Dynamic Differential Equations Research Articles

Dynamic analysis of a skeet-inspired vehicle to achieve a spiral scanning detection motion

A short cylindrical vehicle (the ratio of length to diameter is less than 2) equipped with an outer/inner detector is developed, which is inspired by the Tennis racket theorem and Olympic skeet shooting sports to achieve a regular scanning spiral on the ground. The sensitivity of the asymmetric mass distribution of the skeet-inspired vehicle (SIV) to the spatial position of the inertial principal axis is evaluated. Subsequently, a dynamics model with six degrees of freedom for the SIV at a large initial angle of attack (≈60–90°) is established. The numerical results of solving the dynamic differential equations indicate that the special initial conditions—namely, high initial flying velocity and rotational speed—are prerequisites for achieving the regular scanning spiral. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates that asymmetric mass distribution, rather than asymmetric aerodynamics, serves as the key factor in achieving the regular scanning spiral in the present skeet-inspired vehicle. Our new strategy, using the principal axes as the initial rotation axis, offers better scanning performance (such as a larger detection area, faster scan frequency, and more stable scanning motion) compared to the other platforms (e.g., rotating decelerators with wings or parachutes) that rely on asymmetrical aerodynamics. The analyses can provide guidance for the structural design of various types of spiral scanning vehicles.

Theoretical characterization of the dynamics of a new planetary gearbox

Based on the newly designed planetary gear gearbox with reciprocating linear motion of its output shaft, research on its dynamic characteristics was conducted. The “kinematic mechanism method” was used to calculate the system’s transmission ratio, revealing its characteristic of having a relatively large transmission ratio. Combined with the calculation of transmission efficiency, the characteristic of high transmission efficiency was verified. The “velocity vector method” was used to calculate the relationship between the angular velocities of various components of the gearbox. By conducting a stress analysis on the planetary gear transmission system, the forces and torques acting on each component, as well as the meshing forces of the gears were calculated. The “central parameter method” was adopted to simulate the meshing contact between the gears in the planetary gear transmission system as undamped springs. Considering the two translational vibrations along the radial direction and the rotational twisting along the circumferential direction of each component, a translational-torsional coupled dynamic theoretical model of the system was constructed. Dynamic differential equations of the planetary gear transmission system were derived and solved to obtain the support forces and torques of each component at the bearing support positions, enhancing the research on the dynamic characteristics of the planetary gear transmission system.

Redundant non-serial compound manipulator kinematics and dynamics

Redundant non-serial compound manipulators with closed kinematic and actuator loops that enhance precision control and load carrying capacity are treated. Generalized coordinates and associated holonomic constraints that account for kinematic and actuator closed loops and singularity free representation of orientation of spatial manipulator bodies augment input and output coordinates in the kinematic formulation. Disjoint assembly components and path connected singularity free assembly components of manipulator configuration space are defined, in which manipulator kinematics and dynamics can be reliably carried out. A set-valued inverse kinematic configuration mapping is derived, with which compound redundant manipulators are shown to be locally cyclic. A new system of manipulator operational coordinates comprised of output and self-motion coordinates are defined and shown to be equivalent to input coordinates in representation of manipulator kinematics and dynamics. Well-posed ordinary differential equations of manipulator dynamics in both input and operational coordinates are presented that require no ad-hoc derivation. Five model manipulators illustrate applications involved and theoretical methods presented.

Generative quasi-zero stiffness paradigm for vibration isolation by constraining the constant force with hardening boundaries

Quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) isolators are widely used to mitigate the low-frequency vibration. This paper proposes a new QZS paradigm for vibration isolation utilizing constant force with hardening boundaries (CFHB). Different from the conventional parallel connection of positive and negative stiffness elements, the CFHB directly exhibits the QZS characteristic which is generated when the uniform magnetic field is converted to a non-uniform one. Therefore, it avoids complex assembly and material deformation, and eschews the reliability issues related to stiffness combination. Concretely, the radially magnetized shaft has a uniform area in the middle part which can be distorted by a coaxial sleeve made of high permeability material. A constant magnetic force is generated in this process. Two hardening boundaries formed by two pair of repulsive magnets are applied to constrain the QZS stroke and maintains the working position. The shaft's magnetic field is studied to clarify the filed distribution, and the distortion by the sleeve is simulated by finite element analysis (FEA). The force-displacement relationship of the case study is proven to be continuous and fitted by a polynomial form. The influence of dimension parameters on the performance of vibration isolator is systematically investigated to guide the design. Dynamic differential equation considering Coulomb damping and viscous damping is established and solved applying the Runge-Kutta Method (RKM) to obtain the vibration response. A prototype is fabricated to experimentally validate its performance, demonstrating the QZS properties in quasi-static calibration and the vibration isolation effect under the frequency sweep and periodic excitations. The generative QZS offers a new paradigm with a simple structure, suggesting its substantial potential for practical deployment.

