Different Types Of Contracts Research Articles

Comparative Analysis Of The Contracts For Maritime Transport Services. Chain Of Charter Parties

A basic principle in Law is the freedom of contract. Particularly, in Private Shipping Law, contractual parties may agree on all lawful terms and conditions which are most appropriate for the performance of the carriage. During the years of maritime trade practice, different types of contracts has been created, as well as systems of Chain Charter Parities have been adopted, through all of which the relations between maritime traders were settled. All this has contributed to maritime commercial practices for the carriage to be carried out not only by the shipowners, but also by other maritime traders with the appropriate authority and competence.

Directions for the Reconstruction of the Tax System in Poland – a Growth‑Enhancing Proposal

The paper aims to present directions for the growth‑enhancing reconstruction of the tax system in Poland. It presents a diagnosis of the main strengths and weaknesses of that system. Based on this diagnosis and a review of the literature, the authors propose a package of recommendations whose introduction would be conducive to economic growth. The recommendations include: shifting the burden of taxation from income, in particular low labour income, to consumption; exempting low earners from a part of social security contributions; the introduction of the possibility for local governments to increase the PIT-free allowance above the centrally set base amount; the unification of the basis for the PIT, National Health Fund and Social Insurance Institution contributions; the elimination of differences in contributions for different types of contracts on the basis of which work is performed; the extension of one‑off amortisation to all machine investments; and the elimination of sectoral taxes.

Customer Satisfaction, Loyalty and Switching Behaviour: A Conceptual Model of Mobile Telecommunications Consumers

The paper presents an overview of the mobile telecommunications sector by highlighting the effect of the sector on the economy. The was followed by a discussion of the different types of contracts, with much focus on customer switching, so as to highlight that this industry is highly susceptible to customers switching service providers. The discussion then progressed to why customers switch, the costs and barriers associated with switching and what can be done to minimize such behaviour. A thorough review of relevant literature on consumer behaviour in general and customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and consumer switching behaviour in particular, as well as the antecedents of the aforementioned constructs, culminated in the development of a conceptual model for managing customer switching in the mobile telecommunications industry.

Effect of Various Types of Muscle Contraction with Different Running Conditions on Mouse Humerus Morphology.

How various types of muscle contraction during exercises affect bone formation remains unclear. This study aimed to determine how exercises with different muscle contraction types affect bone morphology. In total, 20 mice were used and divided into four groups: Control, Level, Down Slow, and Down. Different types of muscle contraction were induced by changing the running angle of the treadmill. After the intervention, micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase/alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze the humerus head, tendon-to-bone attachment, and humerus diaphyseal region. Micro-CT found that the volume ratio of the humeral head, the volume of the tendon-to-bone attachment region, and the area of the humeral diaphyseal region increased in the Down group. However, no difference was detected in bone morphology between the Level and Down Slow groups. In addition, histology showed activation of ALP in the subarticular subchondral region in the Down Slow and Down groups and the fibrocartilage region in the tendon-to-bone attachment. Moreover, Osterix increased predominantly in the Down Slow and Down groups.Overall bone morphological changes in the humerus occur only when overuse is added to EC-dominant activity. Furthermore, different type of muscle contractile activities might promote bone formation in a site-specific manner.

Does the Contract Type Matter? Impact of Marketing and Production Contracts on Cashew Farmers’ Farm Performance in Ghana

Abstract Many studies show that participation in contract farming has positive impacts on farm productivity and incomes. Most of the literature, however, does not take into account that contracts vary in their specifications, making empirical evidence scarce on the diverse impacts of different types of contracts. In this study, we investigate the driving forces of participation in marketing and production contracts, relative to spot markets. We also study the extent to which different contract types add additional benefits to smallholder farmers, using recent survey data of 389 cashew farmers in Ghana. To account for selection bias arising from observed and unobserved factors, we apply a multinomial endogenous switching regression method and implement a counterfactual analysis. The empirical results demonstrate that farmers who participate in production contracts obtain significantly higher cashew yields, cashew net revenues, and are more food secure compared to spot market farmers. We also find substantial heterogeneity in the impact of marketing and production contracts across scale of operation. Small sized farms that participate in production contracts tend to benefit the most. Marketing contracts, however, do not appear to benefit cashew farmers.

