Different Types Of Flowers Research Articles

Artificial Flowers in the Credit Records of an Eighteenth-Century French Fashion Merchant

Abstract In recent decades, historians have acknowledged the role that women played in shaping and disseminating scientific knowledge during the Enlightenment. Current scholarship also suggests that fashion was a means through which haptic, economic, and practical knowledge was shared among women. This article focuses on one particular fashion accessory – the artificial flower – to explore its contribution to our understanding of women’s knowledge of botany in eighteenth-century France. An analysis of the receipts preserved in the credit records of France’s most famous fashion merchant, Marie-Jeanne (Rose) Bertin (1747–1813), demonstrates high levels of specificity in the flowers that women chose to adorn their outfits. Seventy-five different types of flowers are mentioned using their vernacular names, suggesting that knowledge about a wide variety of flowers was exchanged between fashion merchants and their clients during conversations about clothing. This article therefore casts the fashion merchant’s shop as a site of botanical knowledge generation and exchange.

Selection maintains a nonadaptive floral polyphenism.

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity evolves in response to the contrasting selection pressures that arise when organisms face environmental heterogeneity. Despite its importance for understanding how organisms successfully cope with environmental change, adaptive plasticity is often assumed but rarely demonstrated. We study here the adaptive nature of the extreme seasonal within-individual floral polyphenism exhibited by the crucifer Moricandia arvensis, a Mediterranean species that produces two different types of flowers depending on the season of the year. During spring, this species has large, cross-shaped, lilac flowers, while during summer, it develops small, rounded, white flowers. Although floral polyphenism was associated with increased plant fitness, selection moved floral traits away from their local optimum values during the harsh summer. This result strongly suggests that floral polyphenism is not adaptive in M. arvensis. The main factor selecting against floral polyphenism was pollinators, as they select for the same floral morph in all environments. Despite not being adaptive, floral polyphenism occurs throughout the entire distribution range of M. arvensis and has probably been present since the origin of the species. To solve this paradox, we explored the factors causing floral polyphenism, finding that floral polyphenism was triggered by summer flowering. Summer flowering was beneficial because it led to extra seed production and was favored by adaptive plasticity in leaf functional traits. Taken together, our study reveals a complex scenario in which nonadaptive floral polyphenism has been indirectly maintained over M. arvensis evolutionary history by selection operating to favor summer flowering. Our study provides thus strong evidence that nonadaptive plasticity may evolve as a byproduct of colonizing stressful environments.

Postharvest bacterial succession on cut flowers and vase water.

In cut flowers, xylem occlusion or blockage by bacteria negatively affects water balance and postharvest quality. Many studies have used culture-based methods to examine bacterial populations in vase water and their effects on flower longevity. It is still unclear if and how bacterial communities at the 16S rRNA gene (16S) level change during the vase period and how such change might correlate with postharvest longevity. This study compared the sequences of 16S amplicons from 4 different types of flowers and their vase water over the course of 7 days (Rosa spp., Gerbera jamesonii, and two Lilium varieties). The relative abundance of plant chloroplast and mitochondria 16S decreased significantly over the course 7 days in all 4 flowers as bacterial diversity increased. Richness and evenness of the bacterial communities increased over time, as did the number of rare taxa and phylogenetic diversity. Bacterial communities varied with time, as well as by flower source, types, and sample location (water, stem surface, whole stem). Some taxa, such as Enterobacteriacea and Bradyhizobiaceae decreased significantly over time while others such as Pseudomonas spp. increased. For example, Pseudomonas veronii, implicated in soft rot of calla lily, increased in both whole stem samples and water samples from Gerbera jamesonii. Erwinia spp., which includes plant pathogenic species, also increased in water samples. This work highlights the dynamic and complex nature of bacterial succession in the flower vase ecosystem. More work is needed to understand if and how bacterial community structure can be managed to improve cut flower vase life.

