Different Types Of Hybrids Research Articles

Localized General Vertical Coordinates for Quasi‐Eulerian Ocean Models: The Nordic Overflows Test‐Case

AbstractA generalized methodology to deploy different types of vertical coordinate system in arbitrarily defined time‐invariant local areas of quasi‐Eulerian numerical ocean models is presented. After detailing its characteristics, we show how the general localization method can be used to improve the representation of the Nordic Seas overflows in the UK Met Office NEMO‐based eddy‐permitting global ocean configuration. Three z*‐levels with partial steps configurations localizing different types of hybrid geopotential/terrain‐following vertical coordinates in the proximity of the Greenland‐Scotland ridge are implemented and compared against a control configuration. Experiments include a series of idealized and realistic numerical simulations where the skill of the models in computing pressure forces, reducing spurious diapycnal mixing and reproducing observed properties of the Nordic Seas overflows are assessed. Numerical results prove that the localization approach proposed here can be successfully used to embed terrain‐following levels in a global geopotential levels‐based configuration, provided that the localized vertical coordinate chosen is flexible enough to allow a smooth transition between the two. In addition, our experiments show that deploying localized terrain‐following levels via the multi‐envelope method allows the crucial reduction of spurious cross‐isopycnal mixing when modeling bottom intensified buoyancy driven currents, significantly improving the realism of the Nordic Seas overflows simulations in comparison to the other configurations. Important hydrographic biases are found to similarly affect all the realistic experiments and a discussion on how their interaction with the type of localized vertical coordinate affects the realism of the simulated overflows is provided.

Novel cathode buffer layer enabling over 21.6%/20.9% efficiency in wide bandgap/inorganic perovskite solar cells

Different types of hybrid organic/inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive research attention and showed extremely considerable practical application potential in current energy field, for instance, wide bandgap (WBG) PSCs are widely used in fabricating high-efficiency tandem devices, while inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) had been sought after by researchers due to its excellent thermal stability. However, either WBG PSCs or IPSCs were severely influenced by the carrier extraction and transport between the electron transfer layer and anode/cathode. On this basis, an in-situ oxygen plasma treated Ti doped ZnO film named TZO (O) was used as cathode buffer layer to regulate the energy-level alignment between the SnO2 layer and ITO electrode, optimize the crystal quality of perovskite and passivate perovskite defects through providing superior SnO2 film. It is found that the more suitable energy levels for the interlamination availably polished up carrier transport effect to a great extent, which could be seen in steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, in addition to this, the perovskite film covered on TZO (O)/ SnO2 demonstrated larger perovskite crystals and less surface defects. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimized device with a bandgap of ≈ 1.66 eV up to 21.62%, and the efficiency of CsPbI2.85Br0.15 IPSCs is enhanced from 19.21% to 20.92%. Moreover, the unencapsulated TZO (O)-treated wide bandgap PSCs shows enhanced stability, retaining 89.47% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h in a N2 filled environment, while the unencapsulated IPSCs-based TZO (O) still remains 83.77% of its initial efficiency under continuous illumination in air for 325 h. This work exhibited that the buffer layer TZO (O) is a promising interfacial modification material for both n-i-p type wide bandgap PSCs and IPSCs.

BK channels of five different subunit combinations underlie the de novo KCNMA1 G375R channelopathy.

The molecular basis of a severe developmental and neurological disorder associated with a de novo G375R variant of the tetrameric BK channel is unknown. Here, we address this question by recording from single BK channels expressed to mimic a G375R mutation heterozygous with a WT allele. Five different types of functional BK channels were expressed: 3% were consistent with WT, 12% with homotetrameric mutant, and 85% with three different types of hybrid (heterotetrameric) channels assembled from both mutant and WT subunits. All channel types except WT showed a marked gain-of-function in voltage activation and a smaller decrease-of-function in single-channel conductance, with both changes in function becoming more pronounced as the number of mutant subunits per tetrameric channel increased. The net cellular response from the five different types of channels comprising the molecular phenotype was a shift of -120 mV in the voltage required to activate half of the maximal current through BK channels, giving a net gain-of-function. The WT and homotetrameric mutant channels in the molecular phenotype were consistent with genetic codominance as each displayed properties of a channel arising from only one of the two alleles. The three types of hybrid channels in the molecular phenotype were consistent with partial dominance as their properties were intermediate between those of mutant and WT channels. A model in which BK channels randomly assemble from mutant and WT subunits, with each subunit contributing increments of activation and conductance, approximated the molecular phenotype of the heterozygous G375R mutation.