Psychological Contract for Human Development and Organizational Sustainability

Organizations can sustain different efforts toward human development, and employee–employer relationships can sustain the organizations to work toward their purpose. However, contemporary organizations are facing unprecedented challenges as a result of COVID-19, intensified globalization, increasingly diversified workforce, and continuous technological advancements, thereby impacting the way businesses and people are managed. Most of the work has transitioned to online, and employees are working from home due to pandemic situations. Organizations need to manage the emerging, complex employee–employer relationships in this new order of the world for the purpose of human development as well as organizational sustainability. In the absence of frequent employee–employer meetings at physical workplaces and the transition of the workspace into virtual workstations, we need to look at new ways of initiating and sustaining employee–employer relationships. In this conceptual article, we propose that different types of psychological contracts, like relational and transactional contracts, can contribute to these goals. Through a conceptual analysis of relevant literature, we first examine different aspects of the psychological contract—its types, antecedents, and consequences of different types of contract on organizations. Sustainable human development is related to organizational sustainability. We propose that a relational psychological contract may help in sustainable human development as well as organizational sustainability, whereas a transactional psychological contract moderates the relationship between sustainable human development and organizational sustainability.

COMMON BEST PROXIMITY POINTS THEOREMS FOR H-CONTRACTIVE NON-SELF MAPPINGS

Fixed point theory and contractive mappings are popular tools in solving a variety of problems such as control theory, economic theory, nonlinear analysis and global analysis.There are many works on different types of contractions to find a fixed point in metric spaces. Improving and extending some kind of those, in this paper, we introduce a new version of H-contradiction for four mappings in a metric space (X,d). Then, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a common best proximity point for four non-self mappings. An example is also given to support our main result. The related fixed point theorem are also proved.

Existence, well-posedness of coupled fixed points and application to nonlinear integral equations

We investigate a fixed point problem for coupled Geraghty type contraction in a metric space with a binary relation. The role of the binary relation is to restrict the scope of the contraction to smaller number of ordered pairs. Such possibilities have been explored for different types of contractions in recent times which has led to the emergence of relational fixed point theory. Geraghty type contractions arose in the literatures as a part of research seeking the replacement contraction constants by appropriate functions. Also coupled fixed point problems have evoked much interest in recent times. Combining the above trends we formulate and solve the fixed point problem mentioned above. Further we show that with some additional conditions such solution is unique. Well-posedness of the problem is investigated. An illustrative example is discussed. The consequences of the results are discussed considering \(\alpha\)-dominated mappings and graphs on the metric space. Finally we apply our result to show the existence of solution of some system of nonlinear integral equations.

Global titanium dioxide market report 2019 - 2030.

This chapter introduces the technology entrepreneur to some practical lessons discussing the law that governs contracts. This chapter will also delve into the many different types of contracts a technology entrepreneur will likely encounter throughout each of the stages of the business. A base understanding of contract law is required as it will surely help an aspiring entrepreneur avoid trapping themselves within a one-sided agreement. This chapter will also introduce the typical structures and provisions found within many contracts, and when using legal aid is recommended. An overview will also be provided to help understand some of the common terms found within contracts and how to manage the contract once it has officially been executed.

Transaction-based classification and detection approach for Ethereum smart contract

Blockchain technology brings innovation to various industries. Ethereum is currently the second blockchain platform by market capitalization, it’s also the largest smart contract blockchain platform. Smart contracts can simplify and accelerate the development of various applications, but they also bring some problems. For example, smart contracts are used to commit fraud, vulnerability contracts are deliberately developed to undermine fairness, and there are numerous duplicative contracts that waste performance with no actual purpose. In this paper, we propose a transaction-based classification and detection approach for Ethereum smart contract to address these issues. We collected over 10,000 smart contracts from Ethereum and focused on the data behavior generated by smart contracts and users. We identified four behavior patterns from the transactions by manual analysis, which can be used to distinguish the difference between different types of contracts. Then 14 basic features of a smart contract are constructed from these. To construct the experimental dataset, we propose a data slicing algorithm for slicing the collected smart contracts. After that, we use an LSTM network to train and test our datasets. The extensive experimental results show that our approach can distinguish different types of contracts and can be applied to anomaly detection and malicious contract identification with satisfactory precision, recall, and f1-score.

