Different Types Of Operations Research Articles

Escape from Parsimony of a Double-Cut-and-Join Genome Evolution Process.

We analyze models of genome evolution based on both restricted and unrestricted double-cut-and-join (DCJ) operations. Not only do our models allow different types of operations generated by DCJs (including reversals, translocations, transpositions, fissions, and fusions) to take different weights during the course of evolution, but they also let these weights fluctuate over time. We compare the number of operations along the evolutionary trajectory with the DCJ distance of the genome from its ancestor at each step, and determine at what point they diverge: the process escapes from parsimony. Adapting the method developed by Berestycki and Durrett, we approximate the number of cycles in the breakpoint graph of a random genome at time t and its ancestral genome by the number of tree components in a random graph (not necessarily an Erdös-Rényi one) constructed from the model of evolution. In both models, the process on a genome of size n is bound to its parsimonious estimate up to steps.

The problem of homogeneity of rail passenger delay compensation scheme rules in Great Britain: impacts on passenger engagement and operator revenues

A rail passenger delay compensation scheme operates in the EU and Great Britain. British travellers are eligible to claim 50% of fare for delays of more than 30 minutes and 100% for delays of over 1 hour. The scheme rules were chosen arbitrarily and are homogenous across all ticket types and journey lengths. This study quantifies the impact of combined differences in the nature of operation and passenger engagement levels on the scheme's revenue burden for British rail operators. Short, medium and long distance operators repay on average respectively 0.3%, 0.8% and 1.8% of their ticket revenues as the scheme's proportionate revenue burden increases with fares and delay lengths. Further research is needed to either explain the reasons behind the differing revenue impact on different types of operators or suggest how the scheme can be redesigned to take these differences into account.

GC/MS analiza otpadnih ulja i njihova karakterizacija

Waste oils are dangerous waste, because they can contain high concentrations of metals, hydrocarbons, PAHs, chlorinated compounds, phenols and other substances that come from additives and are created as a result of the operation of different types of engines. This type of waste can cause major problems and contamination of the environment, both soil and water, if they are not treated in the right way and they are wasted. Their identification and further characterization as hazardous waste according to the waste regulations of the Republic of Serbia - Rulebook on categories, testing and classification of waste ("Official Gazette of the RS" no. 56/2010, 93/2019, 39/2021) and Rulebook on the conditions, method and procedure of waste oil management ("Official Gazette of the RS", no. 71/2010). In this paper, GC/MS analysis of different types of waste oils (engine, hydraulic, machine, mineral non-chlorinated oil, synthetic oil) was performed. The obtained chromatograms were compared with the chromatogram of the standard (Dr. Ehrenstorfer) which contains the same ratio of diesel oil and mineral oil without additives. In this way, the analysis of the so-called "fingerprint" and characterization for different types of waste oils was performed, which is very important for comparison with analysis of oil in natural samples (water, soil) in order to determine the original source of pollution.

An Approach for the Assessment of Multi-National Companies Using a Multi-Attribute Decision Making Process Based on Interval Valued Spherical Fuzzy Maclaurin Symmetric Mean Operators

Many fuzzy concepts have been researched and described with uncertain information. Collecting data under uncertain information is a difficult task, especially when there is a difference between the opinions of experts. To deal with such situations, different types of operators have been introduced. This paper aims to develop the Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operator for the information in the shape of the interval-valued spherical fuzzy set (IVSFS). In this article, a family of aggregation operators (AOs) is proposed which consists of interval valued spherical fuzzy Maclaurin symmetric mean operator (IVSFMSM), interval valued spherical fuzzy weighted Maclaurin symmetric mean (IVSFWMSM), interval valued spherical fuzzy dual Maclaurin symmetric mean (IVSFDMSM), and interval valued spherical fuzzy dual weighted Maclaurin symmetric mean (IVSFDWMSM) operators. In this paper, we studied an elucidative example to discuss the evaluation of multi-national companies for the application of the proposed operator. Then the obtained results from the proposed operators are compared. The results obtained are graphed and tabulated for a better understanding.

