Nowadays, steel has become an important part of our life due to its extensive applications in automotive, household appliances, business machine and heavy construction such as marine and chemical industries. Mild steel is selected for construction because of its mechanical properties and machine-ability at a low price, while at the same time; they have to be resisted against corrosion phenomena. Nano TiO2 can be used for high lubrication‚ high conductivity‚ and high adsorption rate as well as catalytic performance‚ chemical industry‚ aerospace, and other fields. Characterization of this TiO2 are made by X-ray diffraction, Particle size analysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis techniques.

This study presents a comprehensive physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of Erusu clay from Ondo State, Nigeria, with the aim of evaluating its suitability for industrial applications. Analytical techniques employed include X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and standard plasticity and mechanical tests. The XRF results revealed that silica (SiO₂) and alumina (Al₂O₃) are the predominant oxides, with mean values of 54.8% and 24.5%, respectively, yielding a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 1.89, typical of kaolinitic clays. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed kaolinite (62.3%) as the dominant mineral phase, with quartz, illite, and hematite as accessory minerals. Thermal analysis indicated a total weight loss of 8.2%, with dehydroxylation occurring at approximately 525°C, suggesting good thermal stability. The clay exhibited medium plasticity (PI = 19.6%), low swelling (8.3%), and satisfactory mechanical properties, including green and dry compressive strengths of 118 kN/m² and 410 kN/m², respectively. Its refractoriness, ranging between 1670–1700°C (Cone 32–33), classifies it as a high-refractory clay. The integrated results indicate that Erusu clay possesses favourable structural, thermal, and mechanical characteristics suitable for refractory linings, foundry moulds, and ceramic applications. This study contributes to the valorization of indigenous raw materials for sustainable industrial development in Nigeria.

This study investigates processes related to thermal decomposition and direct combustion of woody biomass derived from the fast-growing energy willow Salix fragilis. The task addressed is predetermined by the lack of a sufficient database on kinetic parameters required for the efficient utilization of woody biofuel in modern boiler systems, particularly under conditions of transitioning from fossil to renewable energy sources. The thermal degradation pattern of woody biomass of different ages and particle-size distributions was explored in detail using differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results demonstrate empirical dependences of relative mass loss of samples at heating, which made it possible to identify the characteristic stages of thermal decomposition and the intensity of mass transfer. The clearly observed influence of biomass age and particle-size distribution enabled identification of the key kinetic features that directly affect the combustion rate and completeness of fuel conversion. These differences provide a more accurate prediction of fuel behavior in actual power units and lay the basis for forming the primary database of combustion kinetic constants. The results are attributed to differences in the structural organization of the wood, the biomass age, as well as the content of volatile components in samples of different age groups. The practical application of the established dependences is relevant for the design and optimization of boilers operating on comminuted woody biomass. The defined parameters make it possible to optimize fuel particle-size composition, ensure a rational residence time of biomass particles in the combustion zone, and improve the energy efficiency of boiler units when replacing traditional fuels with renewable raw materials.

ABSTRACT The phase relationships along the Sm2Co17-Y2Co17 section of the ternary Sm-Y-Co system have been studied by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that (Sm1-xYx)2Co17 (x = 0.0-1.0) alloys form continuous solid solutions with rhombohedral structure (space group R-3 m). The lattice parameters a, c and cell volumes V of (Sm1-xYx)2Co17 solid solutions decrease linearly with the increase of Y. And the congruent melting temperature of (Sm1-xYx)2Co17 alloys increases gradually when Y content increases, while the Curie temperature decreases linearly. The allotropic transformation reaction β-(Sm, Y)2Co17⇌α-(Sm, Y)2Co17 has been confirmed, although its transition temperature was unclear. Combined with the test data, the tentative vertical section phase diagram of Sm2Co17-Y2Co17 in the ternary Sm-Y-Co system has been constructed.

Abstract P -type Ca 2.5 Ag 0.3 Er 0.2 Co 4 O 9 ceramic materials were synthesized using the sol–gel method and characterized for their thermoelectric properties. The phase formation and structural integrity were confirmed using thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructural analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-densified grain morphology, while x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights into the oxidation states of constituent elements. The thermoelectric performance was evaluated by measuring the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and power factor over a range of temperatures. The optimized Ca 2.5 Ag 0.3 Er 0.2 Co 4 O 9 composition exhibited enhanced thermoelectric properties due to improved carrier transport and phonon scattering effects induced by Er and Ag doping. These results suggest the potential of Ca 2.5 Ag 0.3 Er 0.2 Co 4 O 9 as a promising candidate for high-temperature thermoelectric generators in waste heat recovery applications, particularly in aerospace environments.

