high spatial frequencies. The results of the Catquest-9SF questionnaire showed that all patients were fairly or very satisfied with their vision after surgery. The AT ELANA 841P IOL offers excellent visual outcomes across distance, intermediate, and near ranges, along with satisfactory contrast sensitivity. Additionally, the lens is associated with high patient satisfaction and minimal visual difficulties during daily activities.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination of the long-pulse 1064nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (LP1064 nm) laser and picosecond 755nm alexandrite (P755 nm) laser with a diffractive lens array (DLA) in improving skin photoaging.This prospective, randomized, split-face trial was conducted between April 2024 and February 2025 at two centers. A total of 22 healthy volunteers with facial photoaging symptoms aged 30-65 years were enrolled. The full face was treated with the LP1064 nm laser, and one side was treated with the P755 nm laser with DLA for three sessions at 1-month intervals. Efficacy and safety were assessed before each treatment and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. The primary outcome was the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) score.A total of 21 patients completed the study. The combined treatment side demonstrated further improvement in GAIS scores compared with the monotherapy side at 3 (85.7% vs. 66.7%) and 6 months (66.7% vs. 57.1%). Significant changes in the facial regions were observed. Volumetric analysis using 3D assessment revealed that the combined treatment had a more pronounced effect on the nasolabial folds and suborbital areas. VISIA analysis found significantly improved pigmentation and pore size at 1 and 3 months after treatment. No adverse events were observed on either side during or after treatment period.The combination of the LP1064 nm and P755 nm lasers with DLA can enhance skin rejuvenation by addressing the structural and pigmentary aspects of photoaging. These preliminary findings support the safety and efficacy of this combination approach. Further studies are needed to optimize this approach.

PurposeTo analyse the clinical outcomes of a hydrophobic trifocal diffractive intraocular lens (IOLs) implanted in eyes with different axial lengths.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled 116 eyes implanted with the FineVision HP IOL (Beaver-Visitec International, Inc. USA). The eyes were allocated into 3 groups according to their preoperative axial length: Group A (21.00–22.50 mm, n=17), Group B (>22.50–24.00 mm, n=83), and Group C (>24.00–28.50 mm, n=16). Post-operative outcomes at 3 months considered manifest refraction, monocular LogMAR uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) and distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA, at 40 cm).ResultsFor Group A, 70.59% and 100% of eyes were within ±0.50D and ±1.00D, respectively (mean spherical equivalent [SE]: 0.23±0.39D); for Group B, these figures were 84.34% and 100%, respectively (mean SE: −0.12±0.41D); and for Group C, all eyes were within ±0.50D (mean SE: 0.16±0.21D). SE did not differ between groups (p>0.4). The mean CDVA was –0.01±0.07, –0.02±0.06, and –0.05±0.07 for Groups A, B, and C, respectively (p=0.147), and the mean DCNVA was 0.09±0.03, 0.08±0.05 and 0.09±0.03, respectively (p=0.716). For distance vision, in Group A, 76.47% and 100% of eyes had a cumulative CDVA of ≥20/20 and ≥20/25, respectively. These percentages changed to 92.77% and 100% for Group B, and 93.75% and 100% for Group C, respectively. For near vision, for Group A, 11.76% and 100% of eyes had a cumulative DCNVA of ≥20/20 and ≥20/25, respectively. These percentages changed to 18.07% and 100% for Group B, and 12.50% and 100% for Group C, respectively.ConclusionThe hydrophobic trifocal diffractive FineVision HP IOL provides good visual and refractive outcomes for eyes with different axial length.

Entopic Starburst in Vision: The Hidden Role of Diffractive Lens Suture Patterns

A method to design diffractive multifocal lenses using phase retrieval was proposed. The phase-retrieval lens could achieve the desired diffraction efficiencies at the targeted foci while maintaining a continuous profile without abrupt steps. An example of an optimum triplicator provided an overall efficiency of 92.59%, matching previously published findings. Another example of a trifocal design showed competitive performance against state-of-the-art methods, and a 5-foci design demonstrated the versatility of the method. With its merits, the proposed method can enhance the performance of multifocal intraocular lenses and cater to other applications requiring multifocality, such as optical tweezers.

The photon sieve (PS) is a diffractive optical lens that consists of many individual pinholes, in some cases, up to 10 9 . This large number poses a challenge if the field in the focal plane is calculated by a summation of individual field contributions. Here, we present a collective model. Using the properties of the spiral Fourier transform and dividing the PS into pinhole groups, the computational effort is significantly reduced. With this approach, a FalconSAT-7-type PS can be simulated within minutes—in special cases, even less than a minute—on a conventional PC.