Containerised Application Profiling and Classification Using Benchmarks

Along with the rise of cloud and edge computing has come a plethora of solutions that regard the deployment and operation of different types of applications in such environments. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) providers offer a number of different hardware solutions to facilitate the needs of the growing number of distributed applications. It is critical in this landscape to be able to navigate and discover the best-suited infrastructure solution for the applications, taking into account not only the cost of operation but also the quality of service (QoS) required for any given application. The proposed solution has two main research developments: (a) the creation and optimisation of multidimensional vectors that represent the hardware usage profiles of an application, and (b) the assimilation of a machine learning classification algorithm, in order to create a system that can create hardware-agnostic profiles of a vast variety of containerised applications in terms of nature and computational needs and classify them to known benchmarks. Given that benchmarks are widely used to evaluate a system’s hardware capabilities, having a system that can help select which benchmarks best correlate to a given application can help an IaaS provider make a more informed decision or recommendation on the hardware solution, not in a broad sense, but based on the needs of a specific application.

Some New Estimates for the Berezin Number of Hilbert Space Operators

In this paper, we have developed new estimates of some estimates involving the Berezin norm and Berezin number of bounded linear operators defined on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space HΩ. The uniqueness or novelty of this article consists of new estimates of Berezin numbers for different types of operators. These estimates improve the upper bounds of the Berezin numbers obtained by other similar papers. We give several upper bounds for berr(S*T), where T,S∈B(HΩ) and r≥1. We also present an estimation of ber2r∑i=1dTi where Ti∈B(HΩ), i=1,d¯ and r≥1. Some of the obtained inequalities represent improvements to earlier ones. In this work, the ideas and methodologies presented may serve as a starting point for future investigation in this field.

Hearing Evaluation Post Canal Wall-Up (CWU) Tympanoplasty on Patients with Safe Type Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

Objective: Otitis media is a contagious inflammatory illness of the middle ear that might have a sudden onset and a complete resolution, or it can have a persistent presentation and long-term implications. Surgical treatment is available for all kinds of otitis media. Different types of operations include canal wall-up, canal wall-down, and their variations. The wall-up approach of the two canals with or without posterior tympanotomies, also known as tympanoplasty surgery, preserves the rear wall of the ear canal. Material and Methods: Hearing evaluation was conducted after canal wall-up tympanoplasty surgery at the outpatient clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia over a period of two years (2018-2019). Results: Two hundred and thirty-seven patients underwent from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. However, only 74 (31.2%) of them had complete medical records after surgery. Fifty-nine ears (79.7%) experienced a better hearing threshold, six ears (8.1%) did not improve, and nine ears (12.2%) deteriorated. The hearing threshold improvement was of a magnitude of 10.9 dB; before surgery, it was 56.6 dB, and after surgery, it became 45.6 dB. Conclusion: A 10.9-dB improvement in hearing threshold mean was observed among patients undergoing canal wall-up tympanoplasty, whereas the bone gap improvement between pre- and post-tympanoplasty was 6.9 dB.

Time’s entanglements: Beauvoir and Fanon on reductive temporalities

Simone de Beauvoir and Frantz Fanon both argue that oppression fundamentally constrains the subject’s relationship to and embodied experience of time, yet their accounts of temporality are rarely brought together. This paper will explore what we might learn about the operation of different types of reductive temporality if we read Beauvoir and Fanon alongside each other, focusing primarily on the early works that arguably lay out the central concerns of their respective temporal frameworks. At first glance, it seems that these two models of temporality have radically different emphases. While Beauvoir suggests that reductive temporalities work to sever the future from the past and present, Fanon locates this destructive operation in the heightening of their entanglement. However, I will contend that there are deep affinities between these accounts: For both Beauvoir and Fanon, freedom is bound up with futurity, with its lack therefore cashed out in terms of stagnation, repetition, and the entrapment within a hollow moment that prevents authentic projection. Both resist teleological perspectives; problematize the endeavor to describe the structures of lived temporality in neutral terms; and show that temporality is crucial to the pursuit of a political phenomenology. These resonances, however, should only serve to recast rather than dissolve the tension between their approaches; ultimately, we need to acknowledge the distinctiveness of their differing concerns and aims.

