Different Strains Of Bacillus Research Articles

Tilapia lake virus infection disrupts the gut microbiota of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

Viral infections have the potential to damage fish intestines and disrupt the composition and diversity of the bacterial populations. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiota profiles of 23 red hybrid tilapia (10 ± 3 g) infected with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) via two different methods. For the intraperitoneal (IP)-injection, 50 μl of TiLV at a concentration of 105 TCID50/ml was administered into the fish's coelomic cavity. In the cohabitation challenge method, infection was achieved by injecting the virus into the coelomic cavity of the inducer fish and allow them to cohabited with cohabitation fish at a ratio of 1:3. The cohabitation infected fish had a cumulative mortality rate of 49%, while the IP-injection group had 81.5%, which was accompanied by clinical signs, severe histopathological changes in the intestines and high viral loads in the intestines over the infection period at 6, 12 and 21 days post challenge (dpc). Most importantly, an analysis of the bacterial populations based on the alpha and beta diversity patterns revealed distinct alterations in the intestines of the fish infected via IP injection and cohabitation and the control fish. Specifically, our findings highlighted a reduction in Cetobacterium (phylum Fusobacterium) and an increase in Brevinema (phylum Spirochaetes) in the infected fish at 6 and 12 dpc. Indeed, the elevation of Brevinema population is associated with a higher mortality rate within the IP-injection compared to the cohabitation group. Remarkably, the fish that survived TiLV infection at 21 dpc showed a higher abundance of Bacillus (phylum Firmicutes), which was in contrast to that at earlier time points (6 and 12 dpc). While Brevinema has been recognised as a potentially opportunistic pathogen in fish, different strains of Bacillus are commonly used as probiotics to promote fish health and enhance disease resistance. Our findings thus provide valuable insights into the distinct shifts occurring within fish gut microbiota during TiLV infection and suggest potential implications for improving gut health and resistance to viral infections in tilapia. Taken together, our study establishes that TiLV infection triggers significant changes in the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota in red hybrid tilapia.

Plant Viruses and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Relationships: A Shiny Application

In the face of climate change, the point of view of existing agricultural production systems is changing, and biological issues are gaining importance in terms of sustainable agriculture. Environmentally friendly biological solutions come to the forefront in the management of diseases and pests that put pressure on sustainable agriculture. It has been proven by many studies that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have positive effects on plant growth, as well as reduce or prevent viral diseases. However, determining the targeted virus species, the PGPR strains used, or the plant strains tested requires a serious literature review and reading. In this study, which can be considered as a preliminary study, a database of PGPR and plant virus relations literature was created in a dynamic infrastructure that can be constantly updated, and a web interface was developed as an R/shiny application. Thanks to this preliminary study, which has examples in different fields, it is thought that it is possible for researchers to quickly access the literature on the subject, plan cost-effective projects, and identify the missing or potential points of the subject. According to the information in the database, it was determined that CMV was the most targeted virus, different strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera were used the most as PGPR agent, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were the most tested plant species, and single applications were tested more. It is thought that this and similar studies will enable researchers to gain a quick perspective on the subject, facilitate the management of the information they have acquired, and contribute to effective planning in their new studies.

Identification of Sponge-Associated Bacteria From the Coast of Kuwait and Their Potential Biotechnological Applications.

Sponges are among the most ancient animals harboring complex microbial communities with potential applications in biotechnology. The Arabian Gulf is a thermally stressed enclosed body of water located in an arid region where sponges and their halobionts are understudied. This study combined 16S rRNA next-generation gene amplicon sequencing and cultivation techniques to explore the abundance and diversity of sponge-associated bacteria. Culture-independent techniques showed the associations of more than 25 bacterial phyla with Amphimedon sp., Chondrilla australiensis, Haliclona sp., and Niphates spp. Regarding cultivable bacteria, 315 bacterial isolates associated with the sponge Haliclona sp. were cultivated; these isolates were affiliated with the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and were distributed among six bacterial genera. Selected strains of Bacillus, Ferrimonas, Pseudovibrio, Shewanella, Spongiobacter, and Vibrio were tested for antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms and protease enzyme production. Seven Bacillus strains exhibited weak to moderate growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, 29 different strains of Bacillus, Ferrimonas, Shewanella, and Vibrio exhibited different degrees of positive protease activity. In addition, cultivated strains of Bacillus, Shewanella, Pseudovibrio, and Vibrio were tested for their biomineralization abilities. Herein we report for the first time the isolation of biomineralizing bacteria from sponge tissue where eleven bacterial isolates produced different shapes of calcium carbonate crystals on agar. Our observations shed light on the diversity and biotechnological potentials of sponges-associated bacteria inhabiting one of the world’s hottest seas.