Effect of supraspinal influences on the manifestation of presynaptic inhibition Ia afferents in different types of muscle contraction in humans

Relevance. Тhe biological role of presynaptic inhibition is to regulate excessive skeletal muscle tone, which prevents the execution of arbitrary muscle contractions. In the modern literature, there is information devoted mainly to the study of various types of spinal inhibition in the isometric type of contraction. The aim: determining the role of supraspinal influences from brain stem structures on the activity of presynaptic inhibition when performing various types and sizes of muscle contractions in humans. Materials and methods: 20-22 year-old healthy men (n=6) took part in the research. Presynaptic inhibition was registered at rest; at rest in combination with the performance of Jendrassik maneuver; when performing concentric, eccentric, isometric contractions of 50 % and 100 % of the individual maximum without and against the background of Jendrassik maneuver. Results: During the execution of concentric, eccentric and isometric contractions of different sizes, the severity of presynaptic inhibition decreases in comparison with rest, both without taking Jendrassik maneuver, and against the background of its execution. With an increase in the strength of concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions from 50 % to 100 % of the individual maximum, the severity of presynaptic inhibition progressively decreased under the same experimental conditions. Without taking Jendrassik maneuver, the greatest severity of presynaptic inhibition was observed with concentric and isometric contractions of 50 % and 100 % of the MVC, and against the background of taking Jendrassik maneuver - with an isometric type of reduction of 50 % and 100 % of the MVC. Conclusion. Supraspinal descending effects caused by the Jendrassik maneuver modulate the state of presynaptic inhibition Ia of the afferents of the flexor muscle of the foot, depending on the type and strength of muscle contraction.

REKONSTRUKSI SISTEM PENYELENGGARAAN PASAR MODAL SYARIAH

The capital market that is widely used by people is not in accordance with the provisions contained in sharia principles. Therefore, a capital market with sharia. Conventional capital markets and Islamic capital markets have a similar concept but differ in principles and have different types of contracts. This difference between conventional capital market principles and the principles contained in the Islamic capital market results in the need for regulations that specifically regulate the Islamic capital market. so it is necessary to update the Law No. 8 of 1995 concerning Capital Markets. Judging from the legal system, the Sharia Capital Market still has weaknesses related to the legal substance, legal structure and legal culture so that reconstruction of Islamic capital market regulations must be conducted. The method used in this writing is analytical descriptive and uses a normative juridical approach.

Fixed points for fuzzy quasi-contractions in fuzzy metric spaces endowed with a graph

In this paper, we introduce the notion of G-fuzzy H-quasi-contractions using directed graphs in the setting of fuzzy metric spaces endowed with a graph and we show that this new type of contraction generalizes a large number of different types of contractions. Subsequently, we investigate some results concerning the existence of fixed points for this class of contractions under two different conditions in M-complete fuzzy metric spaces endowed with a graph. Our main results of the work significantly generalize many known comparable results in the existing literature. Examples are given to support the usability of our results and to show that they are improvements of some known ones.

Coordination of VMI supply chain with replenishment tactic under risk aversion and sales effort

This paper considers a vendor-managed inventory (VMI) supply chain consisting of a risk-averse supplier and a risk-neutral retailer engaging in sales promoting efforts. Under the conditional risk at value, we examine three different types of contracts with the replenishment option for coordinating the VMI supply chain, namely, a risk diversification and cost sharing (RDCS) contract, an option and cost sharing contract, and a subsidy and cost sharing contract. Firstly, we derive the optimal production strategy and analyze the capability of each of the proposed contracts in coordinating the VMI supply chain. We find that all of those contracts can achieve coordination of the supply chain with Pareto improvement. Secondly, we also show that both the supplier and the retailer prefer the RDCS contract over the other two contracts. Finally, we use numerical experiments to analyze the impact of risk aversion on contracts’ parameters.

OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING: ISSUES OF THE COMPLIANCE WITH COPYRIGHT

The author in the article explores the issues of using publications available in Open Access on the digital network. The article describes the definition of the term «Open Access». This concept is based on the Budapest Open Access Initiative (2012) — this document contains one of the most widely used definitions of Open Access. The basic features of this term are established.A comparison is made between the free (fair) use of works and the use of publications available in Open Access. The difference between these concepts are established.The use of publications available in Open Access, except for works that have become public domain, may not be copyright free. Moral rights are reserved by the authors, and property rights belong to the person who acquired them in accordance with the law or the contract. These rights must be adhered when publishing and using this publication available in Open Access. The use of the term «Open» does not mean unlimited access to the works.The article explores that Open Access publishing is possible if there are not legal, financial, technical obstacles. It has been proven that overcoming these obstacles is directly or indirectly related to the need for compliance copyright law.The article explores the problematic issues of authors' payment for article publishing charge and the use of publications available in Open Access (Article processing charge) and ways solution these issues.This article gives an overview of examples of contracts where publication fees are paid not by institutional authors but by interested organizations. The article explores the different types of contracts that can be concluded when publishing works and the use of publications available in the Open Access. In particular, the agreements of the rights transfer, the public licenses for Creative Commons.Generally, the use of a published work may be permitted subject to the conditions, defined by the person, who has the exclusive right under law or contract to permission the use of the work, and may determine the conditions of access to that work. The article argues that the key issue is the compliance of copyright for works that are created, published, and made available to the public online under the Open Access. The author analyzes the others issues of application of the legislation in the sphereof copyright, gives examples from practices.

Assessment of Quadriceps Contraction Using a Novel Surface Mechanomyography Sensor During a Neuromuscular Control Screening Task

PURPOSENeuromuscular control is an important factor for injury incidence and post‐surgical rehabilitation. Surface Mechanomyography (sMMG) sensors are novel wearable devices that are applied over a muscle group to measure the physical output of muscle deformation resulting from a muscle contraction. Electromyography (EMG) is the clinical standard for assessing the electrical signal identifying muscle activation. However, well‐established data collection and analysis challenges limit the utility of EMG for wide‐spread neuromuscular control screening in a clinic environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of sMMG sensors to detect timing patterns of muscle contraction and compare time events to those collected through traditional clinical EMG during a bilateral squat task.METHODSEleven healthy, active individuals (mean age= 30.0 ± 10.77 y, 7 males, 4 females) underwent a neuromuscular control assessment with EMG and sMMG sensors simultaneously applied to the right quadriceps. Subjects performed a series of 3 bilateral deep squats. EMG data processed with a low‐pass 6th order Butterworth filter and a TKEO function, and raw sMMG data were used for timing analyses. Statistical analyses included paired T‐test assessments between measurement modalities.RESULTSThere was no significant difference in the timing of total duration of quadriceps contraction between EMG (mean= 2.526 ± 0.553 s) and sMMG (mean= 2.527 ± 0.539 s), p= 0.985. The duration of quadriceps contraction during the descent phase of the squat (eccentric contraction, p= 0.773) and the ascent phase (concentric contraction, p= 0.298) did not differ significantly between modalities.CONCLUSIONSResults are consistent with physiologic expectations that myoelectrical activity (measured by EMG) and the physical muscle deformation of muscles (measured by sMMG) occur in extremely rapid succession. Successful sMMG detection of quadriceps contraction is supported by similarity to EMG time signatures. Findings also suggest the ability of sMMG sensors to detect timing of activation for different types of muscle contraction during a functional exercise without the need for complex signal processing (Figure 1). The sMMG sensor may be helpful for assessing quadriceps muscle performance and timing as part of quick, in‐the‐clinic neuromuscular control screenings for injury prevention, rehabilitation, and exercise training.Example of data analysis steps for comparison between electromyography (EMG) and surface mechanography (sMMG) timing during a bilateral squat taskFigure 1

Using Tensiomyography to Assess Changes in Knee Muscle Contraction Properties After Concentric and Eccentric Fatiguing Muscle Actions.