“Agricultural Weeder with Nail Assembly” for Weed Control, Soil Moisture Conservation, Soil Aeration and Increasing Crop Productivity

“Agricultural weeder with nail assembly” (Design registration no. 289754 in class 15-03, dt. 13-09-2019, Patent Office Kolkata, GOI) has been developed to mechanically weed out young composite weed flora including germinating ones, since 5-7 days of crop sowing at field capacity (FC), from line sown and broadcast field (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, jute, mesta, flax, sunnhemp,) and horticultural crops (vegetables and flowers etc.). This tool contains i) a nail assembly with 5-6 nos. of nails (6-8 mm dia.) fixed with nuts at 3 cm apart in series ii) scrapper (of different types) and iii) tine, to suit different types of operations. Addition of a boat replacing its front wheels and two conical rotors in the main frame, make it suitable to control weeds in transplanted rice field also. With the help of this tool, 85 to 90 per cent of composite weeds can be controlled. In two successive operations, at 5 days intervals since 5 days after crop emergence, it requires only 12-18 man days/ha and saves Rs.15000 to Rs.20000/ha. It produced 33 to 40 quintal jute fibre/ ha, 4.5 to 5 tonnes of upland and transplanted land rice, 3.0 to 4.5 tonnes of wheat and 15 q mustard/ha under farmers’ field and at ICAR-CRIJAF in different years. It increases soil aeration (Oxygen diffusion rate, ODR: 303 μg O2 m-2 sec-1), keeps the soil cooler (1-50C) and improves soil moisture (4-15%) by soil mulching in drier months and improves jute fibre yield (10-20%) and its water productivity. Till now around 55000 numbers of “Agricultural Weeder with Nail assembly” have been distributed to the jute farmers of West Bengal by Department of Agril. Govt. of WB. Due to its low draft (8-15 kg only at FC), women, youngsters and aged persons can also operate the tool easily in different crop round the year.

Mortality and Growth in a Sessile Oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.]-Dominated Young Stand Managed through Silvicultural Operations of Different Types and Intensities

A small-scale R&D project, including a block with four plots (P1-4) of 200 m2, was established in 2001 in a 15-year-old sessile oak-dominated stand, regenerated naturally through the application of group shelterwood cutting. In each plot, “potential” final crop trees were selected, based on vigour-quality-distribution criteria, and painted. Silvicultural interventions (cleaning-respacing and thinning), of different types and intensities were performed in P1-3 (P4 was kept as control) as well as P5 (500 m2), established in 2009, in 2001, 2004, and 2009. The mortality intensity between 2001 and 2019 was the highest in P4 and the lowest in P1, with the minimum stand density. Sessile oak showed the highest mortality, followed by Hungarian oak and Turkey oak. The fastest diameter growers were the “potential” final crop trees, their quadratic mean diameter (QMD) reaching values close to 20 cm at 35 (30-40) years in the plots with the lowest stand density. In all plots, trees have reached heights corresponding to the QMD of ca. 15 m, which are typical to a sessile oak stand of high productivity (production class II). The best solution for managing sessile oak young and medium-aged stands seems to be a “dynamic”, crop tree silviculture, with the most valuable individuals selected as “potential” final crop trees at the end of thicket stage. These trees should be favoured by subsequent heavy intensity thinning from above, in order to produce timber with as uniform as possible radial increments of 2-3 mm, as requested by veneer and high-quality saw log buyers.

ELECTRIC CYLINDER AS A PROMISING TYPE OF ELECTROMECHANICAL DRIVE OF THE MAIN DOUBLE-LEAF GATES OF SHIPPING LOCKS IN RUSSIA

The electric cylinder as a promising type of electromechanical drive for controlling the main miter gates is analyzed based on domestic and foreign experience. It is shown that, for a number of reasons, several different types of electric drives are in operation in Russia, differing from each other in kinematic schemes, operating parameters, dimensions and operational costs. Variety of electric drives types reduces their serviceability, requires the search for spare elements, the performance of repair work by third-party organizations, which, in turn, reduces the productivity of the gateway process. The operated electromechanical and electrohydraulic inputs of the main double-leaf miter gates of navigable locks with a chamber width of about 18 meters are analyzed. It is shown that the results of the drives comparison make it possible to clarify the calculations of the required power and load capacity, to contribute the development of a single regulatory document regulating the process of designing and selecting the operating parameters of an electric cylinder for specific operating conditions. The data compiled on the basis of foreign and domestic experience in the operation of different types of double-leaf miter gate drives, trends in their development, the reasons for their replacement with more modern drives are obtained. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the reasons for replacing standard drives with an electric cylinder during the locks reconstruction. It is shown that the accurate calculation of the actually required performance indicators and the correct choice of the electric drive type, based on the conditions of future operation, lead to a noticeable increase in the life cycle of the shipping lock and its mechanisms.