As surgeries using multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) to correct both cataracts and presbyopia have become common, it has become essential for clinicians to understand their basic optical characteristics to select the optimal lens for their patients. However, there are relatively few review articles on optics that are directly useful to clinicians who perform surgery on patients. In this paper, we systematically review fundamental concepts, from the basic properties of light, geometric optics, and Gaussian approximation to lens performance metrics like the point spread function and modulation transfer function (MTF), and the clinical implications of spherical and chromatic aberrations. Based on these principles, the mechanisms of major multifocal technologies are explained. We also explore the refractive extended depth of focus lenses, which expand the range of focus by precisely controlling higher-order spherical aberrations. In contrast, diffractive lenses use diffractive kinoforms to split light into multiple foci, and they may also leverage higher diffraction orders to correct chromatic aberration. However, this multifocality involves an optical compromise, often resulting in a reduced overall MTF compared to monofocal IOLs and photic phenomena such as glare and halo. In conclusion, while multifocal IOLs are groundbreaking technology that significantly enhances quality of life by reducing spectacle dependence, this comes at the cost of sacrificing optimal image quality. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these optical principles by ophthalmologists is crucial for selecting the optimal lens according to each patient's ocular condition and for managing postoperative outcomes.

Far-infrared imaging is a powerful tool in night vision and temperature measurement, with broad applications in military, astronomy, meteorology, industrial, and medical fields. However, conventional imaging lenses face challenges such as large size, heavy weight, and difficulties in miniaturization, which hinder their integration and use in applications with strict requirements for mass and volume, such as drone-based observation and imaging. To address these limitations, we designed a dual-plane diffractive optical lens optimized for the 10.9–11.1 μm wavelength band with a 0.2 μm bandwidth. By optimizing parameters including focal length, spot size, and field of view, we derived the phase distribution of the lens and converted it into the surface sag. To enhance diffraction efficiency and minimize energy loss, the lens was fabricated using a continuous phase surface on single-crystal Germanium. Finally, an imaging system was constructed to achieve clear imaging of various samples, demonstrating the feasibility of both the device and the system. This approach shows great potential for applications requiring lightweight and miniaturized solutions, such as infrared imaging, machine vision, remote sensing, biological imaging, and materials science.

PurposeTo optically characterize and clinically evaluate the new trifocal AT ELANA 841P intraocular lens (IOL).MethodsThe optical imaging performance was assessed using an on-bench model eye through the Through-Focus Modulation Transfer Function Area (TF-MTFa) from +1.00 to -3.50D. The clinical study included manifest refraction, uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, distance-corrected intermediate (DCIVA) and near visual acuity (DCNVA), binocular photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) and binocular defocus curve. Postoperative evaluation was performed 3 months after surgery.ResultsOptimal optical quality is observed at the distance focus on the TF-MTFa curve. From there, optical quality continuously degrades, initially rapid up to approximately -0.75D, then much slower extending to -2.0D. Subsequently, optical quality improves before a decline from -2.75D. The clinical study involved 40 patients. The mean postoperative monocular UDVA and CDVA were 0.04 ± 0.05 and 0.01 ± 0.02 logMAR, respectively. All eyes achieved a monocular UDVA of 0.2 logMAR or better and a monocular CDVA of 0.1 logMAR or better. All patients reached a binocular DCNVA of 0.2 logMAR or better, and 95% achieved a DCIVA of 0.2 logMAR or better. The defocus curve yielded a range from +0.50 to -2.5D, in which the mean visual acuity was 0.1 logMAR or better. The binocular distance CS was within normal limits.ConclusionsThe implantation of the new AT ELANA IOL provided a satisfactory range of visual quality from distance to near, in excellent agreement with the IOL optical performance obtained with the on-bench model eye.

Diffractive lenses form images based on the principle of light diffraction, unlike conventional lenses that rely on the phenomenon of refraction to form images. Diffractive lenses consist of precisely aligned structures of holes or slits that act as optical gratings. They are arranged to give the lens the optical property of changing the path of incident rays, creating an image pattern similar to that of conventional lenses. This work aims to study the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses by conducting a computer simulation in the Zemax optical design software. The analysis tools available in the software are then used to study the quality of the resulting image and evaluate the performance of the diffractive lens. The results show that the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses are similar to those of conventional lenses. These results indicate the image-forming performance of diffractive lenses. This gives designers flexibility in lens design, in terms of the type and number of slits used without the use of spherical surfaces

PurposePhakic intraocular lenses (IOLs) have newly been introduced for presbyopia correction, with no studies to date directly comparing the various models to one another. This study assesses and compares the optical quality of two phakic IOLs - a diffractive IPCL (Care Group) with +2.5D added power and a refractive Artiplus (Ophtec) - in a laboratory setting.MethodsA custom-made insert contained a −3D phakic IOL and a 23D monofocal (Precizon Monofocal, Ophtec). Two samples of each phakic IOL were tested using OptiSpheric IOL PRO2 under spherical and chromatic-aberration conditions at 3 and 4.5mm apertures at near (40cm), intermediate (67cm) and far distances. Modulation transfer function (MTF) related variables, and the 1951 USAF resolution target images were compared.ResultsThe MTFs at far distances, 67cm, and 40cm revealed minor differences between the two IOLs for a 3-mm pupil. Simulated visual acuity showed no disparity at distance but improved by 0.01 and 0.05 logMAR with Artiplus at intermediate and near points. Additionally, Artiplus exhibited a plateau in intermediate performance, while the IPCL demonstrated higher optical quality close to 50cm, corresponding to its secondary-focus location. Both lenses showed reduced optical quality with larger apertures. The USAF resolution target results supported these findings.ConclusionArtiplus and IPCL (+2.5D add) showed good optical quality across the focus range, with Artiplus having a flatter simulated defocus curve. While the expected visual acuity differences were minimal, they may become more pronounced in patients with larger pupils, warranting further investigation.