A Comprehensive Review on Plant Tridax procumbens and Analytical Methods for its Active Constituents

Abstract: Tridax procumbens is a plant belonging the family liliaceae or asteraceae, generally used in traditional medicines. Plants have long been used as a source of medication, and India's healthcare system heavily relies on them. In the current study, the various phytochemicals found in Tridax procumbens one of the medicinally significant plants commonly found in subtropical countries and growing primarily at waste places and roadsides throughout India during the rainy season were evaluated using chromatography. Flowers have a capitulum inflorescence, are tubular in shape, and are yellow in colour. This has disc florets with a basal placentation and ray florets, two different types of flowers. It shows hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arithritic and wound healing activity containing different phytoconstituents such as Alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, iso-sitosterol, luteolin, quercetin, oxoester, lauric acid, myristic, palmitic, arachidic, linoleic, and tannin. In this review we have studied about different analytical techninques of Tridax procumbens as HPLC, TLC, high resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy

Flowers as attractions in urban parks: Evidence from social media data

Urban parks are among the most important urban public services. Quantifying their visitation intensity and understanding the driving forces behind their popularity is of great relevance to urban planning. We analyze the behavior of park visitors in Beijing based on phenological information extracted from social media data. Specifically, we built a dataset utilizing natural language processing techniques and co-word analysis methods to explore the connection between flowers and park visitation. Our findings revealed that: (1) According to the changing trend of visitor volumes and their peak times, urban parks can be divided into “single-peak” (visitor volumes show a single peak, with significant seasonal characteristics) and “multi-peak” (visitor volumes show multiple peaks with no obvious seasonal characteristics) parks; (2) There is an association between flowers and visitor volumes to urban parks, with a noticeable increase in the frequency of visits to parks especially in spring (i.e., during flowering); (3) Different types of flowers have varying appeal to attract visitors. Further, parks with one or few “dominant flowers” appeal to more visitors than parks without a clear dominating flower (or flowers). Our results provide implications for urban park design and management for improving their scenic qualities.

Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens from Five Flowering Plants in Jashore Region of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a great market for the flower trade. It produces a lot of different types of flowers as well as imports from neighboring countries which cost 3 million BDT currencies every year. The Jashore district of plants viz. Gladiolus, Gerbera, Rose, Tuberose and Marigold. The infected part of the plant samples was collected from five separate flower gardens. The precisely prepared infected sample was cultured on Potato Dextrose Aga media at 28ºC in an incubator for 48 hours and sub-cultured several times of each sample of distinct features to get a fresh culture of fungal pathogens. The isolates were identified based on their morphological features of the colony and observation of mycelia structure. The infection by fungal pathogens is considered a great barrier to flower cultivation. Therefore, the present study was attempted to the isolation infecting fungal pathogen from five different flowering crystal violet dyes to analyze the spore structure, the shape of the tips, conidial structure, and we identified three different types of fungus from five flowering plants Aspergillus niger identified from gerbera and rose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (pinkish) from tuberose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (whitish) from gladiolus and Alternaria alternate from marigold. This study has provided the primary alarm of fungal infection by following a less expensive technique. This study will be helpful to identify and management of phyto-pathogen for floriculture.

Madonna in flower garlands in Flemish painting of the XVII century

The subject of this research is Flemish painting the XVII century in the spiritual and cultural context of the Counter-Reformation, which created remarkable decorative and religious images to counter the iconoclastic trends of the Reformation movement. The object of this research is Flemish paintings of the Baroque Period of the XVII century with flower garlands edging the central image of Madonna. Special attention is given to the variety of iconographic patterns of the image of Virgin Mary framed in a flower garland, which was widely popular in painting of the Baroque period. Some artists use the pattern of “painting in a painting”; others imitate sculpture, the color of which accentuates the brightness of garlands. The article employs iconographic, iconological, and artistic methods, as well as stylistic analysis. The scientific novelty consists in proving the fact that Virgin Mary appears in painting not only as an individual image, but in paintings of flower garlands as well. The acquired results demonstrate that in the XVII centuries, the artists used different iconographic patterns for creating the image of Virgin Mary. The masters were able to combine different types of flowers, reaching the harmony of floral motifs and balancing them with the image of Madonna. The artists demonstrated the beauty of flower garlands by adding different living creatures in their paintings, such as birds and animals, to make them look more colorful, peaceful and vibrant. Thanks to these works, the image of Madonna remained extremely revered in the XVII century.