Muñoz-López, A, De Hoyo, M, Nuñez, FJ, and Sañudo, B. Using tensiomyography to assess changes in knee muscle contraction properties after concentric and eccentric fatiguing muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purposes of this study were to analyze the effects of different types of muscle contraction (concentric and eccentric) on the passive muscular contraction properties of knee muscles and how muscle contraction can affect the muscles in different knee functions. In total, 23 active healthy men (age: 24.65 ± 1.95 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.05 m, mass: 75.33 ± 8.37 kg) participated in this study. Muscle soreness, muscle contractile properties assessed with tensiomyography (TMG) (vastus lateralis [VL] and biceps femoris [BF]), and isometric peak torque were tested before and immediately after 32 maximal repetitions of an isokinetic leg extension and flexion exercise at 180° per second. Muscle contractions were randomized to each subject's leg. From the TMG variables, only contraction velocity showed significant interactions in time × muscle × contraction (p = 0.046; partial ηp = 0.19). A greater reduction was observed in the BF (-29.03%) than in the VL (-21.25%). There was a significant decrease in contraction velocity after concentric p < 0.001, d = 1.18) and eccentric (p = 0.007, d = 0.51) exercise for the BF, while for VL, a decrease was only observed after concentric exercise (p = 0.007, d = 0.66). The leg extension exercise showed reductions in the isokinetic peak torque (p < 0.001; partial ηp = 0.83). Isometric peak torque (p < 0.001; partial ηp = 0.80) and muscle soreness (p < 0.001; partial ηp = 0.70) decreased after exercise. In conclusion, muscle mechanical properties were differently affected in relation to the muscle contraction and knee muscles involved, after a fatiguing leg extension isokinetic exercise. Isometric peak torque and muscle soreness were also reduced immediately after exercise. These results are particularly important to understand how TMG parameters are modified depending on the type of contraction.

How Does Working-Time Flexibility Affect Workers' Productivity in a Routine Job? Evidence from a Field Experiment

We conducted an experiment in which we hired workers under different types of contracts to evaluate how flexible working time affects on-the-job productivity in a routine job. Our approach breaks down the global impact on productivity into sorting and behavioral effects. We find that all forms of working-time flexibility reduce the length of workers' breaks. For part-time work, these positive effects are globally counterbalanced. Yet arrangements that allow workers to decide when to start and stop working increase global productivity by as much as 50 percent, 40 percent of which is induced by sorting.

On the electro‐chemo‐mechanical modelling of stomach smooth muscle contraction

AbstractDuring the ingestion of a meal the activation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the stomach wall lead to different types of contraction and relaxation processes, enabling the stomach to perform its main functions, which are the storage, mixing and transport of food. A three‐dimensional multi‐field and multi‐scale model of the gastric smooth muscle contraction is presented and its ability is tested in simulations performed on a tissue strip as well as on the whole organ.

The Use of Risk-Sharing Contracts in Healthcare: Theoretical and Empirical Assessments.

The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on risk-sharing agreements, including conceptual, theoretical and empirical (number of agreements and their achievements) perspectives, and stakeholders' perceptions. We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE from 2000 to April 2019, following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology, and completed it with a manual search of other publications (mainly grey literature). The search was restricted to publications with English abstracts; the initial identification of articles was restricted to the title, abstract and key words fields. The geographical scope was not restricted. Over 20 studies proposed different taxonomies of risk-sharing contracts, which can be summarised as financial and paying-for-performance agreements. Theoretical studies modelling the incentives to implement risk-sharing agreements are scarce; they addressed different types of contracts and regulatory contexts, characterizing the drug prices and the optimal strategies of the involved agents. Empirical studies describing specific agreements are abundant and referred to different geographical contexts; however, few articles showed the economic results and assessed the value of such contracts. Stakeholders' perceptions of risk-sharing contracting were favourable, but little is known about the economic and clinical advantages of specific agreements. Whether risk-sharing contracts have yielded the desired results for healthcare systems remains uncertain. Risk-sharing contracts are increasingly used, although the lack of transparency and aggregated registries makes it difficult to learn from these experiences and assess their impact on healthcare systems.