Evolution and stability of bubbles in cement-based materials under low air pressure: A Theoretical and experimental Study

In recent years, more and more infrastructures are being built in high-altitude regions where the atmospheric pressure is lowered. However, low atmospheric pressure affects bubble stability, which deteriorates the frost resistance of concrete and the sustainability of civil infrastructures in high-altitude regions. Currently, the evolution of bubbles in cement-based materials under low air pressure is unclear. Therefore, we developed the bubble dynamic differential equation which considering the viscosity of cement paste to describe bubble evolution and stability in cement-based materials; investigated the effect of nano-bubble water (NBW) on bubble stability in cement-based materials; and revealed the stabilization mechanism of bubbles reinforced by NBW. An experimental apparatus that integrates pressure regulating, bubbling, observation, and data recording is designed. The high-precision microscope and air-void analyzer are employed to study the dynamic evolution of bubble distribution over time and the hardened air-void parameters. The bubble dynamic differential equation indicates that the decrease of initial bubble size can improve bubble stability. The experimental results show that the average bubble diameter at low air pressure (0.5P) is larger than that at standard air pressure (P), and bubbles evolve more rapidly at 0.5P; when NBW is used, the average bubble diameter at P and 0.5P is reduced by 24.5% and 48.8%, respectively, and bubbles evolve more slowly. The stabilization principle of bubbles reinforced by NBW is discussed. It is proved that low atmospheric pressure affects the generation and evolution of bubbles, while NBW can reduce initial bubble size and improve bubble stability in cement-based materials. This research not only establishes bubble dynamic differential equation in cementitious materials, but also proposes an effective approach to improve bubble stability of cement-based materials at low atmospheric pressure, which promotes the sustainable development of infrastructures in high-altitude regions.

Advanced Thick FGM Plates-Cylindrical Shells in Linear Unsteady Supersonic Flow

Introduction:: Thick functionally graded (FG) plates-cylindrical shells with third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) of displacement models under thermal vibration in linear unsteady supersonic flow are investigated by using the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method. Method:: The nonlinear coefficient term of TSDT models and the advanced nonlinear shear correction coefficient expression are used to study the thermal vibration of thick FG plates and cylindrical shells in linear unsteady supersonic flow. At the intersection of FG plates-cylindrical shells, the displacements, stress resultants, and moment resultants could be reasonably assumed in the continuity condition for the differential volume in linear unsteady supersonic flow, respectively. Result:: The dynamic equilibrium differential equations of thick FG plates and cylindrical shells in linear unsteady supersonic flow, respectively in terms of partial derivatives of displacements and shear rotations subjected to partial derivatives of thermal loads, mechanical loads consist of the linear supersonic aerodynamic pressure and inertia terms can be presented. Two parametric effects including environment temperature and functionally graded material (FGM) power law index on the thermal stress and center displacement of thick FG plates-cylindrical shells in linear unsteady supersonic flow are investigated. Conclusion:: The linear unsteady supersonic flow over the outer surface of thick FG platescylindrical shells provides the additional aerodynamic effect on the values of displacements and stresses.

Thermal Vibration of Thick FGM Conical Shells by Using Third-Order Shear Deformation Theory.