ФЛОРИСТИЧНА СИМВОЛІКА ПОЕЗІЇ ЛІНИ КОСТЕНКО

The article considers floristic vocabulary of Lina Kostenko poetry in the linguocultulorogical aspect; mythological semantics and symbolic of floristic names were determined in the poetry collection "Three hundred verses"; the link between symbolic meaning of flowers with totemic beliefs, between chthonic semantics of vegetation, solar myths were studied, peculiar traits of poetic arrangement were analyzed. Conclusions were drawn on the original poetic model of the mythic space that unites the worlds of heavens and the earth, rich in floristic images, enrooted in ancient totemic beliefs. The harmonic synergy of a man and the nature envisages the author's interpretation of universal floristic symbols in the limits of paradigm "flowers" – "myth" – "poet", wherein the flowers acquire symbolic meaning of the eternity of life born in the cosmogony depths of mythological archaic. In the poetry of Lina Kostenko an amazing unification of the internal world of a man with the realities of the world of nature takes place, the natural elements turn into cosmogony forces that create the renewed mythical space, wherein the flowers are the symbols of time, live signs of times of year, and the color symbolizes life milestones of the poetess herself. Archaic mythological symbolic as an integral part of poetic text obtains a new meaning due to which an ancient past unites with modern times, floristic names are transformed into universal poetic symbols, disclose figurative world of poetry. The origins of floristic symbolic are enrooted into vegetation totemism, when the people respected different types of flowers and animals as prime ancestors, bestowed them with magic traits, chthonic semantics, considered them amulets and used separate types of plants as medicines or bloodless sacrifices in the gods' cults. A particular type of solar-floristic metaphor can be considered as a revelation of totemism, built on the grounds of metonymy, the majority of "floristic" lexemes, used by Lina Kostenko, stand as names for typical Ukrainian decorative plants, but the author's poetic arrangement makes every floristic composition of the poetess unparalleled.

Seasonal dynamics of flowering of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull and its cultivars in conditions of Kyiv regarding to peculiarities of the flower structure

The aim of our study was to research the connection between the flower structure and the duration of flowering of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull and its cultivars. Our tasks were to investigate the flower structure of bud bloomers and double-flowered Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull cultivars, to compare it with the structure of C. vulgaris flower; to analyze the data of phenological observations of C. vulgaris and its 10 cultivars flowering phase during 2015–2018. The methods were phenological observations and microscopic examinations. Results. Common features for C. vulgaris and cultivars concerning to their flowering are racemose inflorescences, an arrangement of flowers, acropetal succession. The flower structure of ‘Dirry’, ‘Mullion’, ‘Golden Carpet’, ‘Winter Red’ is similar to that of C. Vulgaris. Among this group, ‘Winter Red’ finishes blooming the first and ‘Dirry’ is the last due to its compound inflorescence. An increased number of petals, full sterility and long flowering period characterize flowers of double-flowered cultivars. Bud bloomers ‘Alicia’, ‘Bonita’ belong to f. diplocalyx Jansen. They are characterized by different flowering periods. ‘Alicia’ blooms the longest (85±7 days) among investigated C. vulgaris cultivars and ‘Bonita’ blooms about 53 days. Conclusions. C. vulgaris cultivars that have the same flower structure as species begin to bloom, as well as common heather, in the third decade of July. The duration of C. vulgaris cultivars flowering period depends also on the peculiarities of the inflorescence structure. Therefore, in order to predict the duration of cultivars flowering, it is necessary to study the features of their inflorescences structure. Double-flowered cultivars are worth to be used more often in gardening due to their high decorativeness and long flowering period. The issue of preserving the color of bud bloomers flowers needs further research. When using the cultivars of C. vulgaris with different types of flowers and duration of flowering, we can create landscapes of high and long decorative features

