Different Types Of Solvents Research Articles

Effect of the Common Solvents on UV-Modified Photopolymer and EPDM Flexographic Printing Plates and Printed Ink Films

The aim of this research was to analyze the influence of the solvents commonly used in flexography on photopolymer and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) flexographic printing plates and prints. EPDM plates are recommended when the reproduction process includes a higher amount of the solvents or aggressive solvents. Since additional UV treatment of flexographic printing plates could decrease the interaction between the plate and solvent, photopolymer and EPDM plates were treated with varied UV radiation and exposed to different types of solvents. Effects of the UV treatment and of the solvents on printing plate properties and on prints were analyzed. Results show that EPDM plates are more resistant to solvents in terms of the degree of swelling; however, surface properties of the plates were affected for both plate materials. In addition, the degree of swelling and increased hardness due to UV radiation were crucial for changes of the width of printed lines, and altered surface free energy affected the thickness of deposited ink film for both plate materials. Therefore, depending on the qualitative requirements of specific printed film, the duration of UV treatment can be adjusted for use with specific types of printing plate and solvent.

Characterisation of poly(vinyl alcohol)- polycaprolactone hybridized scaffold for potential skin tissue regeneration

The fabrication of a hybridized scaffold constituting hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers for tissue engineering has received an increasing attention recently. Due to the high compatibility with water, a hydrophilic polymer, though is able to enhance cell affinity and proliferation, has a very high biodegradable rate and low stability in aqueous medium that eventually puncture its biomedical applications. Thereby, the addition of a hydrophobic polymer in the hydrophilic polymer scaffold is recommended to increase the hydrophobic property of the scaffold in order to reduce the limitation. Nonetheless, the fabrication of the hybridized scaffold is extremely challenging because the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic polymer tends to dissolve in different types of solvents, i.e. water and organic solvent, respectively, that subsequently restricts their blending process. In this work, a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) scaffold, a polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold, and their hybridized scaffold were produced through casting method for potential skin tissue regeneration. We found that the glacial acetic acid was an appropriate solvent used to prepare hydrophobic PCL solution with low molecular weight (16 kDa) for PCL-PVA blend, with mass ratio 1:1, without using any surfactant. The solvent was also used for the preparation of PCL scaffold with high molecular weight (80 kDa). The fabricated polymer scaffolds were then evaluated using FTIR-ATR, contact angle measurement, and tensile strength analysis. FESEM images of the PVA-PCL hybridized scaffold showed that the PCL was well dispersed in the PVA scaffold. FTIR-ATR spectra showed that the hybridized scaffold exhibited the crucial functional group of PVA and PCL at 3310.97, 1720.10, 1557.80, 1241.69, 1172.90, 1044.95, and 719.44 cm-1. The contact angle of the PVA, PCL, and PVA-PCL hybridized scaffold were 61.3o, 82.7o, and 75.9o, respectively, with tensile strength 16.5747, 2.4038, and 7.417 MPa, respectively.

The Effect of Agarwood Leaf Extracts on Blood Glucose Level of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in ICR Male Mice

In order to study the potential of Aquilaria malaccensis (agarwood) leaves extracts to combat diabetes mellitus, in vivo animal models might provide a true representation of the range of the human diabetic conditions. The model used here, the streptozotocin-induced diabetic male ICR mice. A group of ICR male mice, aged 8 weeks were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ). Mice with fasting blood glucose over 200 mg/dl were used in this experiment. Diabetic mice were divided into eight groups, 6 groups were force-fed with three doses of plant extract (50, 100 and 150) mg plant extract/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days each and the rest groups were the control groups. Two different types of solvents were used in this study i.e. distilled water and 95% methanol. Low doses of aqueous and methanolic extracts (50 mg/Kg b.w) exhibited valuable treatments for hyperglycemia via lowering glucose levels to within the normal range in diabetic mice. Glucose levels in blood were reduced on the most recent days of treatment and, sometimes, last days of treatments, at the lowest concentration (50 mg/Kg b.w), were more effective in glucose levels reductions.