A time-dependent third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) approach on the displacements of thick functionally graded material (FGM) conical shells under dynamic thermal vibration is studied. Dynamic equations of motion with TSDT for thick FGM conical shells are applied directly with the partial derivative of variable R*θ in the curve coordinates (x, θ, z) instead of y in the Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) for thick FGM plates, where R* is the middle-surface radius at any point on conical shells. The generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) numerical method is used to solve the dynamic differential equations in equilibrium matrix forms under thermal loads. It is the novelty of the current study to identify the parametric effects of shear correction coefficient, environment temperature, TSDT model, and FGM power law index on the displacements and stresses in the thick conical shells only subjected to sinusoidal heating loads. The physical parts with values on the length-to-thickness ratio equals 5, and 10 FGMs can be used in an area of an airplane engine that usually operates near more than 1000 K of temperatures when the thermal stress is considered and affected. The important findings of the presented study are listed as follows. The values of normal stress are in decreasing tendencies with time in cases when the coefficient c1 equals 0.925925/mm2 in TSDT and length-to-thickness ratio equals 5. The shear stress values in x plane z direction on the minor middle-surface radius (r) equals the major middle-surface radius (R) over 8 and length-to-thickness ratio equals to 5 can withstand T = 1000 K of pressure.

Topology and Dynamics of Transcriptome (Dys)Regulation.

RNA transcripts play a crucial role as witnesses of gene expression health. Identifying disruptive short sequences in RNA transcription and regulation is essential for potentially treating diseases. Let us delve into the mathematical intricacies of these sequences. We have previously devised a mathematical approach for defining a "healthy" sequence. This sequence is characterized by having at most four distinct nucleotides (denoted as nt≤4). It serves as the generator of a group denoted as fp. The desired properties of this sequence are as follows: fp should be close to a free group of rank nt-1, it must be aperiodic, and fp should not have isolated singularities within its SL2(C) character variety (specifically within the corresponding Groebner basis). Now, let us explore the concept of singularities. There are cubic surfaces associated with the character variety of a four-punctured sphere denoted as S24. When we encounter these singularities, we find ourselves dealing with some algebraic solutions of a dynamical second-order differential (and transcendental) equation known as the Painlevé VI Equation. In certain cases, S24 degenerates, in the sense that two punctures collapse, resulting in a "wild" dynamics governed by the Painlevé equations of an index lower than VI. In our paper, we provide examples of these fascinating mathematical structures within the context of miRNAs. Specifically, we find a clear relationship between decorated character varieties of Painlevé equations and the character variety calculated from the seed of oncomirs. These findings should find many applications including cancer research and the investigation of neurodegenative diseases.

Redundant Non-Serial Implicit Manipulator Kinematics and Dynamics

Abstract Redundant non-serial manipulators that include a spectrum of parallel and non-parallel heavy load bearing construction and material handling equipment are treated, using foundations of differential geometry. Kinematics of this category of manipulator are defined in manipulator configuration space by algebraic equations in input and output coordinates that cannot be explicitly solved for either as a function of the other. New sets called assembly components of manipulator configuration space are defined that partition the space into maximal, path-connected, disjoint, topological components. All configurations within an assembly component can be connected by one or more continuous paths within that component, but configurations in different assembly components cannot be connected by continuous paths. Forward and inverse kinematically singular configurations are characterized by criteria that partition each assembly component into path-connected, singularity-free assembly components in which equations of kinematics and dynamics are well behaved. It is shown that a generalized inverse velocity-based kinematic formulation that is problematic for serial manipulators is likewise plagued with problems for non-serial implicit manipulators that can be avoided using the methods presented. Singularity-free differentiable manipulator configuration space components are defined and parameterized by both input and operational coordinates, leading to well-posed ordinary differential equations of manipulator dynamics in both input and operational coordinates. Three typical applications and associated model problems are studied throughout the paper to illustrate the methods and results presented.

Large eddy simulation of a turbulent channel flow using dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid scale model and differential equation wall model

A large eddy simulation (LES) is conducted in a plane channel flow which is turbulent. For understanding the mechanism of the turbulent motion more efficiently, the present study is an attempt to conduct the LES using a Dynamic Smagorinsky Model (DSM) and a Differential Equation Wall Model (DEWM). DSM is a subgrid-scale model and DEWM is for approximating the near wall layer. The simulation is performed in a domain of 2 π δ × 2 δ × π δwhich is discretized by 32 × 20 × 32grid points where δ is the channel half width. The discretization techniques have been used in the simulation, are the 3rd order low storage R-K method in time and 2nd order finite difference formulation in space. To assess the performance of the LES with DSM and DEWM, the simulation results are compared with direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and LES data using Standard Smagorinsky Model (SSM). Comparing the results in the essential turbulence statistical field it has been found that DSM performs better than SSM in most of the cases and shows better agreement with the DNS results. Flow structures in the turbulent flow field are compared in isosurfaces and contour plots, and found that tube-like vortical structures are randomly distributed over the entire flow field, and the number of the vortical structures are more for the DSM case than that of SSM.