TU4.7 Audit of pilonidal sinus surgery – our experience in a district general hospital

Abstract Aim Pilonidal disease is a common condition affecting the subcutaneous tissue of the natal cleft. There are a number of different types of operations with varied success rate. The purpose of this audit is to analyse our cohort of patients who underwent pilonidal sinus surgery and look at certain risk factors such as smoking and obesity in predicting 30-day post-operative infection rates. Method A cohort of 63 patients who underwent all pilonidal sinus surgery between 2017 to 2021 were analysed. Data was gathered using our electronic patient record (Meditech V6). Result Total of 63 patients were analysed with a mean age of 27.9. 86% Male Vs 14% Female. Mean BMI of 30.1. More than half of our cohort underwent Karydakis Procedure (52%), 27% modified Bascom technique, 13% Rhomboid flap and the other 8% of patients were not primarily closed. 37% of our cohort developed post-operative wound infection. Furthermore; more than half (52%) of these patients with wound infections were smokers and also 52% were obese with a BMI of more than 30. Interestingly 83% of these patients were either smokers or obese with a BMI>30. Conclusion Post-operative wound complications are common following pilonidal sinus surgery specially in patients who are smokers and/or have obesity. Patients who undergo flap surgery should be encouraged to stop smoking and to lose weight when necessary otherwise they may face long and complicated post-operative recovery phase leading to significant financial burden on the NHS.

THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT WHEN APPLYING A POLYMER COATING TO EXTERNAL INSULATION IN EXISTING ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

The application of hydrophobic coatings based on organosilicon polymers is one of the effective methods of ensuring the required level of reliability of electrical equipment insulation operation on the surface of which a layer with high electrical conductivity can form. An important aspect of such works is protection of life and health of workers from harmful and dangerous factors by means of personal protective equipment. It is noted that the formation of requirements for their use, as well as the rules of selection and provision is carried out according to the assessment of risks for the health of workers. Improvement of the labor protection system at Ukrainian enterprises is based on the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of 29.11.2018, which actively cooperates with the International Labor Organization. The purpose of the study is to determine the most likely risks when performing work on polymer coating at the existing power facilities, the analysis of existing personal protective equipment against these risks assessment of the convenience of their application. For this purpose the data from the Registers of risks of the enterprises where the works were performed, own observations, impressions and recommendations of the team members were used. The overwhelming majority of equipment which was covered with the coating falls on the voltage classes of 110 kV and above. The size and location of such equipment require the mandatory use of safety harnesses and safety helmets. The technological procedure of coating deposition was considered and the factors which can cause damage to the health of the employees were singled out. The principles of operation of different types of personal protective equipment against these factors and peculiarities of their application when working at the operating power facilities are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to respiratory protection equipment. Signs are marked, at appearance of which it is necessary to perform operative replacement of protective means. The conclusions from the study defined the minimum equipment of personal protective equipment which must be provided to the employees of the teams for applying hydrophobic polymer coating.

Neglected Monteggia Fractures in Children—A Retrospective Study

(1) Background: A Monteggia fracture is an infrequent injury in children. It can be missed during an initial consultation in 20–50% of patients. Chronic radial head dislocation may lead to several complications. Thus, surgical reconstruction of chronic Monteggia injuries is justified. The aim of this study is to analyze the single tertiary center experience in the treatment of neglected Monteggia fractures. (2) Methods: A retrospective study of patients treated for missed Monteggia fractures was conducted. Hospital records, operative charts, follow-up records and a set of X-rays were analyzed for each patient. Radiographic results were graded as good, moderate or poor. The functional status of elbows was estimated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index. (3) Results: A total of 13 patients (8 boys and 5 girls) aged 4–12 years (mean 7.15) were treated during the study period. An angulation osteotomy of the ulna was performed in ten patients and a radial shortening osteotomy in three patients. A Bell–Tawse annular ligament reconstruction was performed in five patients, and a direct repair was performed in two patients. Eight patients had radiocapitellar trans-fixation. There were nine good radiographic results, three moderate and one poor. The functional result was excellent in nine patients, good in three and poor in one. (4) Conclusions: Our work has many limitations (only 13 patients and different types of operations), and conclusions should be drawn very carefully from such a small and diverse group. The surgical reconstruction of neglected Monteggia fractures in children should be attempted in all patients. Angulation and elongation osteotomies of the ulna are suitable for most patients. If there is a marked overgrowth of the radius, gradual ulnar lengthening and radial head reduction using the Ilizarov method may be a better option. Annular ligament reconstruction is not mandatory.

