Different Types Of Food Research Articles

Identification and biodiversity patterns of Aspergillus species isolated from some soil invertebrates at high altitude using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses.

The carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic chemicals such as aflatoxin are a worldwide health problem. Aspergillus spp., responsible for most cases of aflatoxin contamination, are common in the environment and spread easily to many different types of food. The objectives of this study were to conduct a survey of fungi associated with three soil invertebrates in Taif, Saudi Arabia, identify these isolates and explore mycotoxins formation. In total, 114 fungal isolates were collected from various soil invertebrates (millipedes, Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio laevis) in Taif, Saudi Arabia, among them, 22 isolates were identified as Aspergillus spp. based on morphological and molecular characteristics followed by both Fusarium and Penicillium. The sequences of ITS 1 and ITS 4 were utilized. Using bootstrap analysis, phylogenetic tree was split into two distinct clusters. Five sub clusters were included inside the first major cluster, and their bootstrap value was 99%. While, there were two small clusters in the second major cluster. All the tested Aspergillus strains were able to have a single PCR fragment amplified using the primer AspTef. TEF-1 DNA sequence bootstrap analysis with 1,000 replicates revealed two distinct groups. Additionally, the Aspergillus isolates were grouped into two different clusters with about 65% genetic similarity using ISSR-PCR analysis. The standard polymerase chain reaction was used to effectively amplify the Aopks, afl-A and omt-A genes in aflatoxigenic Aspergillus strains. Four Aspergillus strains used in this investigation were shown to generate aflatoxin B1. While, three Aspergillus stains showed ochratoxin genes. In conclusion, the results indicate significant differences in the fungal community between ecoregions and soil invertebrates. Moreover, mycotoxin detection and identification among Aspergillus isolates were elucidated. This study could shed light on the risk of mycotoxin contamination along the supply chain.

The role of food in the spread of the Methicillin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are important human pathogen. It is present in a wide range of animal species (pigs, cows, sheep, and chickens) even in healthy animals. Identification of MRSA in foods has led to concerns about the role of livestock in the epidemiology of MRSA infections in human. This review focuses on the spread of MRSA in different types of food and its antimicrobial resistance to the most widely used antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. The results of review indicates that livestock is major source of MRSA in humans and mainly transmitted to humans through contaminated food. The actual prevalence of MRSA in animals and food as well as impact to the human health is not well understood. It is clearly that MRSA is an important pathogen to veterinary medicine and human health which requires more and in-depth research to understand the hazard and take effective measures to limit it.

Effect of Incorporation of Sewage Sludge and Fly Ash on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Okra in Inceptisols of Prayagraj U.P

The present research was conducted to determine whether it would be feasible to grow Okra in amended soil utilising sewage sludge and fly ash. Different types of nutrients and heavy metals were found in both soil amendments and for growth of the plant and crop yield they are used as ameliorate in acidic soils. In the research trial, soil properties like Bulk density, Particle density and pH are found to be positively non-significant and Pore space, Water holding capacity, EC, OC, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Iron, Manganese, Zinc and copper are found to be positively significantly low to medium range, which comprises yellowish brown sandy loam textured neutral to alkaline soil that is non-saline in nature among all the treatment combination applied.

Antibacterial, simulated digestive system tolerance and colon cancer cell lines adhesion properties of selected lactic acid bacteria of food origin