Learning-based spacecraft multi-constraint rapid trajectory planning for emergency collision avoidance

Aim at the emergency collision avoidance scenarios caused by the close-range space debris, a learning-based spacecraft rapid trajectory planning method, which can adapt to complex constraints and satisfy the requirements of the business service and real-time replanning, is proposed in this paper. First, the emergency collision avoidance scenarios are initialized and the optimal multi-constraint avoidance trajectories are generated based on the Gauss pseudo-spectral method with corresponding feasibility checks. Then, taking the generated collocation points as the initial guess, the new trajectories are regenerated by finetuning scenarios. When the trajectory data is collected to some extent, the scenarios will be reset. The “state-action” data set can be established and extended by the above “plan-check-finetune-reset” loops. On this basis, two types of “state-action” neural networks and the corresponding supervised training method are specially designed based on ideas of multi-layer and bidirectional long short-term memory networks by considering continuous-discrete hybrid control characteristics of spacecraft actuators and interdependent temporal logical relationships in the data generated by dynamic differential equations. The designed networks are trained based on the established data set. Finally, spacecraft attitude-orbit maneuvering instructions can be resolved in real-time by trained networks according to the perceptive information for space debris. Simulation results show that the runtime of the proposed method in each step can be maintained within 10.4 ms, and the overall avoidance success rate can reach 87.6 % in Monte Carlo test conditions.

Study on Cage Stability of Solid-Lubricated Angular Contact Ball Bearings in an Ultra-Low Temperature Environment

In the ultra-low temperature environment, the material properties of the bearing change, which puts forward higher requirements for the dynamic performance of the bearing cage. The bearings operating in ultra-low temperature environments commonly use solid lubricants. This study first focused on measuring the traction coefficients of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) solid lubricant in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the Gupta fitting model is constructed to derive the traction equation. Subsequently, the dynamic differential equation of angular contact ball bearings was established, and the stability of the bearing cage in a nitrogen environment was simulated and analyzed based on the dynamic model. The accuracy of the simulation model was verified through comparison. The results show that less than 10% of errors exist between the experimental data and the traction curve fitted by the Gupta model, and the stability of the cage is closely related to operating parameters and bearing structure parameters. Cage stability increases with axial load but decreases with radial load. The cage stability is optimal when the radial internal clearance of the bearing is approximately 0.06 mm. When other conditions remain unchanged and the ratio of the cage pocket hole gap to the cage guide surface gap is 0.2, the cage stability is the best. The research results will provide a foundation for the design and application of solid-lubricated angular contact ball bearings in ultra-low temperature environments.

A Jump-Gain Integral Recurrent Neural Network for Solving Noise-Disturbed Time-Variant Nonlinear Inequality Problems.

Nonlinear inequalities are widely used in science and engineering areas, attracting the attention of many researchers. In this article, a novel jump-gain integral recurrent (JGIR) neural network is proposed to solve noise-disturbed time-variant nonlinear inequality problems. To do so, an integral error function is first designed. Then, a neural dynamic method is adopted and the corresponding dynamic differential equation is obtained. Third, a jump gain is exploited and applied to the dynamic differential equation. Fourth, the derivatives of errors are substituted into the jump-gain dynamic differential equation, and the corresponding JGIR neural network is set up. Global convergence and robustness theorems are proposed and proved theoretically. Computer simulations verify that the proposed JGIR neural network can solve noise-disturbed time-variant nonlinear inequality problems effectively. Compared with some advanced methods, such as modified zeroing neural network (ZNN), noise-tolerant ZNN, and varying-parameter convergent-differential neural network, the proposed JGIR method has smaller computational errors, faster convergence speed, and no overshoot when disturbance exists. In addition, physical experiments on manipulator control have verified the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed JGIR neural network.