RIIAnet: A Real-Time Segmentation Network Integrated with Multi-Type Features of Different Depths for Pavement Cracks

Considerable road mileage puts tremendous pressure on pavement crack detection and maintenance. In practice, using a small parameter model for fast and accurate image-based crack segmentation is a challenge. However, current mainstream convolutional neural networks allocate computing resources to the same type of operators, which ignores the impact of different levels of feature extractors on the model performance. In this research, an end-to-end real-time pavement crack segmentation network (RIIAnet) is designed to improve performance by deploying different types of operators in separate layers of the network structure. Based on the extraction characteristics of cracks by convolution, involution, and asymmetric convolution, in the shallow layers the crack segmentation task is matched to extract rich low-level features by the designed asymmetric convolution enhancement module (ACE). Meanwhile, in the deep layers, the designed residual expanded involution module (REI) is used to enhance the high-level semantic features. Furthermore, the existing involution operator that fails to converge during training is improved. The ablation experiment demonstrates that the optimal ratio of the convolution and REI is 1/3 to obtain the optimal resource allocation and ACE improves the performance of the model. Especially compared with seven classical deep learning models of different structures, the results show that the proposed model reaches the highest MIOU, MPA, Recall, and F1 score of 0.7705, 0.9868, 0.8047, and 0.8485, respectively. More importantly, the parameter size of the proposed model is dramatically reduced, which is 0.04 times that of U-Net. In practice, the proposed model can be implemented in images with a high resolution of 2048 × 1024 in real time.

Semantic Analysis of Modality in Siin Seereer

The present work is devoted to the semantic analysis of modality in Siin Seereer. The latter is an African language belonging to the West Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family. It is a language through which the enunciator can express his/her ideas and point of views through the expression of modality. Thus, there are lots of operators used in Siin Seereer language to deal with modality (deontic, epistemic, dynamic, etc.). So, the article aims to highlight the different types of operators used to deal with modality, their grammatical categories, their formations and structures. In addition, the article will help understanding the functioning of Siin Seereer language in general and of the different types of modality, their relationships, their interdependency (if there is any) in particular. However, to find some results, field surveys, interviews and a lot of research will be done.

Formulation, Solution’s Existence, and Stability Analysis for Multi-Term System of Fractional-Order Differential Equations

In the recent past, multi-term fractional equations have been studied using symmetry methods. In some cases, many practical test problems with some symmetries are provided to demonstrate the authenticity and utility of the used techniques. Fractional-order differential equations can be formulated by using two types of differential operators: single-term and multi-term differential operators. Boundary value problems with single- as well as multi-term differential operators have been extensively studied, but several multi-term fractional differential equations still need to be formulated, and examination should be done with symmetry or any other feasible techniques. Therefore, the purpose of the present research work is the formulation and study of a new couple system of multi-term fractional differential equations with delay, as well as supplementation with nonlocal boundary conditions. After model formulation, the existence of a solution and the uniqueness conditions will be developed, utilizing fixed point theory and functional analysis. Moreover, results related to Ulam’s and other types of functional stability will be explored, and an example is carried out to illustrate the findings of the work.