This study investigates the synthesis of the MAX phase Ti 3 SiC 2 using pressureless sintering of Ti-Si-C powder mixtures. The influence of sintering temperature on phase formation and microstructure was systematically analysed through differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. DTA shows the complex phase transformations in the range 1300–1400 °C. XRD analysis showed that the MAX phase content increased with temperature, reaching 94 wt.% at 1395 °C, with minimal content of secondary phases. SEM confirmed that a clearly defined layered microstructure characteristic of the MAX phase is formed. NMR spectroscopy provided insights into the local atomic environment of titanium, revealing two distinct titanium sites with quadrupole coupling constants of 9.3 MHz and 1.7 MHz for ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ titanium atoms, respectively. These findings demonstrate that sintering temperature critically affects the phase yield but not the intrinsic structural characteristics of Ti 3 SiC 2 .

Abstract Vitrification is a powerful methodology for stabilizing different types of waste, including urban wastes, and contaminated soils. This process is particularly effective because glass can immobilize hazardous pollutants. This study assess the feasibility of ex-situ vitrification as remediation strategy for an Hyperurbic Technosol (Loamic, Calcaric, Eutric) in an urban industrial neighbourhood in Barcelona (Spain). Five different batch compositions were prepared using these Hyperurbic Technosol, incorporating different alkali additions to enhance the fluidity of the glasses, and Sb to promote glass discoloration. The final glass compositions fall within the glass-forming region of the SiO 2 -CaO-Al 2 O 3 system. Vitrification was carried out at 1350–1450 ºC, with a holding time of 2 h. X -ray fluorescence (XRF), X -ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometry, and hot stage microscopy (HSM) colorimetric spectroscopy were used to characterize the subsoil and the obtained glass. Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry (DTA-TG) were used to determine nucleation and crystallization temperatures to produce a glass–ceramic. The efficiency of the method for sequestering hazardous metals was tested by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The transition and dilatometric temperatures ( T g and T d ) of glasses were determined by dilatometry, being 544–576 ºC and 619–636 ºC, respectively. Based on the viscosity temperatures (106 and 103 Pa·s), the workability range of the produced glasses is considered short (Δ T < 400 °C). Viscosity fixed points were measured by HSM. Glass leaching tests show effective retention of As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn. Overall results suggest that vitrification is a viable and promising approach for the remediation and valorization of contaminated subsoils.

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of particle type, surface treatment and particle size of different inorganic fillers on the suppression of AC and DC dry band arcing erosion in silicone rubber. The silicone rubber composites analyzed in this study were loaded with 50 weight% with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide and ground silica fillers, respectively. Results of inclined plane tests show deeper erosion under + DC than -DC and AC. However, a great reduction in erosion depth was achieved for alumina trihydrate-filled composites compared to those filled with silica and magnesium hydroxide. For alumina trihydrate-filled silicone rubber, erosion performance increases with decreasing particle size; whereas, for silica-filled silicone rubber, higher erosion resistance was obtained with a larger filler size. The correlation between simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses and the outcomes of inclined plane tests revealed that a smaller filler could form a larger surface area with strong bonds at the interface between the filler particles and polymer matrix. This could increase heat dissipation due to dry band arcing, thus limiting erosion of silicone rubber. However, larger particles promote an increase in the level of residues formed during the decomposition of silicone rubber. These stable residual layers could act as strong thermal shields against dry band arcing, thus limiting future erosion of the composite. This study demonstrates the significant impact of filler type and size on the suppression of AC and DC dry band arcing erosion in silicone rubber.

Assessing impact of titanium dioxide nanotube incorporation on the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of 3D printed complete denture baseresin.

Bimetallic iron ferrite (BIF) contest functions are key for those seeking sustainable and green application. Bimetallic ferrites based on zinc and aluminum oxides prepared via a coprecipitation route are embedded in organic phase change material (PCM) via ultrasonic dispersion. The produced particles as well as the composite PCM are morphologically and chemically characterized through X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Also, the thermal energy storage (TES) properties of the produced composite are evaluated via thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Different mass fractions of bimetallic iron ferrites (BIFs) are included into hydrocarbon wax (HC-Wax) to produce various PCM systems and compared to the pristine HC PCM system. A double pipe as a vertical heat exchanger is supported to a flat plate solar collector that serves the role of a thermal energy storage system based on solar energy capture and using a heat transfer fluid (water). The chemical/thermal tests reveal the cycling chemical/thermal reliability and thermal stability of the prepared materials through indoor and outdoor tests. Solar radiation measurements are conducted to evaluate the potential for solar energy storage at the study site. The maximum solar intensity reaches approximately 1179 W·m-2 at solar noon during the summer period. Experimental results demonstrate that the heat transfer performance of the PCM system improved notably when 0.3 wt % BIF nanoparticles were incorporated into the hydrocarbon wax. At this optimal concentration, the heat gain increased from 6 kJ·min-1 (pristine PCM) to 140 kJ·min-1, corresponding to an approximately 84% enhancement in the system efficiency. These improvements indicate the potential of BIF-modified PCMs to promote energy saving in sustainable building applications.