Volatile Chemical Component Differences between Fully and Partially Dried Merbau (Intsia sp.) Wood Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in Malaysia

Wood is one of the most common material found in homes and industrial fires, particularly in Malaysia. The abundance of different types of wood used to build structures, frames, furniture and others are important to take note as wood is a conducive material that can be used to initiate and propagate a fire, particularly in forensic fire cases. This study was conducted to provide the volatile chemical fingerprint of burnt Merbau (Intsia sp.) wood using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). The wood samples were prepared under two conditions; fully dried and partially dried. Six study replications of each condition were burnt outdoors and underwent an extraction process using activated carbon tablets. The tablets were incubated in an oven for 16 hours at 80ºC. Next, the tablets were desorbed in two different types of solvent; pentane and ethanol. The pentane- and ethanol-desorbed volatile products were then introduced into the GC-MS. Volatile organic compounds obtained across both conditions were in the range of volatile acids, aromatics and its derivatives, D-glucopyranose, phenolic derivatives and cycloalkane. The compounds emitted by fully and partially dried Merbau wood samples were similar, differing only in the absence of malonic acid and succinic acid in partially dried Merbau wood samples. Both solvents desorbed different types of volatile compounds. The burning behaviour of partially dried Merbau wood were different to those documented from fully dried Merbau wood and is attributed to the composition of wood rather than the dry or wet conditions. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JSKM-2019-17SI-11

Effects of an Acetic Acid and Acetone Mixture on the Characteristics and Scaffold–Cell Interaction of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Membranes

Green electrospinning has attracted great interest since non-toxic solvents were shown to be applicable in the fabrication of fibrous materials while ensuring health safety and environmental protection. Less harmful reagents such as acetone (AC) and acetic acid (AA) have been employed in this field in recent years. However, research in this area is still rare, yielding only preliminary results. In this study, two different types of solvents (pure AC and an AA/AC mixture) were used to fabricate electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes. Sample morphology, wettability, tensile strength, and chemical composition were compared between two types of membranes. Cell–scaffold interaction was also examined by cell adhesion and proliferation assays. The results demonstrate that the two types of solvents had significant effects on membrane morphology, physical strength, and cell adherence behaviors, which should be considered for different application purposes.

Influence of different types of solvent on the effectiveness of nanolime treatments on highly porous mortar substrates

Historic calcareous structures suffer from weathering processes that result in the loss of some of their original properties. Nanolime products represent an attractive choice for the consolidation of these substrates containing calcite due to their high chemical compatibility with the original structure. The effectiveness of nanolime products has been widely proven for superficial consolidation treatments (e.g. plasters and wall-paintings). However, its consolidation mechanism in highly porous substrates (e.g. limestones or lime mortars) still needs to be fully understood. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of different types of solvent on the effectiveness of nanolime treatments on highly porous lime-mortars. The consolidation effectiveness is investigated by evaluating changes on superficial cohesion, porosity, drilling resistance, water absorption by capillarity, drying rate and aesthetic properties. Results showed that nanolime dispersed in a mixture of isopropanol (50%) and water (50%) yielded slightly better consolidation properties in terms of reduction in porosity, increase in strength and penetration within coarse lime-mortars than nanolime dispersed in other solvents.

Evaluation of Mango Peel Extracts on the in vitro Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Development

Aims: To evaluate the in vitro effect of mango peel extracts using different types of solvent and concentrations on the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides development.
 Study Design: Activities were aimed at evaluating the in vitro antifungal potential of mango peel extracts.
 Study Location and duration: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Post-Harvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables - State University of Montes Claros and Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry - Federal University of Lavras during October and December 2018.
 Methodology: ‘Palmer’ mango peel (Mangifera indica) was submitted to drying in oven and grinding. Subsequently, extracts were obtained in Soxhlet system, using methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane as solvents. The three extracts were tested in vitro at concentrations of 0.0; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL by adding them in culture medium against C. gloeosporioides, which was isolated from mango fruits with anthracnose symptoms. The effect of extracts and their respective concentrations on the mycelial growth rate and conidia production and germination was evaluated. The design was completely randomized in a 3 x 5 factorial arrangement with 5 replicates.
 Results: Increased extract concentrations caused reduction in the mycelial growth rate of the pathogen (R2 = 0.96). Both factors under study acted simultaneously in conidia production (P < 0.05), and the hexane extract presented better results for this analyzed variable. There was total germination inhibition (P < 0.05) when 1 mg/mL ethyl acetate extract and 2 mg/mL methanol and hexane extracts were used.
 Conclusion: Methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate mango peel extracts had inhibitory effect on the in vitro C. gloeosporioides development.