RESEARCHES ON THE QUANTIFICATION OF L-ASPARAGINASE PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS

L-asparaginase is an enzyme that is mainly used in the medical industry to treat various cancers and in the food industry to reduce acrylamide in starch-containing foods. In order to be used successfully, L-asparaginase must have a certain concentration and a certain purity to give the best results and minimize side effects in the medical industry. The aim of this paper was the screening of different strains of Bacillus, Streptomyces, yeasts and bacterial endophytes for L-asparaginase biosynthesis, and to highlight the methods used to determine the level of L-asparaginase. Several bacterial strains and two yeast strains were selected and the level of L-asparaginase was quantified. At least two microbial strains will be used in further experiments to optimize the enzyme production.

Identification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting fruiting bodies of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

Tuber species may be regarded as complex microhabitats hosting diverse microorganisms inside their fruiting bodies. Here, we investigated the structure of microbial communities inhabiting the gleba of wild growing (in stands) T. aestivum, using Illumina sequencing and culture-based methods. The two methods used in combination allowed to extract more information on complex microbiota of Tuber aestivum gleba. Analysis of the V3–V4 region of 16S rDNA identified nine phyla of bacteria present in the gleba of T. aestivum ascomata, mostly Proteobacteria from the family Bradyrhizobiaceae. Our results ideally match the earlier data for other Tuber species where the family Bradyrhizobiaceae was the most represented. The ITS1 region of fungal rDNA represented six alien fungal species belonging to three phyla. To complement the metagenomic analysis, cultivable fungi and bacteria were obtained from the gleba of the same T. aestivum fruiting bodies. The identified fungi mostly belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and same to Ascomycota. Analysis of cultivable bacteria revealed that all the specimens were colonized by different strains of Bacillus. Fungal community inhabiting T. aestivum fruiting bodies was never shown before.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Bacillus subtilis-Derived Silver Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received great attention in the biomedical field because of their intrinsic therapeutic properties. Nanoparticles synthesized from silver have been studied as antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer agents and found particularly an attractive source for the development of a new and advance group of antimicrobial agents. Objectives: In the present study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from non-pathogenic Bacillus subtilis strain to assess their antimicrobial activity. Methods: Different strains of Bacillus spp. were selected and screened against silver nitrate (AgNO3) toxicity. Finally, B. subtilis strain (FCBP-WB-0174) was selected based on its silver resistant nature, among other strains. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and optimized from the supernatant of B. subtilis culture at 37°C by the reduction of silver ions using the various molar concentration of AgNO3. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These synthesized AgNPs were used for evaluating antimicrobial activity against four multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Results: The silver ion reduction was found at a ratio of 1:1 from all the three molar concentrations (1, 2, and 3 mM) of AgNO3. The characterized nanoparticles were found to have a characteristic absorption peak at 426 nm, and the particles were found to have spherical shape under SEM with an average diameter of about 80 ± 0.18 nm, which was also reconfirmed using Zeta Sizer Nano. Prepared Silver nanoparticles have found potential antimicrobial activities against all tested pathogenic, including strains, e.g., Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Effective AgNP’s were produced from selected B. subtilis strain, and the strain itself was resistant to AgNO3. The current study evidenced that biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from B. subtilis has promising antimicrobial activities against pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Separating Keratinase Producer Bacteria from the Soil of Poultry Farms and Optimization of the Conditions for Maximum Enzyme Production

Feather is considered one of the environmental pollutant factors that can be hydrolyzed by bacteria and fungi. About 90% of the full weight of a feather consists of keratin. The structure of feather is very difficult to break down. Some bacteria in the presence of keratin-contained substrates are able to produce the keratinase enzyme to hydrolyze keratin. A total of 15 soil samples were collected from the poultry farms around Marvdasht city. 7 bacterial strains were grown in feather filled environment. 5 isolates that showed a clear analysis were selected and identified using biochemical tests and molecular methods. The bacterial DNA contents were sequenced and were assigned certain numbers in GenBank as new strains. Then, every fifth bacteria were also evaluated for the production of keratinase. All strains belonged to different strains of Bacillus. Five strains were able to completely degrade feather. Bacillus cereus SKH1 had the maximum enzyme activity, 17.12 (Unit/ml/min). Different strains of Bacillus in this study showed the ability to produce keratinase in the presence of keratin. Keratinase measurement showed that all 5 strains are potentially able to treat feather-contained waste.