Response surface methodology combined Box-Behnken design to optimize the extraction methodology to isolate and characterize microcrystalline cellulose from sawdust

Lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) glass-ceramics materials are promising or under investigation in the field of dental restorations, but are not currently the most widely used due to their aesthetic performance. However, their materials often exhibit lower hardness under intensive contact conditions compared to alternative prosthetic crown systems. This study aims to determine an optimal temperature–time schedule for the nucleation and crystallization processes of Li–Al–Si glass, as well as clarify the correlation between translucency and surface hardness .The heat treatment protocol was designed based on differential thermal analysis (DTA) results and established thermal protocols. Nucleation was performed at a fixed temperature of 520°C for durations ranging from 0 to 60 minutes. Crystallization stages were conducted at 750°C and 900°C to evaluate the impact of crystal density (nucleation) and crystal growth (crystallization) on the materials properties. Vickers hardness (HV) was measured, with the highest value (~7.66 GPa) observed in samples treated at 750°C. The results indicate that optimal translucency (HTP) is achieved through a fine, homogeneously distributed crystalline phase, whereas uncontrolled crystal growth at higher temperatures leads to a decrease in the translucency parameter (TP), increasing opacity.

We present a fresh perspective on the mixed halogen-ion effect (MHE) in lead silicate glasses containing a mixture of halogen ions with a correlative study of optical spectroscopy and halogen ion transport. PbO was partially substituted by either PbCl2 or PbF2 in the ternary glass system: (65 − x) − x(PbF2 or PbCl2)-35SiO2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 mol%) and by a mixture of PbF2 and PbCl2 in the quaternary glass series: 45PbO − xPbF2 − (20 − x)PbCl2–35SiO2 (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 mol%). A suite of improved characterization techniques, including 4-probe van der Pauw resistivity measurements, optical absorption spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, etc., was employed to correlate composition with physical properties. Replacing PbO with small quantities of PbF2 or PbCl2 in binary 65PbO-35SiO2 glass resulted in a dramatic increase in conductivity by 3–4 orders of magnitude, confirming a shift from Pb2+-mediated to halide ion-mediated conduction and, within the mixed-halogen series, a profound MHE was observed. Contrary to previously reported data, the activation energy for conduction and the resistivity both exhibited maxima at the mixed halogen-ion ratio, MHR = (F/(F + Cl), of 0.5. The glass transition temperature (Tg) exhibited a non-monotonic trend, peaking at 506 °C for the MHR = 0.5 composition. Optical absorption measurements have revealed that the MHR = 0.5 glass has the broadest absorption edge and also exhibits certain features in the near IR region of the Urbach tail, which are suggestive of maximum electronic disorder.

Based on the results of complex methods of physicochemical analysis: differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microstructural analysis (MSA), as well as microhardness and density, the chemical interaction in the GaSe-SrSe system was studied and its Tx phase diagram was constructed. It has been established that the phase diagram of the system is of a quasi-binary eutectic type and is characterized by the formation of the SrGaSe2 compound. The SrGaSe2 compound is formed at a temperature of 1010°C as a result of the peritectic reaction M+SrSe↔ SrGaSe2. Co-crystallization of SrSe and SrGaSe2 compounds crystallizes at the double eutectic point, composition 15 mol % SrSe, temperature 920°C. In the GaSe-SrSe system at room temperature, 4.5 mol % SrSe based on GaSe, while the solubility based on SrSe compound is 2.5 mol % GaSe. X-ray diffraction analysis of samples containing 4.5; 25, 50 and 80 mol. % SrSe and compared with the diffraction maxima of the main components. As a result, it was found that the diffraction lines in the diffraction pattern of the 4.5 mol % SrSe are similar to the diffraction lines of the GaSe compound; they differ slightly only in the interplanar distances. Based on the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, it was established that the SrGaSe2 compound crystallizes in a tetragonal syngony with lattice parameters: a = 6.85; c=10.01 Å. The dependence of electrical conductivity and thermionic conductivity of solid solutions of (GaSe)1-х(SrSe)х (x=0.02; 0.04) alloys on composition and temperature was studied