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widespread in nature and are one of the major microbial groups involved in the fermentation of different types of food. LAB possess a large number of metabolic properties that are responsible for the organoleptic characteristics of the final product including antioxidants, organic acids, antimicrobial compounds, modulating and improving microbial balance in the gut. Therefore, to determine the appropriate LAB for the development of functional food products, commercial LAB strain screening had been carried out. The antibacterial activity, tolerant to acids (pH 2, 3 and 4), bile salts (0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and adhesion to colon cancer cell lines (HT29 and SW480) of several LABs (Lactobacillus paracasei UALpc-04™, Lactobacillus plantarum UALp-05™, Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS®-1, Bifidobacterium bifidum UABb-10™ and Streptococcus thermophilus UASt-09™) were performed. The studies indicated that Lb. plantarum UALp-05™ and B. bifidum UABb-10™ showed more than 106 CFU/mL viability when tested against acid and bile saline with higher adherence to cancer cell lines compared to other strains. The antibacterial activity showed that these two LAB strains also gave a higher inhibition zone of 13 to 17 mm against five strains of pathogens (Escherichia coli ATCC® 0157™, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC® 53648™, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (MDC15), Streptococcus bovis ATCC® 9809™ and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC® 51772™). Our results indicated that Lb. plantarum UALp-05™ and B. bifidum UABb-10™ strains could be used as adjunct cultures for contributing to the health of gastrointestinal system and decreasing the risk factor of colon cancer.

Retrospective study on the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in food collected in Umbria region (central Italy).

Yersinia enterocolitica represents one of the main foodborne pathogens in Europe and the evaluation of possible sources of contamination and its prevalence in food is of considerable interest for risk analysis approach. The results of the search for Yersinia enterocolitica in food samples taken in Umbria region (central Italy) were evaluated during the years 2015-2018. Different types of foods were considered, both ready-to-eat (meat products, dairy products, and raw vegetables) and meat preparations to be eaten after cooking. Samples were assayed by molecular screening for the species indicator gene ompF. Screening positives were subjected to isolation and characterization by searching for specific virulence marker genes, including the ail gene responsible for invasiveness and the ystB gene for the production of enterotoxin. The total prevalence of positive samples for Yersinia enterocolitica was 16.86% with a higher percentage of positive samples in meat preparations (19.35%), followed by ready-to-eat vegetables (11.76%). Poultry meat samples had a higher prevalence than pork and beef samples. Neither positive samples were found in meat products and dairy, nor seasonality in positivity was observed. All isolated strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were biotype 1A, with absence of the ail virulence gene but presence of ystB gene. Since the strains isolated from human patients appear to be primarily biotypes that possess the ail marker, future investigations would be needed regarding the real role of biotype 1A in human disease. In this context, attention should certainly be paid to ready-to-eat vegetables and to careful cooking of meat preparations.

A Graph Algorithm to Eliminate Hunger and Food Waste by Matching Excess Food to Demand

Millions of tons of food from grocery stores go to waste every year in the US, while many people consistently depend on community food banks. Having a plan to transport food surplus to the needy will eliminate both food waste and hunger at the same time. This problem is modeled as a bipartite graph with one set of vertices representing food donors with certain excess food of various types, and the other set representing food banks with demand of different types of food, and a cost of transportation on each edge. We create four heuristic algorithms to find low-cost transportation plans that satisfy all food needs, and compare them in terms of plan cost and runtime. We find that the basic greedy algorithm does the best in both aspects.

Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905 (Diptera: Chironomidae) Larvae: Feeding Habits, Growth, and Maturation.

Chironomus calligraphus Goeldi, 1905 has a flexible life cycle with several generations per year, which can be modified by the quality and type of food. To categorize the functional feeding group of the species, food preference was evaluated in larval instars III and IV, through laboratory experiments and gut content analysis. To evaluate the influence of the type of food on the duration of the life cycle growth and maturation, experiments were carried out. Instar III preferred conditioned leaves and animal food, while instar IV preferred algae and fine particulate organic matter. Gut contents of instar IV collected from streams showed increased consumption of fine particulate organic matter than other items. All these observations allowed us to assign the species to the gatherer collector group. The duration of the life cycle varied between the different types of foods, being the conditioned leaves, animal food, and algae the items that caused a greater growth in the larvae and a faster passage to the pupal instar. Our results suggest that the opportunistic feeding behavior of C. calligraphus allows it to use several different foods, but the quality of the foods influences the length of the life cycle and this contributes to its plasticity.