Energy Flow and Electric Drive Mode Efficiency Evaluation of Different Generations of Hybrid Vehicles under Diversified Urban Traffic Conditions

Hybrid propulsion dedicated to light duty vehicles is seen as an evolutionary change from internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric propulsion. Widespread direct replacement of convection ICEs in the current energy system is impossible because ICEs are vehicles’ main source of mechanical energy. The hybrid powertrain uses the advantages of electric propulsion with the ability to charge the traction battery or have the internal combustion engine assist the system. The article compares different types of hybrid drives (with a small share of plug-in hybrid propulsion) under typical urban driving conditions. Nine vehicles were tested, and the tests were conducted over several months in various cities in Poland. The terms of the research conducted were not under the requirements of the driving test. However, they are authoritative when using the vehicle in real traffic conditions. Such conditions take into account many aspects that are relevant to a road test. It was found that urban conditions are a very suitable environment for hybrid propulsion systems, as they cover more than 50% of the distance in electric mode, regardless of the initial battery charge, in most cases.

The Impact of RNA-DNA Hybrids on Genome Integrity in Bacteria.

During the essential processes of DNA replication and transcription, RNA-DNA hybrid intermediates are formed that pose significant risks to genome integrity when left unresolved. To manage RNA-DNA hybrids, all cells rely on RNase H family enzymes that specifically cleave the RNA portion of the many different types of hybrids that form in vivo. Recent experimental advances have provided new insight into how RNA-DNA hybrids form and the consequences to genome integrity that ensue when persistent hybrids remain unresolved. Here we review the types of RNA-DNA hybrids, including R-loops, RNA primers, and ribonucleotide misincorporations, that form during DNA replication and transcription and discuss how each type of hybrid can contribute to genome instability in bacteria. Further, we discuss how bacterial RNase HI, HII, and HIII and bacterial FEN enzymes contribute to genome maintenance through the resolution of hybrids.

Credit Card Fraud Detection Using a New Hybrid Machine Learning Architecture

The negative effect of financial crimes on financial institutions has grown dramatically over the years. To detect crimes such as credit card fraud, several single and hybrid machine learning approaches have been used. However, these approaches have significant limitations as no further investigation on different hybrid algorithms for a given dataset were studied. This research proposes and investigates seven hybrid machine learning models to detect fraudulent activities with a real word dataset. The developed hybrid models consisted of two phases, state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms were used first to detect credit card fraud, then, hybrid methods were constructed based on the best single algorithm from the first phase. Our findings indicated that the hybrid model Adaboost + LGBM is the champion model as it displayed the highest performance. Future studies should focus on studying different types of hybridization and algorithms in the credit card domain.

Heterosis and combining abilities in a diverse seven-parent pearl millet population diallel tested in West Africa

