Different Types Of Influence Research Articles

State liability for ‘politically’ motivated conduct in the investment treaty regime

AbstractIn framing investment treaty claims against host states, foreign investors routinely assert that the state’s conduct was ‘politically’ motivated. Arbitral tribunals must then grapple with these allegations. Yet, tribunals lack both a coherent conception of what constitutes politically motivated conduct and a consistent understanding of the relevance, if any, of such motivations for the disposition of an investor’s legal claims. This uncertainty points to an underlying tension within the investment treaty regime between the protection of investors’ interests on the one hand, and the legitimate scope for democratic decision-making and responsive politics on the other.Using concepts drawn from political science, we develop a new framework to map the variety of conduct that tribunals characterize as ‘political’. Our framework draws attention to different types of influence over government decision-making, as well as differences between government actors responsible for the conduct. We use this framework to show that tribunals have adopted different conceptions of what constitutes illegitimate political influence over government decision-making in factually similar cases. We then evaluate tribunals’ competing approaches in light of normative theories spanning both public law and private law. Engaging with multiple normative theories allows us to examine whether tribunals’ different approaches to politically motivated conduct might reflect diverse underlying normative commitments. We argue, however, that many arbitral tribunals demonstrate a reflexive distrust of domestic political contestation that is difficult to justify within any of the theories that we consider.

Determining Key Agricultural Strategic Factors Using AHP-MICMAC

Agriculture is an irrefutable part of food policy. This paper aims to introduce an integrated method using MICMAC and AHP techniques to deal with understanding the key strategic variables of agricultural system. MICMAC was used to determine the classifications of variables and AHP was applied to weigh these classifications. MICMAC is a structural analysis tool used to structure ideas and AHP is an effective tool to deal with complex decision making and helps decision-makers making the best decision. The results show that strategic variables had different types of influence and direct, indirect, and potential dependencies did not have the same importance. AHP-MICMAC not only considers these differences, but also puts a total priority weight for each variable. These characteristics have an important role in forming strategies and scenarios for agricultural development. Therefore, the case of Iran was used to illustrate the application of MICMAC aiming to supply instructions for the development of agriculture system.

Influencer identification and selection on social networking sites: An analysis on Instagram

The birth and diffusion of social media has changed the way firms engage their customers and develop marketing strategies. This phenomenon has received a great deal of attention from academics and practitioners interested in influencer marketing. This article contributes to the subject by exploring how various influencers act on Instagram and proposing different approaches for identifying and selecting influencers. It further discusses the relationships between different types of influencers, influencers’ selection variables and firms’ brand strategy before concluding with insights for practitioners.

Female franchisees; a lost opportunity for franchising sector growth?

The purpose of this study is to investigate why female franchisees are under-represented in franchise ownership. A qualitative approach was adopted using a collective, instrumental case study of 30 female franchisees. A number of different types of influences were identified in the literature and then elucidated and assessed. It was found that push and pull factors, work–family life balance, franchising sector characteristics and external influences act as variable incentives and disincentives among female franchisees’ selection of the franchise business model with different levels of risk-taking propensity. The marketing efforts of franchises would be more effective if the way in which the identified influences that impinge on the selection of the franchise business model informed the prospecting of potential female franchisees. A further need is identified for franchises to adjust their recruitment programmes to reflect the variable effect of incentives and disincentives at different levels of capital investment. Limited research specifically examines the selection of the franchise business model by female franchisees with various levels of risk-taking propensity and identifies the nature of influences that act as incentives and/or disincentives on that selection decision.