Improving Realism of Facial Interpolation and Blendshapes with Analytical Partial Differential Equation-Represented Physics

How to create realistic shapes by interpolating two known shapes for facial blendshapes has not been investigated in the existing literature. In this paper, we propose a physics-based mathematical model and its analytical solutions to obtain more realistic facial shape changes. To this end, we first introduce the internal force of elastic beam bending into the equation of motion and integrate it with the constraints of two known shapes to develop the physics-based mathematical model represented with dynamic partial differential equations (PDEs). Second, we propose a unified mathematical expression of the external force represented with linear and various nonlinear time-dependent Fourier series, introduce it into the mathematical model to create linear and various nonlinear dynamic deformations of the curves defining a human face model, and derive analytical solutions of the mathematical model. Third, we evaluate the realism of the obtained analytical solutions in interpolating two known shapes to create new shape changes by comparing the shape changes calculated with the obtained analytical solutions and geometric linear interpolation to the ground-truth shape changes and conclude that among linear and various nonlinear PDE-based analytical solutions named as linear, quadratic, and cubic PDE-based interpolation, quadratic PDE-based interpolation creates the most realistic shape changes, which are more realistic than those obtained with the geometric linear interpolation. Finally, we use the quadratic PDE-based interpolation to develop a facial blendshape method and demonstrate that the proposed approach is more efficient than numerical physics-based facial blendshapes.

Analysis of wave propagation in non-isothermal poroelastic solids saturated by two-phase fluids

SUMMARY This work presents a model to characterize the behaviour of waves propagating in non-isothermal poroelastic solids saturated by two-phase fluids. The dynamic differential equations include the poroelasticity and heat equations with the solid, fluid and thermal fields combined using coupling terms. A plane wave analysis shows that five waves can propagate, three compressional, one fast (P1) and two slow (P2, P3), a shear fast (S) and a thermal slow (T). P2, P3 and T are diffusive waves at low frequencies, while P1 and S behave as propagating waves. The T wave is coupled with the compressional waves and uncoupled with the S wave. The plane wave analysis applied to a real sandstone saturated with gas–water mixtures compares phase velocities and attenuation factors for two-phase and effective single-phase fluids, considering or neglecting the coupling terms. It is observed that P1 and P2 waves have higher velocities for coupled cases, while P3 and T waves exhibit the opposite behaviour. Furthermore the plane wave analysis is performed in the coupled case for oil–water and gas–water two-phase fluids, with compressional waves exhibiting higher velocities for gas–water than for oil–water mixtures. The propagation of waves in a 1-D thermo-poroelastic medium saturated by a gas–water mixture is presented and analysed using a finite element procedure. Considering temperature may become important in high-pressure high-temperature hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs.

Fast estimation algorithm of sound field characteristics under the disturbance of sound speed profile in the marine environment

In the context of acoustics, underwater sound propagation is intricately influenced by conditions of the marine environment. These conditions dynamically alter the sound speed profile (SSP), introducing a high level of variability and uncertainty into SSP predictions. Such uncertainties are incorporated into the acoustical model, affecting the accuracy of forecasting sound propagation characteristics, including ray trajectory and propagation loss. This study introduces and applies a stochastic ray model designed to estimate the ray trajectory and propagation loss within the oceanic environment. We specifically examine the effects of SSP changes on sound propagation. Our approach integrates ray theory with an adaptive dynamic orthogonal differential equation to model stochastic evolution fields. Initially, this research utilizes SSPs gathered from the Philippine Sea and Kuroshio Extension region. We investigates the impact of SSP perturbation on the ray trajectory and propagation loss. Following this preliminary analysis, we present a stochastic ray model tailored for rapid estimation of sound field characteristics, premised on effects of the SSP disturbance. The proposed model achieves high accuracy while substantially diminishing the computational complexity compared with the Bellhop model.