Number of carpels in the pollination efficiency of sour passion fruit

Abstract Passion fruit flowers usually have three carpels, but there are individuals with greater amount of carpels in their reproductive structures and little is known about the influence of this characteristic on this crop. Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ cultivar) plants presenting flowers with three, four and five carpels were evaluated regarding the following characteristics: manual and natural pollination efficiency; frequency of different types of flowers in the orchard; and inclination of styles. Frequencies of flowers with three, four and five carpels were also evaluated in ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ genitors. There were no statistically significant differences in pollination efficiency among the different types of flowers, which presented averages above 90%, especially flowers with five carpels, with 100% efficiency. Flowers with three carpels are predominant in ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ cultivar, representing 88.93%, but flowers with four and five carpels did not show styles without inclination, whereas flowers with three carpels presented rate of 11.83%. Only the male genitor stands out for the rate of flowers with four and five carpels, being 37.33% and 7.33%, respectively. Thus, flowers with four and five carpels represent important characteristics for passion fruit breeding programs.

Studies on floral morphology in different genotypes of Jasminum sambac

The present investigation was undertaken to study the floral morphology behavior among 22 genotypes of Jasminum sambac. Results revealed that among the different genotypes, cluster bearing habit in terminal position was recorded in genotypes Iruvatchi and IIHR JS - 5, whereas other genotypes recorded forked cymes of cluster flowers in terminal and axillary. Three different shapes of flower bud was recorded among the genotypes, viz. pointed and long, pointed and short, rounded and short. Flower bud colour and colour on flower bud opening was white (155 B or 155 C) and pink tinge on flower bud was recorded in IIHR JS - 5. Star and round shaped flower was observed among different genotypes. Three different types of flowers were recorded, viz., single, double and multi-whorled (3 to 6). Among 22 genotypes, Arka Aradhana recorded longest bud (3.85 cm) and corolla (2.11 cm). The genotype IIHR JS - 5 recorded the longest corolla tube (2.29 cm) and Iruvatchi recorded maximum number of forks per cyme (14). Maximum number of calyx lobe was recorded in Gundumallige (8.79 cm), whereas longest calyx lobe was recorded in Soojimalli (1.49 cm). Bigger size of flower was recorded in Soojimalli (4.64 cm) and maximum number of petals was observed in IIHR JS - 1 (40). The information generated on floral morphological traits in different genotypes will facilitate the planned crop improvement programmes in jasmine.

Study of the ornamentation of Bhong Mosque for the survival of decorative patterns in Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture is rich in decorative patterns. Mosques were constructed in the past as simple buildings for offering prayers five times a day. However, in subsequent periods, various features of ornamentation in the form of geometry and arabesque were applied to the surfaces of mosques to portray paradise symbolically. This research applied descriptive approaches to examine the surviving patterns of the Aga-Khan-awarded Bhong Mosque and categorized these patterns as geometric and arabesque. This categorization was achieved by photography, use of software for patterns, and conducting interviews with local elderly persons in the region. The geometric patterns were simple 6- and 8-point star patterns. Several of the earliest examples of rosette petals exhibited 8- and 10-point star patterns and were categorized by incorporating the geometric style and location of mosques. This research investigated different arabesque categories and inscription types and determined the aesthetic and cultural reasons for their placement on various surfaces. Frescoes had different types of flowers, fruits, and leaves, and a few of them belonged to the local region.

Mutation breeding of ornamental plants using ion beams.