Different Types of Role Model Influence and Fame Seeking Among Mass Killers and Copycat Offenders

Contagion and copycat behavior among mass killers is often discussed in the media when there are multiple attacks within a short span of time. Proximity in time, however, does not necessarily mean that one attack inspired another. This study examines the clearest cases of role modeling and fame seeking among mass killers in which the perpetrators personally acknowledged these types of influence and motivation in their own lives. Instead of simply categorizing potential copycat offenders in a “yes”/“no” binary fashion, it outlines many different types of influence, imitation, and inspiration and then provides evidence on perpetrators who represent examples of each type. Overall, findings suggest that most killers were not gaining insights into attack methodology from their role models, but rather were drawn to the prior perpetrators for a variety of personal reasons. Looking ahead, because of the frequency of mass killers citing previous perpetrators as role models or sources of inspiration, it is critical that media outlets give careful consideration to how they cover such incidents.

Оценка влияния препаратов аверсект форте и аверсект комби на эмбриональное развитие крыс

Objective of research: To estimate the effect of new combination drugs Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi on rats. 
 Materials and methods: The present experiment for the evaluation of eventual embyotoxic and teratogenic properties of drugs Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi was conducted on 32 female and 8 male rats based on the current methodological guidelines. Pregnant female rats were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Drugs were applied between the 7th and the 14th day of pregnancy taking into account the highest sensitivity of embryos towards different types of influence within this time period.
 Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi were injected to pregnant rats subcutaneously at a dose of 0,3 mg a.i./kg of individual body weight. Rats from the control group received a forming mixture in comparable volume. Within the whole period of pregnancy, we observed the general clinical condition of female rats.
 Results and discussion: Effects of new domestic preparations Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi on the antenatal development of the rat via subcutaneous injection of preparations to female rats at a dose of 0,3 mg a.i./kg between the 7th and the 14th day of pregnancy were estimated. The test preparations did not cause any external and internal developmental anomalies; indicators of embryo death, mass and dimensions of embryos were at the actual level of control and physiological parameters for that type of animals.

Developing Alberta’s greenhouse gas offset system within Canadian and international policy contexts

Purpose This paper aims to track the development of climate policy in the province of Alberta, Canada, particularly the province’s unique greenhouse gas emission offset mechanism. The analysis shows how the policy has influenced, and been influenced by, policy processes at the national and international levels. Design/methodology/approach The paper begins with an analytical framework that recognizes different types of influence between international, national and provincial climate policy processes. That framework is used to structure a review of four historical periods of climate policy change: prior to 1992, 1992 to 2002, 2002 to 2012 and between 2012 and mid-2015. Findings The analysis illustrates the interplay between the Alberta approach to climate policy and the international and national policy contexts. A period of intense policy conflict between Canada’s federal and provincial governments led to a situation in which the Alberta Government sought to lead rather than follow national policy. Subsequent periods have seen the Canadian national government oscillate between following the lead of Alberta or the USA. Research limitations/implications Rather than national and international policies simply setting the context for Alberta’s policy, the paper identifies multiple flows of influence between the three levels of governance. The results illustrate the need to consider forward and backward flows of influence between the different levels of government that set climate change policies. Elements of several models of policy change are supported. Practical implications The Alberta climate mitigation policy has many elements that can be effective in reducing carbon emissions in a way that is both flexible and predictable. These elements are of interest to other jurisdictions. Other elements of the current policy, however, limit its effectiveness in reducing emissions. More concerted policy action is needed to mitigate carbon emissions in Alberta for Canada to meet its agreed targets. Originality/value No other paper has tracked the historical evolution of climate policy at the provincial/state level in a way that clarifies the forward and backward linkages with national and international policy.

Migrantes en el sistema educativo argentino. Un estudio sobre la presencia de alumnos extranjeros en los estudios de nivel superior

Históricamente Argentina ha sido y es un país receptor de corrientes migratorias. Especialmente en los últimos años las instituciones que imparten educación superior en el país han visto incrementado el número de alumnos extranjeros, tanto en los estudios de grado como de posgrado. Los distintos procesos de integración regional en los que se encuentra incluida Argentina influyen de manera diversa en la evolución del número de migrantes que deciden vivir en nuestro país. Así mismo, distinto tipo de políticas públicas impulsadas por el Estado influyen no sólo en el número de migrantes sino también en sus condiciones de vida en Argentina. En este marco, este trabajo tiene por objetivos caracterizar el rol del Estado argentino en relación con las políticas educativas que impactan en la población de migrantes, en particular en el nivel superior, así como avanzar en la cuantificación del número de estudiantes extranjeros en la educación superior de Argentina y su distribución territorial, en el contexto de los procesos migratorios recientes.