English

A pot experiment was conducted in the screen-house of Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the two successive seasons of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to investigate the potential effect of different strains of Bacillus (BS1- SYB101, BS2- SB155 and BS3- SB127), Pseudomonas (PS1- WPS73, PS2- CPA152 and PS3-P20) and their combination on growth, flowering and nutrient content of chrysanthemum. Strains of Bacillus and Pseudomonas significantly influenced the observed parameters of chrysanthemum. Maximum plant height and number of branches per plant were recorded in plants inoculated with PS2 strain of Pseudomonas (CPA152) and BS3 strain of Bacillus (SB127) in both the years. The minimum number of days taken to bud initiation, days for first flowering from bud initiation and days taken for 50% flowering were recorded in plants inoculated with PS2 strain of Pseudomonas (CPA152) and BS3 strain of Bacillus (SB127). The maximum flower size was noticed with PS3 strain of Pseudomonas (P20) in the first year whereas, in second year, the response of Pseudomonas strains was found non-significant. Among Bacillus strains, the plants inoculated with BS3 (SB127) recorded maximum flower size. Maximum flower yield/plant was recorded in plants inoculated with PS2 strains of Pseudomonas (CPA152) and BS3 strains of Bacillus (SB127). The N content of plant was recorded maximum with PS2 (CPA152) and PS3 (P20) strains of Pseudomonas and BS3 (SB127) strains of Bacillus, whereas, P content of plant was noticed maximum with PS3 strains of Pseudomonas (P20) in the first year, while it was found non-significant in second. The response of Pseudomonas strains to K content of plant was found non-significant in both years, while K content of plant was influenced significantly by Bacillus strains.   Key words: Chrysanthemum, PGPR, rhizosphere bacteria, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, nutrient content.

Co-production of Cellulases and Manganese Peroxidases by Bacillus sp. R2 and Bacillus Cereus 11778 on Waste Newspaper: Application in Dyes Decolourization

Abstract In the current study two different strains of Bacillus (Bacillus sp. R2 and Bacillus cereus 11778) were used in single and mixed culture to study the co-production of cellulases and manganese peroxidases using waste newspaper as a sole carbon source. The highest level of cellulases production was noticed after 24 h in the mixed culture (1.08 ± 0.02 FPU mg-1). While the lowest production was observed also in the mixed culture after 72 h of incubation (0.47 ± 0.03 FPU mg-1). For the peroxidases production we noticed that Bacillus sp. R2 and the mixed culture have shown an important capacity to produce peroxidases. A strong positive correlation between cellulase and Mn peroxidase was detected in Bacillus sp. R2, In Bacillus cereus there was no correlation detected, while in the mixed culture we noticed that cellulase has a strong negative correlation with Mn peroxidase. The obtained results showed a remarkable dyes decolorization. Concerning Methylene blue the highest level of decolourization was noticed in Bacillus cereus (47%). For neutral red the degree of decolourization was around 80% and that for all cultures. Finally, for Congo red decolourization has reached his maximum level after only 135 min of reaction for the three cultures (69%, 69% 72% respectively).

Plant growth regulation of Bt-cotton through Bacillus species.

Deccan plateau in India periodically experiences droughts due to irregular rain fall and the soil in many parts of the region is considered to be poor for farming. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are originally defined as root-colonizing bacteria, i.e., Bacillus that cause either plant growth promotion or biological control of plant diseases. The study aims at the isolation of novel Bacillus species and to assess the biotechnological potential of the novel species as a biofertilizer, with respect to their plant growth promoting properties as efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Seven different strains of Bacillus were isolated from cotton rhizosphere soil near boys’ hostel of Palamuru University which belongs to Deccan plateau. Among seven isolated strains, Bacillus strain-7 has shown maximum support for good growth of eight cotton cultivars. This bacterial species is named Bacillus sp. PU-7 based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis. Among eight cotton cultivars, Mahyco has shown high levels of IAA, proteins, chlorophyll, sugars and low level of proline. Efficacy of novel Bacillus sp. PU-7 with Mahyco cultivar has been checked experimentally at field level in four different cotton grown agricultural soils. The strains supported plant growth in almost all the cases, especially in the deep black soil, with a clear evidence of maximum plant growth by increased levels of phytohormone production and biochemical analysis, followed by shallow black soil. Hence, it is inferred that the novel isolate can be used as bioinoculant in the cotton fields.