Ornamental plants that have a rich variety of flower colors and shapes are highly prized in the commercial flower market, and therefore, mutant cultivars that produce different types of flowers while retaining their growth habits are in demand. Furthermore, mutation breeding is well suited for ornamental plants because many species can be easily vegetatively propagated, facilitating the production of spontaneous and induced mutants. The use of ion beams in mutation breeding has rapidly expanded since the 1990s in Japan, with the prospect that more ion beam-specific mutants will be generated. There are currently four irradiation facilities in Japan that provide ion beam irradiation for plant materials. The development of mutant cultivars using ion beams has been attempted on many ornamental plants thus far, and some species have been used to investigate the process of mutagenesis. In addition, progress is being made in clarifying the genetic mechanism for expressing important traits, which will probably result in the development of more efficient mutation breeding methods for ornamental plants. This review not only provides examples of successful mutation breeding results using ion beams, but it also describes research on mutagenesis and compares results of ion beam and gamma ray breeding using ornamental plants.

Bumblebee sonication behavior changes with plant species and environmental conditions

Bumblebees collect pollen from some plants by grasping flowers and vibrating their flight muscles—a behavior termed buzz pollination, or sonication. The extent to which bees can and do alter their sonication has been scarcely documented. We show that bumblebees are capable of changing their vibration frequency. In two field studies, we found that relative humidity, date, and bee size are associated with sonication frequency and/or duration. We found that the frequency and duration of sonications differed on different plants. In a greenhouse study, we found that individual bumblebees change their sonication frequency and duration when collecting pollen from flowers of three different Solanum plants. This suggests that bees may change their sonication behavior to optimize pollen release from different types of flowers.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM IPTEK BAGI MASYARAKAT KELOMPOK PERAJIN LIMBAH PLASTIK DI KELURAHAN KARUNRUNG DAN MAKKIO BAJI KECAMATAN RAPPOCINI KOTA MAKASSAR

This article describes the results of the Science and Technology for Society (IBM) for training, coaching and mentoring on Craft Group Karunrung Plastic Waste in the village and sub-district Bontomakio Rappocini Makassar. This activity aims to : (1) increase the motivation for entrepreneurship partner members, (2) enhance the ability of members of the technical partners in production and marketing, (4) increase the number and quality of the production of associate members, (4) improving the understanding and participation of associate members of the plan business and good management. Outcomes achieved from this program are : (1) increasing the entrepreneurial spirit and the spirit of partner members in an effort to support group activities, (2) the group has the knowledge and skills partners and pemasaan production, (3) with the increasing productivity partner group, (4) group partners have the ability to make a simple business plan, established institutional partner organizations, (5) increased faculty attention to the group of crafters Nobel STIE plastic waste, and (6) increased activity in the development of science and technology STIE Nobel Indonesian. While the physical outcomes of this program is in the form of object carried in the hand bag, school bag, decoration curtains, different types of flowers (flowervase ), key chains, glass cover, water spots and other minirel.

HERMAPHRODITISM AND FERTILITY IN PISTACIA CHINENSIS BUNGE

Pistacia chinensis Bunge, in China, holds an important role in economic, social and landscape benefits. This species is recorded to be a dioecious plant, with both staminate and pistillate inflorescence conical shaped. This study aimed to assess the different types of flowers and sexual types of P. Chinensis and to test the fertility of both male and female gametophytes. Results revealed for the first time the existence of monoecious trees in Tang County Hebei Province, China. Three types of inflorescences were found: staminate and pistillate inflorescences growing on different branches of the same tree; staminate and pistillate inflorescences growing on the same branch but belonging to different inflorescence buds; staminate and pistillate inflorescence formed from the same inflorescence bud. Four types of inflorescence were observed: staminate and pistillate flowers in single sex inflorescences, mixed inflorescences, hermaphrodite flowers, single-sex flowers and hermaphrodite flowers forming an inflorescence. Artificial crossings showed that pollen and ovary of monoecious types were fertile. Crossings between one male tree and monoecious trees used as female parents produced bigger fruits than those obtained when female tree was used as female parent. These preliminary results are of great importance for orchards establishment and should be further explored for their potential in breeding programmes.