Ертөнцийн үндэстний зураглал (Монгол, орос, англи хэлний идээ, ундааны нэрийн баримтаар зэрэгцүүлэх нь)

Language is a reflection of reality, preservation, and promotion of national culture. The concept of vocabulary is an integral part of cognition and a result of human cognition and connected to accumulated comprehensive knowledge. Therefore, lexicons can be an informative source of a certain country. Every nation has its environment to live in, style to use something, experience, culture, and tradition, and they have their own words, and phrases to express them. It’s obvious that people observe what is around them and recognize the objects that they have seen before. As a result of this, citizens of any nation mark them with words and give names on what they have learned. Thus, for centuries it has been a national feature in the public consciousness, and the phenomenon has retained as certain patterns and images. These retained images, patterns, ways of life, events, and historical chronological orders are absorbed in languages, and speakers, representatives of any countries express them in their own tongue phonology, dialects, and language. In this article, we tried to explain the concept of global image through the comparison of names of three different types of food and beverages in the examples of Mongolian, Russian, and English languages.

Comparing the Effect of Organic and Inorganic Amendments on Soil Health

Background: Fertilizers are important source of nutrients required by plants at different growth stages. These fertilizers can be organic and inorganic. Organic and inorganic fertilizers are different from each other in their action and contain different types of nutrients. Each fertilizer has its own effect on soil and plants. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers reducees the soil fertility by affecting the soil physical, chemical and biological properties, so it is essential to balance the negative effect of inorganic fertilizers with the use of organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers contain nutrients required for optimum plant growth. With the increase in soil organic matter, the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil also increases. Methods: A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties. Experiment consisted of six treatments, comprising of organic and inorganic treatments and absolute control. Inorganic treatment received recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). Organic treatments received different dose of organic manures like vermicompost and farm yard manure. Result: Application of organic manure viz vermicompost remarkably improved in soil fertility. Soil pH was not significantly influenced by organic and inorganic treatments. However, relatively higher EC was recorded with the application of 100 per cent RDF. Application of organic manure viz vermicompost resulted in the buildup of soil organic carbon and markedly enhanced the nutrient availability of nitrogen, phosphrous and potassium in soil. Soil microbial population viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased due to the application of organic manure through vermicompost.

Design and Development of Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System for Modernization of Agriculture

The aim of research is to reduce the utilization of water by irrigating the agricultural fields that have low moisture level through the implementation of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The ARM-based irrigation solution consists of a Solar Tracking System, Wireless Information Unit (WIU), WSN and Remote Access. The Solar Tracking System utilizes maximum solar energy by using Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) to track the sun. The electric energy produced is stored in the battery which powers the ARM processor. Wireless Information Unit will collect the sensor information from Wireless Sensor Network through the use of Wi-Fi. The system monitors soil-moisture and controls the flow of water using a solenoid valve depending upon the set threshold. In the tank, Ultra Sonic sensor identifies the water level controlled by the WIU. An Android application helps the farmer to monitor the water flow and soil moisture remotely. The proposed water management methodologies for agriculture optimizes the water usage and such practices maintain the crop health, keep yield intact, and avoids human intervention. In this proposed system, soil moisture is maintained appropriately to ensure that a good harvest is obtained which in turn preserves different types of nutrients.

The Implication of Aflatoxin B1 Contamination Through Dietary Intake of Farm Products Sold at Selected Markets in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria

A survey was conducted on 100 farm products sold at selected markets in Damaturu to access the levels of AFB1 contamination using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The samples collected include; 20 g each of cereals (rice, millet, maize paste 1, maize 2 and wheat flour), legumes (red beans, groundnut 1, soya bean, white beans, groundnut 2), vegetables (spinach, red onions, garlic, egusi, baobab leaves (kuka) hot pepper, sweet pepper, clove 1, clove 2, moringa, locust bean, okra, dried ginger) and tuber (white cassava). A food sample questionnaire was used to determine the frequency of food consumed and consumption rates. Results of the study revealed that one of the Aflatoxigenic moulds (Aspergillus Niger) is associated with cereal/legume products from both open and stored markets except for protein, minerals, and tuber products. A. flavus (66.67%), A parasiticus (66.67%), Fusarium (50%), and A flavus (50) were associated with cereals, legumes, and beverages in stored markets respectively. The cereal products collected from open and stored markets were found to be contaminated with AFB1 at concentrations of 0.9ppb and 4.1ppb respectively. However, Protein and tuber products were found to be free of any contamination. AFB1 was recorded in beverages(0.66ppb), cereals/legumes (0.37ppb), and minerals (0.5ppb) under the stored market, these results are lower than the limits established by NAFDAC of 10ppb on ready-to-eat foods and 20ppb on other food items. Based on the results obtained, cereal-based food recorded the highest consumption (16.98kg – 88kg) rate per day among the different individuals in each age group while beverages recorded the lowest consumption (1.5g-8.0g) rate per day. The estimated daily intake of AFB1 from individual age groups based on the consumption of different types of food ranged from 0.03-1.16 ng kg-1 body weight day-1. These results suggest that the dietary intake of AFB1, in Damaturu has no adverse health effects on the population.

Quantifying waste and its costs in hospital foodservices.

To measure the amount of different types of food and food packaging waste produced in hospital foodservice and estimate the cost associated with its disposal to landfill. A foodservice waste audit was conducted over 14 days in the kitchens of three hospitals (15 wards, 10 wards, 1 ward) operating a cook-chill or cook-freeze model with food made offsite. The amount (kg) of plate waste, trayline waste and packaging waste (rubbish and recycling) was weighed using scales and the number of spare trays and the food items on them were counted. Waste haulage fees ($AU0.18/kg) and price per spare tray item were used to calculate costs associated with waste. On average there was 502.1kg/day of foodservice waste, consisting of 227.7kg (45%) plate waste, 99.6kg (20%) trayline waste and 174.8kg (35%) packaging waste. The median number of spare trays was 171/day, with 224 items/day on them worth $214.10/day. Only 12% (20.4kg/day) of packaging waste was recycled and the remaining 88% (154.4kg/day) was sent to landfill along with food waste at two hospitals. Overall 347.3kg/day was sent to landfill costing $62.51/day on waste haulage fees, amounting to 126.8 tonnes and $22 816.15 annually. A substantial amount of waste is generated in hospital foodservices, and sending waste to landfill is usual practice. Australia has a target to halve food waste by 2030 and to achieve this hospital foodservices must invest in systems proven to reduce waste, solutions recommended by policy advisors (e.g., waste auditing) and waste diversion strategies.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Of Mothers Regarding Infant & Young Child Feeding Practices (Iycf) In a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Young Child Feeding Practices (IYCF) includes breast feedind and complementary feeding. Proper feeding practices are essential for proper nutrition, growth, development and survival of infant and young children.Maternal knowledge and feeding attitude has been shown to be a stronger predictor of breast feeding initiation and complementary feeding practice. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding infant and young child feeding. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was done in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from June 2017 to November 2017.A total number of 218 mothers having children between 0-23 months were included.Modified Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) and 5 point Likert scale was applied to assess maternal attitude towards infant and young children feeding. The relationship between infant feeding knowledge, attitude and practices and socio-demographic variables was tested by using Chi-square test. Relationship among mothers knowledge, attitude and practices regarding IYCF was showed by Spearman’s correlation. Results: The study result showed that, 83.5% mothers had good knowledge about IYCF but only half of them had good practice. Almost everyone ( 99.1% ) agreed that breast milk is best for new born baby. Most of the mother (94%) knew that exclusive breast feeding should be given for six months but only half of them (51.1%) practiced EBF.Though 72.5 % mothers had positive attitude towards breast feeding but about two third (63.6%) of them gave formula milk within 6 completed months. About two third of mothers (60.2%) used bottle for feeding their child. Most of the mother (94%) had knowledge about complementary feeding but only 55.7% mother provide complementary feeding accurately with atleast four different types of food. This study showed that educational background has significant relationship with KAP of mothers regarding IYCF. Conclusion: The study concluded that, majority of the mothers had good knowledge and a positive attitude towards breastfeeding and complementary feeding but they did not practice this properly.There is a strong association between mother’s educational background and KAP (Knowledge, attitude & practice) regarding IYCF. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2021; 29(1): 43-51

Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Foods.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a group of human foodborne pathogens transmitted to humans through the consumption of different types of food. Their detection is mainly performed by targeting specific serogroups by classical microbiological methods and, later, by molecular typing with different techniques. The application of multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) can significantly improve the turnaround time of the existing methodologies as in one single run it is possible to detect and characterize specific microorganisms. In the present chapter, a pentaplex qPCR assay is described for the identification of STEC which may also be applied for the rapid screening of these pathogens in different types of foods. The assay targets the most important virulence factors of these microorganisms, the genes stx1, stx2, and eae, along with the rfbE gene which encodes for the "O157" antigen as this is the most prevalent serogroup among all STEC, as well as an internal amplification control to rule out false-negative results due to qPCR inhibition.

Food diversity analysis based on data of food purchasing in supermarket chain

Diversity in nutrition is of fundamental importance for health. According to research in recent decades, the diversity of the population's diet has greatly decreased, which carries health risks. The aim of the study was to analyze food diversity in population based on their purchasing activity in large trading network. Material and methods. From the depersonalized data of 1 800 319 loyalty program unique members of the retail network in Moscow, 201 904 buyers were selected according to the following criteria: the presence of a dense segment of purchases (more than 4 weeks, where there was at least 1 purchase in 2 weeks), in which the total cost of purchases was not less than 4700 rubles and at least 4 different food groups were purchased. Data from the cashier's receipts for 12 months (median 124 days) as well as the food labels for extracting the data about ingredients were used. Food diversity was analyzed by using count-base score method in which absolute number of different foods in every of 6 food groups (grains, fish and meat, fats, dairy products, vegetables, fruits and berries) was calculated. Total score as a sum of all scores from all food groups was also calculated. Results. According to the food diversity analysis, 73.9% of buyers purchased 2 or less types of grains. Only 31.4% of buyers purchased more than 4 types of vegetables, only 36.2% purchased more than 2 types of fruits and berries, 41.9% purchased less than 2 types of meat and fish, 61.3% purchased only 1 type of fat, and at least 2 types of dairy products was purchased by 53,3% of buyers. Acceptable rate of food diversity of 20 different types of food per week was achieved only in 11.4% of buyers. Conclusion. Food diversity in buyers of trading network is low, with the lowest scores in buying different grains, vegetables, fruits and berries, meat and fish as well as fats. Better diversity was demonstrated in buying dairy products, as they traditionally are accounted as healthy by consumers.

Методологический подход к оценке риска производства продукции, не соответствующей нормативным требованиям по содержанию Cs-137 и Sr-90

Radioactive contamination of agricultural lands necessitates the need for developing robust methods, tools and techniques that could, on the one hand, minimize the levels of radionuclides in food products, and on the other hand, facilitate in making informed decisions on economic efficiency of farmland use for the production of different types of foods. Following the Chernobyl nuclear accident, significant farmland areas of the Republic of Belarus were affected by radionuclide contamination of technogenic origin. The main soil contaminants nowadays, after the decay of short-lived nuclides, are Cs-137 и Sr-90. Given that a food product from a contaminated farmland may contain both radionuclides, Cs-137 and Sr-90, the risk of its non-compliance with the established maximum permitted levels of contamination should be assessed not only with regard to each individual radionuclide but also for the both of them simultaneously. Using the risk matrix, significance level criteria and rank assignment, the author proposes a new methodological approach for assessing the risk of non-compliance of the produced agricultural foods to the regulatory requirements, accounting not for either but for both radionuclides (Cs-137 and Sr-90) simultaneously. The use of the risk assessment methodological approach for the agricultural produce non-compliances with the food safety standards regulating the contents of Cs-137 and Sr-90 enables one to make substantiated and scientifically justified decisions on the efficiency of landuse for the particular foodstuff production and/or identify the farmlands where radiation-associated food production restrictions could be lifted.