Predictive power in oil resistance of fluororubber and fluorosilicone rubbers based on three-dimensional solubility parameter theory

Equilibrium swelling test was employed to determine the swelling responses of Fluororubber (FKM) and Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ) in different types of solvents, and the one-dimensional solubility parameters of FKM and FVMQ were obtained with a range of 17–25 MPa1/2 and 16–20 MPa1/2 respectively. It was attempted to calculate the three-dimensional solubility parameters (HSP) of FKM and FVMQ by using a professional computer software, and a new type of bio-fuel, represented by biodiesel, was further selected as an object in this work to investigate its swellability. Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χHSP) between FKM, FVMQ and each solvents used in this work was calculated by HSP values, and the results turned out that the swelling ratio (q) decreased with increasing χHSP value. By mathematical fitting, two functional relationships between q and χHSP for FKM and FVMQ were achieved to predict the swelling properties of rubber in fluids. The increasing use of biodiesel with their effect on rubber materials has become an important topic of industrial research. The second components, including ethanol and ethylene glycol, were added into biodiesel with the purpose of cost reduction, which however might cause a critical increase of rubber swelling. One of the possible applications of χHSP values is the prediction or explanation of swelling behavior. Therein, χHSP values between FKM, FVMQ and biodiesel/additive blends were calculated and found that χHSP firstly decreased and then increased with increase of the additive (ethanol and ethylene glycol) content. Taking advantage of this tendency one can predict the swelling properties of rubber products in the biodiesel blends and provide an important reference for such applications in liquid medium.

Development of Ultrafiltration Membrane from Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Bottle Waste

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle is used as beverage packaging, which is very convenient as one time use packaging. However, the huge amount of PET bottle waste has been becoming a serious problem for the environment. The utilization of PET bottle waste is very important to reduce the environmental problem. In this work, PET bottle waste was used a raw material to develop an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The membrane was prepared by using a phase inversion technique. The effect of the type of solvent, additive, and non-solvent on the microstructure and ultrafiltration performance of the membrane was studied. Different type of solvent, phenol, m-cresol, and DMSO were used to dissolve PET bottle as the source of membrane polymer. Two different additives, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) were used. Membrane 3 with the composition of PET, phenol as solvent, and PEG as additive was prepared successfully. The variation of aqueous alcohol solutions as non-solvent resulted in different microstructures of the membranes as shown by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The permeation experiment result using pure water as the feed showed that membrane 3 using aqueous butanol as non-solvent (membrane 3-ButOH) exhibited the highest permeate flux compared to that of membrane 3 using aqueous propanol (membrane 3-PrOH) or ethanol as non-solvent (membrane 3-EtOH). The ultrafiltration experiment was carried out using a feed solution of water containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20,000. The membrane 3-EtOH showed the lowest permeate flux of 3.24 kg/m h, but the highest rejection of PEG 20,000 of 65.87%. The membrane 3-PrOH had a permeate flux of 11.57 kg/m h and a rejection of 64.73%. Whereas the membrane 3-ButOH showed the highest permeate flux of 27.78 kg/m h, but the lowest rejection 16.93%. This result was obtained due to the different membrane microstructures which were strongly affected by the type of non-solvent.

Metabolomics Applicable to Retinal Vascular Diseases.

Metabolomics refers to the systematic identification and quantification of the small molecule metabolites (the metabolome) of a biological system in a given space (cell, tissue, organ, biological fluid, or organism) and time. Global metabolic profiling provides broad range of coverage for most of the analytes present in any tissue. Human retina is metabolically highly active, and retinal vascular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), central retinal artery occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are often associated with the disruptions in metabolic activities. A systematic study of total retinal metabolites from human diseased retina is a major challenge owing to the nonavailability of tissue specimens. Therefore, vitreous humor being very proximal to retina could be used as surrogate for retinal metabolomic analysis. As the extraction method adopted for such analysis determines the type of metabolites, two different types of solvent (methanol and chloroform)-based extraction methods could be used for retinal vascular patient samples (vitreous humor). Metabolites obtained from both the extraction methods are then subjected to LC-MS/MS for detection and identification.