Modeling and solving for vibration and buckling of circular functionally graded dielectric plates reinforced by graphene platelets considering complex conditions

The vibration and bucking behaviors of circular functionally graded (FG) dielectric plates reinforced by graphene platelets (GPL) under external electric fields are studied at the presence of many complex factors such as dielectric effect, pre-stress, gradient slope, imperfect bonding between GPL and matrix material, interface electron tunneling and Maxwell–Wagner-Sillars (MWS) polarization. Based on the effective medium theory and linear rule of mixtures, material properties of the GPL reinforced composites (GPLRC) are calculated. Dynamic differential equations of the circular FG-GPLRC dielectric plates are numerically solved by the differential quadrature method, and natural frequencies and critical loads are obtained. Trans-scale analyses for the influences of the volume fraction, geometric size, gradient distributed pattern and gradient slope on the percolation threshold, permittivity and the vibration or buckling characteristics are provided. Furthermore, variations of the natural frequencies and critical loads with electric field parameters, the pre-stress and thickness of the interphase layer are also discussed. Results show that the natural frequencies and critical loads of the plates can be changed artificially and effectively by adjusting the external electric field, pre-stress and the parameters of GPL. The larger the diameter to thickness ratio of GPL, the bigger the equivalent permittivity and the smaller the percolation threshold. When the volume fractions of GPL are less than the threshold, the mechanical properties dominate the vibration and buckling. However, when the volume fractions are bigger than the threshold, the electrical properties have significant influences. Therefore, higher macro mechanical properties can be obtained by changing the microstructure of the materials.

Establishment of the dynamic BTAP model and load-sharing analysis of herringbone gear planetary system with cracks

To reveal the influence of component cracks on the dynamic load-sharing characteristics of the herringbone gear planetary system (HGPS), a 55-DOF bending-torsional-axial-pendular (BTAP) nonlinear dynamic model of the system was constructed, taking into account parameters of different crack degrees (depth, angle, length), as well as factors such as manufacturing error (ME) and installation error (IE), time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS), time-varying support stiffness, damping, and friction. The TVMS model of components with cracks was established using the cumulative potential energy method, and the mathematical quantification relationship between different crack parameters and TVMS was studied. Based on the theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), calculate the time-varying friction coefficient and friction force of each gear pair. Using the nonlinear elastic theory of rolling elements and raceways, the time-varying support stiffness of each component is obtained. Using the Runge-Kutta numerical integration method to solve the dynamic differential equations, and analyzed the load-sharing characteristics and sensitivity influence law of the system when the sun gear, planetary gear, and internal gear ring contain cracks respectively. Built a vibration test bench for the HGPS with cracks, and the experimental results were compared with the theoretical results. The results show that as the crack intensifies, the TVMS value decreases at the crack tooth. When the sun gear contains cracks, there will be obvious protruding excitation in the system’s load-sharing curve, and the internal meshing load-sharing characteristics are better than the external meshing load-sharing characteristics. At the same time, as the degree of cracks increases, the system load-sharing characteristics first improve and then deteriorate. At the same crack, as manufacturing and installation errors increase, the load-sharing characteristics of the internal and external meshing pairs deteriorate. When the internal gear ring contains cracks, the dynamic load-sharing coefficients of the internal and external meshing pairs of the system are 7.96 and 4.10, respectively, which have the highest impact on the dynamic load-sharing coefficient and sensitivity of the internal and external meshing pairs of the system. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical results, verifying the correctness of the model.

Relationship Between Bounded Solutions of Differential Equations and Dynamic Equations on Time Scales

Relationship Between Bounded Solutions of Differential Equations and Dynamic Equations on Time Scales

Modeling of an all-solid-state battery with a composite positive electrode

All solid-state batteries are considered as the most promising battery technology due to their safety and high energy density. This study presents an advanced mathematical model that accurately simulates the complex behavior of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries with composite positive electrodes. The partial differential equations of ionic transport and potential dynamics in the electrode and electrolyte are solved and reduced to a low-order system with Padé approximation. Moreover, the imperfect contact and the electrical double layers at the solid-solid interface are also taken into consideration. Subsequent experiments are conducted for the blocked cell and half-cells to extract parameters. Next, the parameterized model is validated with extensive experimental data from NCM811/LPSC/Li4.4Si batteries, illustrating the superior capability of predicting cell voltage with an average RMSE of 19.5 mV for the discharging/charging phases and 2.8 mV for the end of relaxation under a total of 15 conditions. From the simulations, it can be concluded that the limiting factors for battery performance are overpotentials caused by concentration polarization within positive particles and interface reactions. Finally, through a parameter sensitivity analysis, we offer strategic guidelines for optimizing battery performance, thus enhancing the development efficiency of ASSBs.