Background: Free Space Optics (FSO) is a wireless data transmission method for infrastructure that uses laser beam energy to transmit information waves through the atmosphere. Furthermore, due to its high bandwidth potential and simple deployment, FSO has garnered considerable interest. However, atmospheric turbulence and misalignment present obstacles to establishing dependable and effective FSO links. Objective: For systems varying from space invariant to totally space variant, the optimal design of free-space optical connectivity systems using diffractive optics is found from an engineering perspective. Parameters such as the light's wavelength, the system's total number of optical sources and detectors, their sizes, and their spacing are used to determine the system's volume. Another important parameter is the diffractive lens's f-number. Diffraction Optical Elements (DOEs) have emerged as a promising means of addressing these difficulties. Also, the patent related to automated honey beehive box gives the insight of its monitoring system. Methods:: This paper provides an overview of the implementation and advancements of FSO systems utilizing DOEs, including the fundamental principles, design considerations, and performance improvements. The study discusses the basics of diffraction and the role of DOEs in FSO systems. It explores the diffraction grating equation and the Huygens-Fresnel principle to understand wave propagation and interference phenomena. Design considerations for FSO systems equipped with DOEs are discussed, including the selection of appropriate DOEs and evaluation of performance benefits. The study also investigates the application of AI methods, such as machine learning and deep learning, in optimizing FSO systems with DOEs. Results: A thorough overview of Free Space Optics (FSO) systems utilizing Diffraction Optical Elements (DOEs) is given in this review study. It examines diffraction theory and DOE use in FSO, emphasizing their potential for beam forming, beam steering, and adaptive optics. The study examines FSO with DOE design concerns, performance improvements, applications, and future approaches. FSO systems may overcome problems with air turbulence, misalignment, and fading by using the characteristics of DOEs, opening the door for dependable and effective wireless communication. Conclusion: In conclusion, the effect of DOEs on BER efficiency is also modified by the obscuration ratio. Transmission power is increased when more DOEs are used by an amount defined by their obscuration ratios. Additionally, because of the increased power complement in these systems, the effect of DOEs is more pronounced. The integration of AI further enhances FSO capabilities by providing adaptive optimization, fault detection, predictive maintenance, and improved security. Future research directions may include exploring advanced AI techniques and conducting practical implementations of FSO systems with DOEs for various applications, particularly in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios.

Application of the aperiodic Mephisto Waltz sequence in the design of diffractive lenses

This work presents a new family of aperiodic diffractive lenses based on the Baum–Sweet sequence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a diffractive lens derived from this sequence. The study of their focusing properties reveals two focal points with similar intensities along the optical axis. Both the main focal distances and the axial irradiance distribution are correlated with the aperiodic Baum–Sweet sequence. An approximate 60% increase in diffraction efficiency is observed when employing kinoform profiles instead of binary phase lenses. The integration of the Baum–Sweet-based kinoform lens into an optical tweezers system demonstrates its ability to simultaneously trap multiple particles at two distinct focal planes, highlighting its potential for applications in more advanced optical devices.

To analyze the difference in objective and subjective photic phenomena following virtual implantation of three different presbyopia-correcting diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) designs. The study was conducted at JENVIS Research Germany. A prospective cross-over and double-masked trial design was used. Seventy-four healthy individuals without cataract (age: 18 to 50 years) were enrolled. All participants assessed photic phenomena with three diffractive IOL designs by virtual implantation using the VirtIOL device (10Lens S.L.U), which allows participants to view through the IOL imaged at the iris plane as if it were implanted: IOL A (Tecnis Synergy ZFR00V; J&J Vision), IOL B (AcrySof IQ PanOptix TFNT00; Alcon Laboratories, Inc), and IOL C (AT ELANA 841P; Carl Zeiss Meditec). The size of the starburst and annular light pattern was measured in degrees, and participants were asked about their preference in terms of quality of night vision when comparing by pairs the IOLs. The starburst pattern size was significantly larger with IOL A (5.54 ± 0.62º) compared to the IOLs B (3.82 ± 0.90º, P < .001) and C (3.65 ± 0.57º, P < .001). However, there were no significant differences between IOLs B and C (P = .078). Regarding the induced annular light pattern, no significant differences were found between IOLs (P > .05). In a pairwise short-term comparison of the IOLs using a simulated night scene with a glare source, participant preference was in favor of IOL C (P < .001). IOL A had objectively a significantly larger starburst pattern than the other two. In a short-term comparison, the new trifocal IOL C was significantly preferred in a night driving scene.