ANALISIS GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PADA BANK SYARIAH

The principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is important in Islamic banking. Agency problems in Islamic financial institutions are unique from other financial institutions. The different types of operations and contracts in Islamic banks resulted in widening the separation and control issue that is located under the theory of Agency. Managers at bank syariah not only maximize the shareholder made but also have an obligation to work under Islamic rules and regulations. The other issue is about ownership of shares and double post of Commissioner on the company itself or at other companies. It violates the principles of GCG that is the independence of the Board of Commissioners. The Board of Commissioners in some Islamic banks in Indonesia allegedly still has a stake and a duplicate position. Therefore, based on those explanations, it is quite important to conduct this study on the implementation of GCG in Islamic banking in Indonesia. This samples of this study are all Syariah Bank in Indonesia which have been listed in the Indonesia stock exchange, numbered 10 Islamic banks. This study aims to analyze the corporate governance in Islamic banking in Indonesia especially on the independence of the Board of Commissioners. The benefit of this research is to investigate the practices of corporate governance especially the independence of the Board of ommissioners in terms of share ownership and concurrent positions on Islamic banks in Indonesia. Moreover, based on the data analysis, it was found that the Board of Commissioners on ten syariah banks in Indonesia has a stake in the company or other companies and/or have a concurrent positions at another company, the Board of Commissioners on one Islamic bank has no shares in the company or other companies and/ or have a concurrent positions on other companies, and one Islamic bank has a stake in the company or other companies and po ssess a concurrent positions on other companies. In conclusion, this proves that the majority of the Board of Commissioners on Syariah Bank in Indonesia as not been independent.

Does the Inclusion of Spatio-Temporal Features Improve Bus Travel Time Predictions? A Deep Learning-Based Modelling Approach

With the abundance of public transportation in highly urbanized areas, it is common for passengers to make inefficient or flawed transport decisions due to a lack of information. The exact arrival time of a bus is an example of such information that can aid passengers in making better decisions. The purpose of this study is to provide a method for predicting path-based bus travel time, thereby assisting accurate bus arrival and departure time predictions at each bus stop. Specifically, we develop a Geo-conv Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) model that (1) extracts subsequent spatial features through a 1D Convolution Neural Network (CNN) for the entire bus travel sequence and (2) captures the temporal dependencies between subsequences through the LSTM network. Additionally, this study utilizes additional variables that affect two components of bus travel time (dwelling time and transit time) to precisely predict travel time. The constructed model is then evaluated by the practical application to two bus lines operating in Seoul, Korea. The results show that our model outperforms three other baseline models. Two bus lines with different types of operation show different model performance patterns that are dependent on travel distance. Interestingly, we find that the variable related to the link of the stop location appears to play an important role in predicting bus travel time. We believe that these novel findings will contribute to the literature on transportation and, in particular, on deep learning-based travel time prediction.

Technology Focus: Coiled Tubing (June 2022)

As I write the introduction to this year’s Coiled Tubing feature, I am reflecting on a couple of recent events in my SPE life. The first was the announcement that the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists are no longer pursuing a merger. It wasn’t the merger notification that caught my eye but the drop in SPE membership from 99,175 in 2015 to the current total of 66,020. In addition, a point was raised in the announcement about attracting and retaining young members. The second event was being fortunate enough to attend the SPE/Intervention and Coiled Tubing Association (ICoTA) Conference in The Woodlands, Texas, in person following a 2-year in-person hiatus. There was an energy about the conference, where people were glad to be spending time with one another and simply networking, sharing ideas, and catching up and not through a computer screen. The Intervention Technology Award, presented by ICoTA each year, had 22 submissions with four finalists. I will leave the reader to research the winner. This is the largest number of submissions in the history of the award. Engineers enjoy solving problems and developing solutions. These submissions reflect 22 problems, or challenges, addressed and solved by bringing new solutions to bear. So, my reflection on these two events raises the question: does one of these provide insight about the other? In this year’s feature are two case histories and an equipment-development paper, all of which are, by accident rather than design, from operations undertaken in the Gulf States. Each, in its own way, exemplifies the engineering decisions and balances that must be weighed to provide the best solution within limiting parameters and the considerable effort this may take. These are not compromises, as is often talked about. Compromise implies that something has been given up or sacrificed, but, to me at least, that is not the case when a solution is found that achieves the objective while working within limitations. The case histories are for different types of operations, but the engineering similarities are clear. Much in line with previous years, papers in the recommended additional reading list are on coiled tubing material performance. Please all continue to stay well and safe. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE/ICoTA 208996 - Coiled Tubing Premature Failure—The Effects of Pressure and Strain by Jorge Martin Bunge, Tenaris, et al. SPE/ICoTA 209019 - Wellbore Abrasion Comparison With High-Strength Coiled Tubing—A Case Study by Garry McClelland, Global Tubing, et al.