Plant growth promotion and the control of sunflower necrosis virus disease by the application of biocontrol agents in sunflower

Biological control is the best option for use in the management of Sunflower necrosis virus disease (SNVD) as no other effective method is available. In this study, maintenance of the virus, symptom evaluation and the efficacy of six different microbial biocontrol agents (BCAs) and a plant extract on growth promotion in sunflower and control of SNVD in greenhouse experiments have been reported. Seed treatment and foliar application of the six BCAs and the plant extract were given as pre-, co- and post- inoculations along with Sunflower Necrosis Virus (SNV). Two different strains of Bacillus spp., a Pseudomonas sp. and a filamentous bacterium, Streptomyces sp. effectively reduced SNVD more than the other treatments. Besides, the BCAs effectively increased the seed germination, seedling vigour and other growth parameters. Further, the result of ELISA has indicated that the application of BCAs remarkably reduced the viral titer as compared to water treated control.

The dppA gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a new D-aminopeptidase.

Different strains of Bacillus were screened for their ability to hydrolyse D-alanyl-p-nitroanilide. Activity was detected in Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus licheniformis 749I and Bacillus subtilis 168. The last strain was the best producer and was selected for the production and purification of the enzyme. The determination of the N-terminal sequence identified the enzyme as the product of the dppA gene (previously named dciAA) belonging to the dipeptide ABC transport (dpp) operon expressed early during sporulation. Open reading frames (ORFs) encoding putative related proteins were found in the genomes of a variety of Archaea and both sporulating and non-sporulating bacteria. The enzyme behaves as a D-aminopeptidase and represents the prototype of a new peptidase family. Among the tested substrates, the highest activities were found with D-Ala-D-Ala and D-Ala-Gly-Gly. The active enzyme behaves as an octamer of identical 30 kDa subunits. It exhibits a broad pH optimum, extending between pH 9 and 11. It is reversibly inhibited in the presence of Zn2+ chelators, and the sequence comparisons highlight the conservation of potential Zn-binding residues. As it has been shown by others that null mutations in the dpp operon do not inhibit spore formation, the physiological role of DppA is probably an adaptation to nutrient deficiency.

Influence of indoleacetic-acid-producing Bacillus isolates on the nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris by Rhizobium etli under gnotobiotic conditions

Twenty-two Bacillus spp. isolates from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris 'Contender' were identified using Biolog™, gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester, and 23S rDNA analyses. Some of the Bacillus isolates produced significant amounts of the phytohormone indoleacetic acid (IAA) when grown in a liquid culture medium supplemented with 100 μg L-tryptophan/L; less IAA was produced in culture medium not supplemented with L-tryptophan. Thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, and the avena coleoptile bioassay were used to identify and quantify IAA produced by Bacillus isolates. Significant differences were observed in the amounts of IAA produced by different strains of Bacillus, with amounts varying from 0.40 to 4.88 μg/mL. α-Methyltryptophan-resistant mutants of Bacillus exhibited altered IAA production and excreted tryptophan into the growing medium. The IAA-producing Bacillus isolates promoted root growth and (or) nodulation when coinoculated with Rhizobium etli (TAL 182) on Phaseolus vulgaris 'Contender' under gnotobiotic conditions in growth chambers. Coinoculation resulted in increased nodule number, nodule fresh weight, nitrogenase activity, leghemoglobin content, and total soluble protein content in the root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris. In contrast, coinoculation with α-methyltryptophan mutants resulted in decreased nodulation, indicating that Bacillus isolates have a direct effect on either the Rhizobium or the plant and the effect may not be singularly attributed to their ability to produce IAA in vitro.Key words: Bacillus, indoleacetic acid production, nodulation enhancement.

Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the rat after bacillus calmette-guérin treatment

Drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and protein content of hepatic microsomal preparations from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were examined at 3, 6, 10 and 14 days after intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal administration of two different strains of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Pasteur liquid strain BCG, injected intravenously at 6 × 10 8 organisms/m 2 in normal saline, caused 20–45 per cent reduction of aniline hydroxylase (AH) and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide demethylase (DICD) activities and the cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes from female rats but only 10–25 per cent decrease in these parameters in males. Microsomal protein content was decreased 30–40 per cent in both sexes on days 10–14. Administration of BCG by the subcutaneous route caused only 5–25 per cent impairment of AH and DICD activities in female rats, while intradermal administration of the adjuvant was without discernible effect on the rat hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system. The duration of pentobarbital-induced narcosis was increased up to 70 per cent in both male and female rats after intravenous administration of BCG. Tice strain lyophilized BCG at the same dose elicited similar but lesser effects. BCG added in vitro had no effect on AH and DICD activities. Livers of rats treated intravenously contained numerous granulatomous lesions throughout the parenchyma; the damage was variable and less severe in the subcutaneously treated animals. Intradermally treated rats showed normal liver histology.