Simulation of different types of ENSO impacts on South Asian Monsoon in CCSM4

It has been found in observation that there are different types of influences of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the South Asian Monsoon (SAM). A correct description and representation of these teleconnections is critical for climate models to simulate and predict SAM. In this study, we examine these teleconnections in NCAR CAM4 and CCSM4 models, including the strength and weakness of these models in preserving different types of ENSO–SAM relationships. By using observational and simulation dataset, the composite analysis, based on specific selection criteria, is performed for both SAM rainfall and the eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Anomalous SAM rainfall is characterized in three different types i.e. the indirect influence of the SST anomalies of preceding winter (DJF-only), direct influence of the SST anomalies of concurrent summer (JJAS-only) and the combined influence of both preceding winter and concurrent summer (DJF&JJAS). The analysis reveals that CAM4 uncoupled simulation can reasonably well reproduce the anomalous SAM rainfall in DJF-only and DJF&JJAS types whereas the model fails to simulate the anomalous rainfall in the JJAS-only type. The better performance of CAM4, particularly in DJF&JJAS type, comes from its realistic simulation of moisture content and thermal contrast. Its failure to preserve the ENSO–SAM relationship of JJAS-only type is due to the absence of ENSO induced warming in Northern Indian Ocean via atmospheric circulation which is indirectly linked to the lack of air–sea coupling. The role of Indian Ocean in controlling the ENSO–SAM teleconnections of the DJF&JJAS type is further investigated using CAM4 sensitivity experiments. It is found that in absence of Indian Ocean SST, the anomalous SAM summer rainfall suppresses in the DJF&JJAS type, suggesting the important modulation by Indian Ocean SST probably through the preceding winter equatorial Pacific SST forcing and the atmospheric circulations. On the other hand, CCSM4 shows large systematical errors in DJF-only and DJF&JJAS types and reproduce weak anomalous SAM rainfall. The failure of CCSM4 in simulating DJF-only and DJF&JJAS types is found mainly due to the errors in its SST simulation. The JJAS-only type is better reproduced in the CCSM4 simulation as compared to CAM4 and observation composites. Strong convergence over the SAM region which intensifies the anomalous SAM is seen to be responsible for its better simulation in this type. It is found that the atmospheric circulations in CCSM4 contribute more than the thermal contrast in modulating the intensity of anomalous rainfall in JJAS-only type. This study suggests that, although air–sea coupling is important for better SAM simulation and its relationship with ENSO, the SST bias in coupled model can significantly degrade ENSO–SAM relationship.

Recommendations based on personalized tendency for different aspects of influences in social media

Among the applications of Web 2.0, social networking sites continue to proliferate and the volume of content keeps growing; as a result, information overload causes difficulty for users attempting to choose useful and relevant information. To resolve this problem, most researches only utilize users’ preferences, the content of items or social influence to make recommendations. However, people’s preferences for items may be affected by social friends, personal interest and item popularity. Moreover, each factor has a different impact on each user. In this work, we propose a novel recommendation method based on different types of influences: social, interest and popularity, using personal tendencies in regard to these factors to recommend photos in a photo-sharing website, Flickr. The personal tendencies related to these three influences are regarded as personalized weights to combine influence scores for predicting the scores of items. The experimental results show that our proposed methods can improve the quality of recommendations.