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is an important food-security crop to smallholder farmers in West Africa (WA). Breeding for high yield and stability is a major challenge in the harsh environments of WA but could be tackled by a more systematic exploitation of hybrid vigor and heterosis in breeding of both open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) and different types of hybrids. Knowledge of combining ability patterns and quantitative-genetic parameters is required for an efficient development of hybrid vigor and heterosis in breeding programs. Hence, our objectives were to complement other existing studies and estimate the combining ability of seven unique, highly diverse Sahelian pearl millet populations from Senegal, Mali, Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Sudan and Nigeria and the heterosis and stability of their 42 diallel-derived population hybrids (or hybrid populations) to inform pearl millet OPV and hybrid breeding. The materials were evaluated in six environments in WA in 2007. Grain yield (GY) exhibited an average panmictic mid-parent heterosis of 24%, ranging from − 1.51 to 64.69%. General combining ability (GCA) was significant across test environments as reflected by high heritability estimates and high GCA:SCA variance ratios. Thus, early selection for parental per se performance would be rewarding. The parental population from Sudan (IP8679) had strongly negative GCA for GY. Its lack of adaptation contributed to the predominance of additive effects in the present germplasm set. Parental populations PE02987 (Senegal), PE05344 (Mali) and ICMV IS 92222 (Niger) showed large positive GCA for GY. Their offspring, especially PE02987 × PE05344 and Kapelga × ICMV IS 92222, exhibited a high and stable GY across all test environments. Tapping the regional pearl millet genetic diversity and preselecting the crossing parents seem beneficial for OPV and hybrid breeding to increase pearl millet productivity in WA.

Variability of the sign of oil content in hemp seeds depending on breeding methods

Traditionally, hemp is considered a fibrous crop, but the scope of their economic use is constantly expanding, recently increasing demand for seeds as a food product and hemp oil, and in the breeding of intensified direction to increase the oil content in seeds and improve its fatty acid composition. productivity. The article shows that the creation of the source breeding material of industrial hemp with high oil content in seeds can be carried out using different breeding methods – improving selection, self-pollination, synthetic breedingn, different types of hybridization – intervarietal, sortoliniary, linear and interlinear. The oil content of the created breeding material was increased from 19,38–37,50 to 33,14–53,00 %. Success in breeding and obtaining valuable material depends on the successful combination of the source material and the method of breeding.

Yield characteristics of japonica/indica hybrids rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China

Although a lot of researches have been done on yield characteristics of japonica/indica hybrid rice, there is little information on differences of yield characteristics between different types of hybrid. To determine common characteristics of japonica/indica hybrid rice (JIHR) and identify the differences between different types of JIHR, the present study assessed yield characteristics, such as panicle trait, leaf area index (LAI), above-ground biomass accumulation, and nitrogen absorption and utilization, among three types of cultivar of JIHR. In our field experiments, three types of JIHR, e.g., Yongyou, Chunyou and Jiayouzhongke, were divided, and each of them has two cultivars, which were used as materials, meanwhile, using conventional japonica rice (CJR) Wuyingjing 31 and Sujing 9 were as controls. The results showed that the mean yield of those JIHR was above 12 t ha−1 in 2017 and 2018, and was 31.9 and 32.2%, respectively higher than that of CJR in the two years. Spikelet number per panicle of JIHR resulted in high yield. Higher yield of JIHR was likely contributed to greater panicle number and more spikelets per panicle. Higher yielding JIHR showed stronger tillering capacity, larger LAI and above-ground biomass accumulation from jointing to heading stages, which likely contributed to the higher number of spikelets per panicle. The long duration from heading to maturity stages allowed more nitrogen accumulation of higher yielding JIHR.

Agronomic performance and stability and of grain yield of f2 populations maize hybrids

In Brazil, corn is grown in a wide variety of environments, investments and technologies, requiring the development of different types of hybrids. Breeding programs aim to identify genotypes with productive potential combined with better adaptation and stability. The objective of this work was to evaluate 28 hybrids of F2 maize populations, obtained from a complete diallel, together with the eight parent F2 populations and two commercial witnesses, regarding the main agronomic traits: male flowering (FM), plant height and ear ( AP and AE) and grain mass (MG) and estimate the parameters of adaptability and stability. The experiments were developed in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, in three locations in the State of São Paulo (Campinas, Mococa and Palmital) and the experimental design used was the randomized blocks with three replications. Individual and joint analyzes of variance were performed, the means being grouped by the Scott-Knott test and the parameters of adaptability and stability estimated by the methods of Eberhart and Russell (1966) and Annicchiarico (1992). There was a significant difference (P <0.01) for treatments, locations and interaction between treatments in all evaluated characters. The average for MG was 7,515 kg ha-1, highlighting the hybrid P4 x P1 with MG of 9,095 kg ha-1. The average of hybrids was 40.5% higher than that of parental F2 populations. The hybrids of F2 populations differ in terms of adaptability and stability for MG, with the majority of hybrids (82%) showing general adaptability. The P4xP1 and P4xP2 hybrids are superior to MG and are promising for recommendation in a wide range of environments.