The Species Composition and Distribution of Free-Living Nematodes (Nematoda) in the Area of the Methane Seep Posolskaya Bank of Lake Baikal

The Posolskaya Bank methane seep (southern Baikal, depths of ~300–500 m) is characterized by weak metha-ne discharge and the deep occurrence of gas hydrates. The species composition and distribution of nematodes from 44 samples of meiozoobenthos on the seeps (gas unloading point and gas hydrate) and background stations were analyzed. 31 species of nematodes from 12 genera, 8 families and 6 orders were identified; 94% of them were found at background stations and/or in other areas of the lake. The ratio of Baikal endemic and Siberian-Palearctic species was 6 : 1. Endemic species of the genera Paratrilobus and Tripyla dominated occurrence frequency and population density. The data obtained on the heterogeneous distribution of nematodes, the relationship between the density of their population and the presence of filaments of sulfur bacteria, copepod detritus, and ferromanganese crusts in the bottom sediments, as well as the habitation of worms with different types of food. These data are discussed.

La gourmandise et autres « transgressions minuscules ». Le péché dans le vocabulaire culinaire de Philippe Delerm

Gourmandise and other “minor transgressions”. Sin in Philippe Delerm’s culinary vocabulary Philippe Delerm’s prose extols the joy that comes from contemplating everyday life. Experienced intensely, it is a source of pleasure and happiness. The pleasures of food are a theme particularly exploited in this writer’s novels. The approach taken in this article is onomasiological in nature. Its aim is to analyse the lexical units that fall within the conceptual field of the term sin, while referring to different types of food and the sensations associated with its consumption. The occurrences have been systematized according to the list of the seven deadly sins established by Evagrius Ponticus.

Correlation between NARX Score and Food Addictive Behavioral Patterns in Chronic Pain Patients

The purpose of this research study is to show a relationship between food addiction patterns to different types of food in chronic pain patients and the effectiveness of NARX score (overdose risk score) in predicting high risk factors in such patients. We implemented a cross sectional study design and used an eight-question survey that addressed addictive behavior and food choice relative to chocolate, cheese, meat and other foods. For the 110 respondents, the average NARX score was 383.5 and the median was 380; the high was 740 and the low was 80. The results of the 818 answers received (some of the respondents did not answer all eight questions) showed a strong correlation between food addictive behavioral patterns in chronic pain patients and high risk factors in chronic pain patients as manifested and measured by the NARX score. The three foods that were reported most frequently were chocolate, cheese and meat (this result correlates with previous research findings). Interestingly, meat was associated with the highest NARX score (the highest risk) chronic pain patients. Other foods reported with high frequency were coffee, sodas and sweets, underscoring the role of sugar in chronic pain syndromes. The objective of this study is to show possible role of dietary factors and food addiction in the development of addictive behaviors and possibly in the development of the opioid epidemic.We advocate further clinical studies.

Role of Viruddha Ahara in allergic conditions W.S.R. Veerya Viruddha: An ayurvedic perspective

Viruddha Ahara i.e. unwholesome diet is a unique and important concept described in Ayurveda. Viruddha Ahara refers to food incompatibility including interaction between different types of food which disturb the homeostasis of body leading to various diseases specially skin disorders. In classical text description of different types of Viruddha Ahara is available like Samskara Viruddha, Samyoga Viruddha, Veerya Viruddha etc. In skin diseases, Viruddha Ahara is considered as one of the prime factor for causing the disease and amongst all the Viruddha Ahara, Veerya Viruddha is considered as the main cause. Viruddha Ahara have potential to triggers the pathogenesis of several diseases including Visarpa, intoxication, Shukra Dhatu Dushti, rhinitis, infertility, Kustha roga and allergic disorders, etc. this article explore the role of Viruddha Ahara in skin disorder.