Influence of Social Reference Group on Buying Behavior, a Comparative Study of Working and Non Working Women in Bangalore-A Pilot Study Analysis

Reference Group Construct: The various types of reference group include primary groups, secondary groups, formal groups, informal groups, membership, aspirational groups and the different types of influences which affect consumer decisions include Normative influence, Value-expressive influence and Informational influence 2 . Identification of Problem: Due to the new developments and the changing scenario of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization, there has been a huge shift in the earnings of women and hence reference groups to a greater extent help in their consuming behaviors 14 . The research paper would study the working women segment viz-a-viz non-working women and analyze the influence of reference groups on their buying behavior with reference to the three types of influence. Methodology: As this study is an exploratory study, a pilot study of 50 sample each for working women and housewives would be administered using convenience and judgment method. The data would be collected through a structured questionnaire involving statistical techniques like Anova and t- test. Importance of the Study: 1. Contribution to the body of knowledge utility to academicians a. The findings of the study will help to understand consumer behavior b. The comparison between the two segments with respect to the influence of reference groups may result in developing new models of consumer behavior 2 . Utility to Practitioners a. Identification of new segments to market their products b. Better understanding of these segments will result in better STP (segmentation, targeting and positioning) Conclusion: Today the female market as a topic is discussed the world over. A global study in 2009 by BCG (Boston Consulting group Matrix) indicates women control $12 trillion in global spending. The 12000 women BCG interviewed provide the following information - on their spending and saving preferences, their work and home habits, their buying behavior. The consumer- economy seems to be female, the business-world seems to be male, and therein lays the dichotomy.

Why Are There Different Age Relations in Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Comparisons of Cognitive Functioning?

A major challenge for researchers interested in investigating relations between aging and cognitive functioning is distinguishing influences of aging from other determinants of cognitive performance. For example, cross-sectional comparisons may be distorted because people of different ages were born and grew up in different time periods, and longitudinal comparisons may be distorted because performance on a second occasion is influenced by the experience of performing the tests on the first occasion. One way in which these different types of influences might be investigated is with research designs involving comparisons of people of different ages from the same birth cohorts who are all tested for the first time in different years. Results from several recent studies using these types of designs suggest that the age trends in some cognitive abilities more closely resemble those from cross-sectional comparisons than those from longitudinal comparisons. These findings imply that a major reason for different age trends in longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons of cognitive functioning is that the experience with the tests on the first occasion inflates scores on the second occasion in longitudinal studies.

Multi-level analysis of knowledge transfer: a knowledge recipient’s perspective

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to adopt the recipient’s perspective to explore multi-level antecedents’ effects on knowledge transfer using social capital and social network theories.Design/methodology/approach– Social network and general attribute survey responses from 331 employees were analyzed through hierarchical linear modeling to verify the study’s multi-level research model and hypotheses.Findings– A recipient’s trust in colleagues positively influences knowledge transfer and company tenure has a negative impact. At a dyadic level, the perceived expertise of a source, in addition to strength of ties, exerts a positive effect on knowledge transfer. Additionally, a recipient’s network centrality moderates the effects of dyadic relationships on knowledge transfer.Research limitations/implications– This study deepened the current understanding of the role of social capital in knowledge transfer from a recipient’s perspective. Three dimensions of a recipient’s social capital respectively showed significant, but different types of influence on knowledge transfer. Interaction effects between individual and dyadic level antecedents should be considered as well.Practical implications– Both a strong tie at a dyadic level and a diverse network at an individual level should be nurtured to facilitate knowledge transfer. In addition, bi-directional knowledge transfer between seasoned employees and new employees should be promoted.Originality/value– Most studies have focused on motivating a knowledge source, assuming that a recipient is always ready to adopt a source’s knowledge. To reduce this bias, the current study examined social capital’s role in knowledge transfer from a recipient’s perspective.

Impact of social pressure on stereotypes about obese people

This study was designed to test the effects of different types of influence on the expression of stereotypes towards people who are obese. It was hypothesized that public social pressure would more significantly impact the expression of stereotypes towards obese people than other types of influence. One-hundred fifty-eight undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions or a control condition. Participants completed measures of stereotypes towards obese people prior to and after receiving manipulated feedback depicting purported stereotypes possessed by others (anonymously or publically) or scientific information about the base rates of these stereotypical traits in the obese population (i.e., trait prevalence). Participants also completed a measure of weight bias unrelated to the manipulated feedback. Explicit beliefs were influenced more when people perceived that others' views were inconsistent with their own in a public setting than an anonymous setting or when they received trait prevalence feedback. However, levels of weight bias on a separate measure were unchanged. Strong, public manipulations of social feedback have great potential to impact, at least, the short-term expression of stereotypes towards obese people.