Crude Oil Yield and Properties of Rice Bran Oil from Different Varieties as Affected by Extraction Conditions Using Soxhterm Method

The current study was employed to investigate the effect of solvent type, extraction time and bran ratio on the rice bran oil (RBO) properties from three varieties of rice bran namely Bario, lowland and upland rice. RBO was extracted by using soxtherm extraction method using methanol solvent at different extraction time (3, 4 and 5 h) and bran ratio (10, 20 and 30 g). Free fatty acid (FFA), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties were assessed. Solvent that has low polarity exhibited the attraction of polar component of oil with the highest yield by ethanol (16.16%), followed by methanol (15.38%). FFA contents occurred higher in lowland types of rice bran in all types of solvents at $$P<0.05$$ with ethanol (12.73%), methanol (11.96%) and hexane (11.13%), while the total phenolic content and antioxidant properties were influenced by the types of rice bran and solvents used for extracting components out of the bran. The highest phenolic content in the crude oil was extracted using ethanol in lowland (0.509 mg/ml), and the lowest was extracted by hexane in Bario (0.061 mg/ml). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in RBO extracted using methanol of lowland (73.74%) and RBO extracted using ethanol of upland (73.65%), while the lowest were observed in RBO extracted using hexane. The different types of solvent have the significant impact on the crude oil yield and properties of crude oil extracted.

Storage stability of organophosphorus pesticide residues in peanut and soya bean extracted solutions

This study was performed to determine the storage stability of organophosphorus pesticide residues in high oil content commodity matrices, peanut and soya bean. The storage conditions included different types of solvents (ethyl acetate, acetone and hexane) and corresponding extracted matrix solutions, light and temperature. It was found that three pesticides degraded quickly especially in ethyl acetate solvent. They decreased greater than 30% when stored for 3 days at −20°C in ethyl acetate; the results showed that the stability could be improved in the extracted matrix solutions. Light had a slight effect for stability of phorate and fenthion, while it played an important effect for disulfoton with the exception of ethyl acetate as solvent. Even at −20°C, exposure to solvents or extracted matrix solution resulted in 40.67, 96.33 and 35.07% loss of phorate, disulfoton and fenthion. Hence, it could be assumed that these three residues could be more stable at lower temperature, in the dark and in acetone or hexane extracted peanut and soya bean solutions.

Facile Synthesis of SnS2 Nanostructures with Different Morphologies for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications.

SnS2 is an emerging candidate for an electrode material because of the considerable interlayer spaces in its crystal structures and the large surface area. SnS2 as a photocatalyst and in lithium ion batteries has been reported. On the other hand, there are only a few reports of their supercapacitor applications. In this study, sheetlike SnS2 (SL-SnS2), flowerlike SnS2 (FL-SnS2), and ellipsoid-like SnS2 (EL-SnS2) were fabricated via a facile solvothermal route using different types of solvents. The results suggested that the FL-SnS2 exhibited better capacitive performance than the SL-SnS2 and EL-SnS2, which means that the morphology has a significant effect on the electrochemical reaction. The FL-SnS2 displayed higher supercapacitor performance with a high capacity of approximately ∼431.82 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The remarkable electrochemical performance of the FL-SnS2 could be attributed to the large specific surface area and better average pore size. These results suggest that a suitable solvent is appropriate for the large-scale construction of SnS2 with different morphologies and also has huge potential in the practical applications of high-performance supercapacitors.

Molecularly imprinted polymer nanocarriers for recognition and sustained release of diclofenac

In this study, a series of imprinted poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) nanocarriers for diclofenac and corresponding nonimprinted polymer nanocarriers have been synthesized in 4 different types of solvents by precipitation polymerization. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller measurement. Results showed that uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanospheres with relatively good porosity could only be obtained in acetonitrile. The effects of solvents on the recognition and release properties of polymer particles were also carefully investigated. The binding experiments indicated that MIPs prepared in acetonitrile displayed much higher binding capacity than other MIPs with a maximum binding capacity of 65.18 mg g−1. The Scatchard analysis showed that synthetic MIPs have special recognition sites for diclofenac, while nonimprinted polymers have not. The Sips model could provide a best fit to the equilibrium data of nanocarriers over whole concentrations. The experimental data of an adsorption kinetic study were well fitted to the pseudo–second‐order kinetic model, indicating the chemisorption mechanism between diclofenac and MIPs in the process of adsorption. The drug release of diclofenac from MIPs could well be described by the Ritger‐Peppas model, suggesting a non‐Fickian diffusion mechanism. In addition, we successfully used MIPs to extract diclofenac at low levels from fetal bovine serum.