A simple prototype for assessing plant cold hardiness with differential thermal analysis

Abstract: Calcium is an essential mineral for the body, participating in the process of hemostasis, nerve conduction and muscle activity. Meanwhile, chicken eggshells contain a large amount of calcium carbonate, which is often discarded and poses a risk of environmental pollution. The research was conducted to develop the formula and process of preparing calcium tablets from nano calcium carbonate synthesized from chicken eggshells, and at the same time evaluate the properties of the raw materials in the finished tablets. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method, examining the effects of various fillers (lactose monohydrate, corn starch, avicel pH 101), disintegrants (crospovidone, sodium croscarmellose, sodium starch glycolate), and lubricants (magnesium stearate, talc) on 10 experimental formulations. The optimal formulation for 150 mg tablets, including 75 mg nano calcium carbonate (50%) corresponding to about 30 mg elemental calcium along with 42% corn starch, 4% crospovidone, 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone and 1% magnesium stearate. The test results showed that the tablets met the requirements of the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia V in terms of mass uniformity, disintegration, solubility and abrasion resistance. The properties of nano calcium carbonate in finished tablets were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. The results showed that nano calcium carbonate retained its morphological properties and crystal structure, had no adverse interactions with excipients and was not affected by the preparation process. The study contributes to the utilization of eggshell waste, and at the same time provides a calcium supplement of natural origin and low cost. Keywords: Nano calcium carbonate, calcium tablets preparation, wet granulation method, excipients.

Effect of alkali treatment duration on the structure and properties of Elettaria cardamomum cellulosic fiber.

The temperature dependences of the solubility of 4,7-dioxo-7-phenylheptanoic acid in organic solvents, in particular methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and isobutanol, in the temperature range of 272–295 K were experimentally investigated. Based on the results obtained, the enthalpy (solH) and entropy (solS) of dissolution were determined. The enthalpy and entropy of melting of this acid were calculated using the method of differential thermal analysis. The thermodynamic parameters were reduced to the standard temperature of 298.15 K, and the enthalpies and entropies of mixing of the components at this temperature were also calculated. Based on the thermodynamic parameters of mixing, a compensation effect was revealed, and the nature of the interaction between the solvent and the solute was investigated.

ABSTRACT This research presents copper‐ and iron‐based binary and ternary systems synthesized using the mechanical alloying (MA) technique under various processing conditions, using a PM400 planetary mill. Structural and microstructural properties were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Mössbauer spectroscopy were employed to assess phase evolution. The results reveal the formation of nanostructured phases and composite structures, with significant grain refinement (approximately 10–11 nm). Systematic variations observed in lattice parameters provide quantitative evidence of enhanced solid‐state solubility. In the Cu–Fe–Co system, iron and cobalt atoms substitute copper lattice sites, enhancing iron solubility, and DTA confirms the formation of a solid solution after prolonged milling, which agrees with XRD results. In Fe–Al and Fe–Al–Sn alloys, aluminum solubility increases significantly under non‐equilibrium conditions, producing a disordered bcc solid solution that evolves into the ordered B2 FeAl phase with iron contents above approximately 40 at.%. Mössbauer spectroscopy reveals a magnetic sextet, detected after 8 h of milling. Additionally, a growing paramagnetic FeAl(Sn) fraction is observed with continued milling, confirming solubility enhancement. Furthermore, results indicate that solid‐state solubility increases with milling time due to stress‐assisted atomic diffusion, eventually reaching saturation after prolonged milling.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of molten salts containing complex anions, aimed at identifying the fundamental regularities governing the glass formation process in such systems. It has been established that glass formation is not typical for pure molten salts; however, this process becomes significantly facilitated in multicomponent salt systems. It has been established that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of salt glasses obeys an additive dependence on composition, while the ratio Tg/Tm generally exceeds 2/3, which is consistent with known theoretical models for glass-forming materials. Detailed investigations of the conductivity thiocyanate-containing melts provide further support for the proposed approach. The polytherms of electroconductivity plotted in semilogarithmic coordinates make it possible to determine the glass transition temperature with high sensitivity. The glassforming temperature values obtained from conductivity measurements show close agreement with the data acquired using differential thermal analysis, which verifies both the reliability and the accuracy of the experimental methodology adopted in this research. The study additionally reveals that molten salts containing cations and complex ions of diverse chemical composition display a significantly increased propensity toward glass formation. This finding underscores the decisive role of chemical composition, structural complexity, and interionic interactions in the organization of glassy states within salt systems. The results presented in this work make a substantial enhancement to advancing the theoretical understanding of the glass formation in ionic melts and offer new insights into the mechanisms that control the phase behavior of complex molten salts.