Power reversal strategies for hybrid LCC/MMC HVDC systems

Power reversal control strategies for different types of hybrid line-commutated-converter (LCC)/modular multi-level converter (MMC) based high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems have been proposed with the consideration of system configurations and MMC's topologies. The studies show that the full-bridge (FB) MMC gives better performance than halfbridge (HB) MMCs in terms of power reversal in hybrid LCC/MMC systems. The modulation method employed in this paper can achieve a smooth online polarity reversal for hybrid LCC/FB-MMC HVDC systems. Additional DC switches and/or discharging resistors may be needed to reverse the DC polarity of LCC/HB-MMC HVDC systems. Based on the proposed strategies, the power reversal processes of the studied systems can be accomplished within several seconds. The speed can be changed according to system operation requirements. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies has been verified through simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC.

Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Top Cross and Three-Way Cross Maize Hybrids for Grain Yield and Related Traits in Three Agro-Ecological Zones of Southwest Nigeria

Superiority of hybrid maize cannot be overemphasized. Different types of hybrids are developed by plant breeders to improve productivity and multi-locational evaluation of these hybrids prior to release is necessary to select the best. The objectives of this study were to identify maize hybrids with superior agronomic potentials and compare the performance of top-cross and three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for grain yield and related traits under rain-fed condition in three different locations (Abeokuta, Ibadan and Akure) of Southwest Nigeria. The study consisted of ten hybrids each of top-cross and three-way cross hybrid varieties, tested with two checks. At each location, the experiment was laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications. The results showed that effects of locations, genotypes and genotype x location interactions were highly significant (p<0.01) for all the traits evaluated. Significant differences were also revealed between the top-cross and three-way cross hybrids for all the traits evaluated except days to 50% tasseling, ear diameter and 100-grain weight. The top-cross hybrids were superior over the three-way cross hybrids for grain yield by 5.25%. The hybrids ‘M0926-7’, ‘M0926-8’, ‘M1026-11’, ‘M1026-3’, ‘M1226-2’ (top-cross hybrids), ‘M1124-24’, ‘M1124-27’, ‘M1124-31’, ‘M1227-6’ and ‘M1227-7’ (three-way cross hybrids) showed highest stable yields across the three locations. Hybrids ‘M0926-7’ (top-cross hybrid) and ‘M1124-24’ (three-way cross hybrid) that expressed early flowering with higher grain yield are recommended for drought stress prone areas because of their abilities to tolerate drought through escape.

A Research on Kevlar and Hybrid Kevlar Composites; A Report

This study focused on the Kevlar fiber composite, the demand of Kevlar composites increasing day-byday because it’s light weight and good mechanical properties. There are different types of fiber composites are available like Carbon, Basalt, Glass, Jute, Kenaf, Flax, Hemp and Kevlar etc. Out of these available material Kevlar is one of the most favorable composite material. Properties of Kevlar include high rigidity modulus, toughness, thermal stability and most importantly strength. Moreover, the properties of Kevlar composite can be increased by applying the different hybridization and treatment process. The aim of this study, to explore the different types of hybridization and treatments that can be applied for improving the mechanical properties of Kevlar composite

The role of sp2 and sp3 hybridized bonds on the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties in a hard BN framework.