Tailoring both the surface pore size and sub-layer structures of PVDF membranes prepared by the TIPS process with a triple orifice spinneret

Membrane surface and sub-layer structures were tailored by extruding different types of solvents at the outer layer of the extruded polymer solution.

Effect of solvents on the morphology and performance of Polyethersulfone (PES) polymeric membranes material for CO2/CH4 separation

Membrane technology has several advantages such as the ability to separate chemical species within compact plant footprints, low thermal energy requirements and simple process flow schemes. By optimizing the available materials and analysis, this work comes with the objective to synthesize the polymeric membrane, which has the best separation performance. In this work, three (03) membranes have been synthesized and a comparative analysis were conducted based on different types of solvent namely N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). In characterizing the synthesized membrane, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were used. A comparative study was carried out to compare the effects of each solvent towards CO2 separation performance.

A Study on the Improvement of Storage Stability of Solder Paste Using Multiple size of solder Powder

Solder paste is widely used as a conductive adhesive in the electronics industry. In this paper, nano and microsized mixed lead-free solder powder (Sn-Ag-Cu) is used to manufacture solder paste. The purpose of this paper is to improve the storage stability using different types of solvents that are ...

Synthesis, characterization and molecular modeling of some transition metal complexes of Schiff base derived from 5-aminouracil and 2-benzoyl pyridine

Multidentate Schiff base (H2L) ligand results from condensation of 5-aminouracil and 2-benzoyl pyridine and its metal chloride (Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Fe(III), Cr(III), Ru(III), Zr(IV) and Hf(IV)) complexes were prepared. The structural features of the ligand and its metal complexes were confirmed by elemental analyses, spectroscopic methods (IR, UV–Vis, 1H NMR, mass), magnetic moment measurements and thermal studies. The data refer to the ligand coordinates with metal ions in a neutral form and shows different modes of chelation toward the metal atom. All complexes have octahedral skeleton structure, tetrahedrally Mn(II), Ni(II), trigonalbipyramidal Co(II) and square planner Pd(II). Thermal decomposition of complexes as well as the interaction of different types of solvent of crystallization are assigned by thermogravimetric analysis. Molecular modeling of prepared complexes were investigated to study the expected anticancer activities of the prepared complexes. All metal complexes have no interaction except the complexes of Pd(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II).

Toxicity comparison of different active fractions extracted from radix Sophorae tonkinensis in zebrafish

Radix Sophorae tonkinensis (RST) is a widely used herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the toxicity data for RST are limited. The aim of this work is to assess and compare the toxicity of the whole RST extract and its five active fractions using the zebrafish model. Five active fractions of RST were prepared using five different types of solvents, which included dealkalized water, ethanol, n-butyl ethanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether. The chemical profiles of the active fractions were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the toxicity observed in the zebrafish model was confirmed using mouse models. In the zebrafish model, cardiovascular toxicity was observed for the fraction extracted using diethyl ether, and hepatotoxicity was observed for the whole RST extract and the fractions extracted using water and ethanol, whereas both cardiovascular and hepatic toxicities were observed for the fractions extracted using n-butyl ethanol and dichloromethane. The hepatotoxicity of the fractions extracted using n-butyl ethanol and dichloromethane was also observed in mice. Our findings provide the toxicity data for RST and its five active fractions through modeling in a zebrafish, and indicate that the different fractions may each have a different toxicity, which is helpful for the optimal use of RST in clinical practice.

Recovery of Pectinase Obtained by Solid-State Cultivation of Agro-Industrial Residues

Abstract This work aimed to optimize the process parameters for exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) recovery and production from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642. Different types of solvents and extraction solutions (distilled water, NaCl, Tween 80, citrate buffer, and acetate buffer) have been evaluated for enzymes recovery using agitation (12 to 348 rpm), time (4.8 to 55.2 min), temperature (13.2 to 46.8°C), and extraction cycles (10 cycles). Our work's maximum exo-PG activity was 23 U/gwm (68 U/gdm), obtained after 192 h of bioproduction with 9 g orange peel, 4 g corn steep liquor, and 7 g wheat bran concentrations, at 30°C, and 5 × 106 spores/gwm. The maximum recovery was obtained using NaCl (0.1 mol/L) as solvent at a 5:1 (v:w) ratio, 30-55 min, 180 rpm, in one extraction cycle. Optimum pH and temperature for crude enzyme extract were 4.5 and 55°C, respectively.