OP68 The Contribution of Doctors’ Decisions to Healthcare Inequalities: Towards Fourth Generation Studies

BackgroundHealthcare variations are a worrisome and well-documented problem. Such variations occur at different levels: between health care systems, geographic areas, organizational settings, patients, and doctors. Research is increasingly focused on...

Formalizing Power Grid Influence to Assess the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants

After the Fukushima nuclear accident the problem of safe interaction between a nuclear power plant and the power grid requires urgent attention. The Ukrainian power grid is the backbone for stable development of all dependent infrastructures. Nuclear power plants can be seen as elements interacting with the system for power distribution. There are five nuclear power plants (NPP) in Ukraine. The NPP safety depends on the reliability of its subsystems, components, etc., as well as on the safety levels of other power grid subsystems. There are various interdependencies among NPPs and the power grid, which impact the safety levels of both. The balance of these mutual influences is considered as a basis for the stability of any infrastructure. The change of influences could lead to violation of the balance, that in turn may lead to a change in the subsystem’s state. This paper presents an approach for formalization of different types of influences between dependent infrastructures. This approach supports the analysis of the behaviour of infrastructure subsystems and the prediction of their safety levels, considering the change of states. Two metrics are proposed to evaluate the influences: linguistic and numerical. The influence formalization enhances the understanding of risk proliferation and the assurance of NPP safety.

Gaussian Profile based Vehicular Mobility Modeling

The driving behavior of a person is influenced by a multitude of local and global factors. These include nature of the driver, distance between the source and destination, condition of the road selected by the driver, traffic conditions, time constraints, lane changing, overtaking actions, safe distance, reaction time etc. are vital for modeling the mobility of a vehicle and are largely determined by the driving behavior. In this paper, a profile based model has been proposed to define the mobility behavior of the vehicles. Different types of influence on the mobility have been lumped and the profile of the motion of vehicles has been modeled as a Gaussian profile. In this model, a driver, first, selects the source, destination and his path and then, selects the parameters of the profile according to his/her presumption. Simulation and results show that profile based model is able to generate realistic and smooth mobility patterns.

Grain Boundary Parameters in Sandstone and Limestone

In this paper, length of grain-to-grain contact, number of contacts per grain and ratios between the length of contacts and geometric characteristics of grains in heterogeneous Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone are studied. It is shown how hydrostatic pressure up to 40 MPa influences these grain boundary parameters. Observations show that there are different types of influence of hydrostatic pressure on grain boundary parameters in the studied sandstone and limestone.

The use of social science research to inform policy development: case studies from recent immigration policy

This paper explores how social science research has informed recent immigration policy development in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Examples of research use, drawn from in-depth interviews with policy advisors and social science researchers working in the immigration area, are discussed using the stages model of policy development. Intersections between the stages and multiple-streams models of policy development, and Weiss's typologies of research use, are used to examine research use at various stages in the policy development process. The findings suggest that at any point in time there may be any number of policy development stages in action, with research exerting different types of influence, and being used in different ways, within each of these. A two-way conversation between researchers and policy-makers, building mutual understanding and enabling reciprocated influence over research and policy decisions, is shown as critical in bridging the research to policy gap.

The power of institutionalized learning: the uses and practices of commissions to generate policy change

This article analyses the conditions under which commissions succeed in influencing policy change. The paper tackles three questions: What do governments gain by establishing a commission? What are the tools employed by commissions in order to make their recommendations and ensure that their output will have political significance? And how do commissions influence policy outcomes? Five different types of influence are introduced and tested by focusing on the role of pension commissions in France, Sweden, and the UK.