A first-principles approach is used to systematically investigate the role of sp2 and sp3 hybridized bonds on the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties in a new BN phase (denoted Hex-(BN)12). Hex-(BN)12 has the same number of sp2 and sp3 hybridized atoms. The calculated cohesion energy, phonon frequencies, and elastic constants unambiguously confirm the structural stability of this compound. Due to the different types of hybridization and B–N covalent bonds with ionic characteristics, Hex-(BN)12 has unequal bond lengths and bond angles in these hybrid orbitals. These cause the relative energetic stability to be slightly lower than c-BN and w-BN. The hardness of Hex-(BN)12 is estimated to range from 33 to 40 GPa. The bond-breaking order under stress is sp3–sp3, sp2–sp3, and sp2–sp2. DFT calculations with the gradient approximation (GGA) and HSE06 functional indicate the electronic structure contains an indirect band gap at 3.21 and 4.42 eV, respectively. The electronic states in the region near the Fermi level primarily arise from the 2p orbitals in sp2-hybridized atoms. In general, sp3 bonded B and N atoms guarantee higher mechanical properties, and sp2 bonded atoms ensure ductility and even conductivity, although all changes vary with spatial structure. Hex-(BN)12 can be obtained from multilayer yne-BN, and BN nanosheets, nanotubes and nanoribbons under pressure.

Interrogating the topological robustness of gene regulatory circuits by randomization.

One of the most important roles of cells is performing their cellular tasks properly for survival. Cells usually achieve robust functionality, for example, cell-fate decision-making and signal transduction, through multiple layers of regulation involving many genes. Despite the combinatorial complexity of gene regulation, its quantitative behavior has been typically studied on the basis of experimentally verified core gene regulatory circuitry, composed of a small set of important elements. It is still unclear how such a core circuit operates in the presence of many other regulatory molecules and in a crowded and noisy cellular environment. Here we report a new computational method, named random circuit perturbation (RACIPE), for interrogating the robust dynamical behavior of a gene regulatory circuit even without accurate measurements of circuit kinetic parameters. RACIPE generates an ensemble of random kinetic models corresponding to a fixed circuit topology, and utilizes statistical tools to identify generic properties of the circuit. By applying RACIPE to simple toggle-switch-like motifs, we observed that the stable states of all models converge to experimentally observed gene state clusters even when the parameters are strongly perturbed. RACIPE was further applied to a proposed 22-gene network of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), from which we identified four experimentally observed gene states, including the states that are associated with two different types of hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal phenotypes. Our results suggest that dynamics of a gene circuit is mainly determined by its topology, not by detailed circuit parameters. Our work provides a theoretical foundation for circuit-based systems biology modeling. We anticipate RACIPE to be a powerful tool to predict and decode circuit design principles in an unbiased manner, and to quantitatively evaluate the robustness and heterogeneity of gene expression.

Effect of Probe-Probe Distance on the Stability of DNA Hybrids on Surfaces.

We have used temperature gradient surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements to quantitatively evaluate how the stability of different types of hybrids formed with DNA probes on surfaces is affected by probe spacing. SPR sensors with different average surface densities of probes were prepared by coadsorbing probes with lateral spacers strands comprised of phosphorothioated adenine nucleotides (A15*). Increasing the fraction of A15* spacers in the immobilization solution results in larger distances between probes on the sensor, determined here using a combination of SPR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The hybridization activities of probes were simultaneously measured over a temperature range that spanned the denaturation temperature (Tm) of hybrids by applying a spatial temperature gradient across the sensor surface. The resulting temperature profiles of hybridization activity show how the stability of hybrids increases as either the distance between probes or the ionic strength of the hybridization buffer increase. Additionally, hybridization activity profiles sharpen as the spacing between probes increases, indicating more homogeneous hybridization behavior of probes. The results provide quantitative experimental data for testing theoretical models of stability, supporting models that account for both repulsive interactions between DNA strands and local variability in probe surface density.