Preliminary note on fossil flowers and inflorescences from the late Oligocene of Enspel (Westerwald, W-Germany)

The present contribution provides a first preliminary overview on flowers and inflorescences which have been discovered in the late Oligocene Fossil–Lagerstatte Enspel. These findings have so far been neglected in palaeobotanical studies on this locality, but several morphologically different types of flowers and inflorescences can be distinguished. Most of these have not yet been determined. The excellent morphological preservation of many of the flowers demonstrates that further careful investigations of these remains may provide important additional information about the diversity of this important palaeoflora and its palaeoenvironment.

Functional diversification of duplicated CYC2 clade genes in regulation of inflorescence development in Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae)

The complex inflorescences (capitula) of Asteraceae consist of different types of flowers. In Gerbera hybrida (gerbera), the peripheral ray flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and lack functional stamens while the central disc flowers are more radially symmetrical and hermaphroditic. Proteins of the CYC2 subclade of the CYC/TB1-like TCP domain transcription factors have been recruited several times independently for parallel evolution of bilaterally symmetrical flowers in various angiosperm plant lineages, and have also been shown to regulate flower-type identity in Asteraceae. The CYC2 subclade genes in gerbera show largely overlapping gene expression patterns. At the level of single flowers, their expression domain in petals shows a spatial shift from the dorsal pattern known so far in species with bilaterally symmetrical flowers, suggesting that this change in expression may have evolved after the origin of Asteraceae. Functional analysis indicates that GhCYC2, GhCYC3 and GhCYC4 mediate positional information at the proximal-distal axis of the inflorescence, leading to differentiation of ray flowers, but that they also regulate ray flower petal growth by affecting cell proliferation until the final size and shape of the petals is reached. Moreover, our data show functional diversification for the GhCYC5 gene. Ectopic activation of GhCYC5 increases flower density in the inflorescence, suggesting that GhCYC5 may promote the flower initiation rate during expansion of the capitulum. Our data thus indicate that modification of the ancestral network of TCP factors has, through gene duplications, led to the establishment of new expression domains and to functional diversification.

Sparse representations based attribute learning for flower classification

Abstract Classification for flowers is a very difficult task. Traditional methods need to built a classifier for each flower category, and obtain large number of flower samples to train these classifiers. In practice, many different types of flowers make the job become very difficult and boring. In this work, we present an attribute based approach for flowers recognition. Particularly, instead of training for a specific category of flowers directly based on manually designed features such as SIFT and HoG, we extract a series of visual attributes from a given set of flower images and generalize these to new images with possibly unknown flowers. A recently proposed sparse representations classification scheme is employed to predict the attributes of a given flower image from any category. In addition, we use a genetic algorithm to find the most discriminative attributes among others for better performance during the stage of flower classification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a publicly available flower classification database with promising results.

Diversidad genética de Lilaea scilloides (Juncaginaceae) en el centro de México

Lilaea scilloides (Juncaginaceae) is an aquatic species inhabiting temporary wetlands. It is an annual herbaceous emergent plant distributed from Canada to Argentina. This species reproduces both sexually and asexually, and is wind-pollinated. Flowers are highly heteromorphic with 5 different types of flowers. We hypothesized that, because of its pollination syndrome, wide distribution and local abundance, the species would have high genetic diversity, low endogamy, low genetic differentiation, and high gene flow. The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic diversity and structure of L. scilloides and compare with species with similar ecological and life history traits. We analyzed 40 individuals from 12 populations using isozyme electrophoresis in starch gels. The results showed a low within population genetic diversity (A= 1.77, Ae= 1.15, P= 56.6, Ho= 0.064 and He= 0.103), a high endogamy index (FIS= 0.288), low genetic differentiation among populations (FST= 0.077), and high gene flow (Nm= 4.42). We also found evidence of a high degree of clonal propagation in the species. These results indicate that asexual reproduction is extremely important for the species, as well as the possibility that Lilaea scilloides has hydrophilous pollination, which has not been previously reported.