Ab-initio design of 3D carbyne-based material

Based on the results of ab-initio calculations, a new type of 3D carbon-based material, where graphene sheets are connected with each other by carbyne chains, is predicted. A simultaneous presence of three different types of hybridization (sp1-sp2-sp3) is shown to be the reason for unusual mechanical properties of this material. Four basic types of such 3D-structures are considered, which differ both in the type of contact bonds of the edge atom of the carbyne chain with graphene sheet and in their location on graphene sheet. “Stress-strain” diagrams for these structures are obtained; their strength and elastic properties are ascertained. It is shown that the strength of contact bond in such a structure can reach 67% of maximum attainable strength, which is realized in five-atom carbyne chain. This is one of the main factors, which guarantees extremely high levels of strength of considered 3D-structures. The linear dependence between the strength of contact bond and its equilibrium length is established, which determines the regularities of atomic structure effect on the strength of such structures. It is shown that a combination of high strength with relatively low values of elasticity moduli is a characteristic feature of considered 3D-structures, which is very attractive for both nano-devices and medical applications.

The Variety of Governance Structures Beyond Market and Hierarchy

While research has identified a variety of hybrid governance structures, it has described and sought to explain this variety from different theoretical perspectives that are not readily reconcilable. This limits our ability systematically to compare different types of hybrids and on this basis to further theoretical understanding. Results of an empirical survey of transactions in buyer–supplier relations in the German construction industry provide novel insights into three distinct, widely employed types of hybrid governance structures. The study systematically compares the found hybrid governance structures and explores their rationales. As its main theoretical contribution, this study offers an empirically based typology of hybrid governance structures that complements earlier theorizing. It suggests that embeddedness and transaction cost arguments complement one another in explaining different and previously theoretically unspecified types of hybrid governance structures.

Neuroactivity of detonation nanodiamonds: dose-dependent changes in transporter-mediated uptake and ambient level of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain nerve terminals.

BackgroundNanodiamonds are one of the most perspective nano-sized particles with superb physical and chemical properties, which are mainly composed of carbon sp3 structures in the core with sp2 and disorder/defect carbons on the surface. The research team recently demonstrated neuromodulatory properties of carbon nanodots with other than nanodiamonds hybridization types, i.e., sp2 hybridized graphene islands and diamond-like sp3 hybridized elements.ResultsIn this study, neuroactive properties of uncoated nanodiamonds produced by detonation synthesis were assessed basing on their effects on transporter-mediated uptake and the ambient level of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in isolated rat brain nerve terminals. It was shown that nanodiamonds in a dose-dependent manner attenuated the initial velocity of Na+-dependent transporter-mediated uptake and accumulation of l-[14C]glutamate and [3H]GABA by nerve terminals and increased the ambient level of these neurotransmitters. Also, nanodiamonds caused a weak reduction in acidification of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of the plasma membrane of nerve terminals.ConclusionsTherefore, despite different types of hybridization in nanodiamonds and carbon dots, they exhibit very similar effects on glutamate and GABA transport in nerve terminals and this common feature of both nanoparticles is presumably associated with their nanoscale size. Observed neuroactive properties of pure nanodiamonds can be used in neurotheranostics for simultaneous labeling/visualization of nerve terminals and modulation of key processes of glutamate- and GABAergic neurotransmission. In comparison with carbon dots, wider medical application involving hypo/hyperthermia, external magnetic fields, and radiolabel techniques can be perspective for nanodiamonds.

Genetic Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Using Microsatellite Markers

Genetic purity is one of the most important quality criteria required for successful hybrid seed production. In this study, molecular markers were used for assessing the genetic purity and diversity of three commercially important maize F1hybrids (Pasha, Frida and PG1661) and their parental inbred lines. Fifty Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) markers were used to analyze samples, also the efficiency of the markers were compared. Twenty three primer pairs among the fifty markers were able to detect polymorphism between the different types of hybrids with an average of 0.69 polymorphism information content (PIC) value. Genetic purity analyses revealed more than 98% homogeneity in the hybrid seeds. The hybrids were grouped into three main clusters. It can be concluded that, molecular markers are efficient to study the genetic purity and diversity in maize hybrids and microsatellites are more accurate marker-type because of their co-dominancy