Different Species Of Birds Research Articles

Intranuclear Inclusions of Unknown Pathogenic Significance from Diagnostic Cases in Three Avian Species

Intranuclear inclusions were observed with light microscopy in tissues from necropsy cases from three different species of birds. Because of the nature of these inclusions, the species affected, or their distribution, the inclusions were considered of unknown pathogenic significance. The inclusions were examined ultrastructurally. Parvovirus-like particles were observed in the intranuclear inclusions of pigeon hepatocytes and duodenal stromal cells from a quail. Finely granular eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies from two unrelated pigeon cases were found to be composed of loosely organized filaments. One liver sample from a 16-week-old laying chicken had prominent eosinophilic hepatocellular intranuclear inclusions composed of electron-dense coarsely granular amorphous material.

Flight and heat dissipation in migratory birds

The effect of temperature on the functional properties of hemoglobins from two different species of birds,i.e. Gallinula chloropus and Columba livia, has been investigated. These two species are characterized by different life-behaviour, sinceGallinula chloropus is seasonally subjected to prolonged flights, whileColumba livia although flying at a quite high velocity (~50 Km/h) is not able to maintain the corresponding muscular activity for more than 10 minutes. The results reported in this paper suggest that in some migratory species, special molecular mechanisms may increase heat dissipation and stabilize the body temperature at a reasonable level. In fact birds, during normal sustained flight, must be able to dissipate more than eight times as much heat as during rest in order not to be overheated.

Innate learning preferences: Signals for communication

Research on the ways in which different species of birds learn to sing is used to illustrate the necessity of taking innate factors into account in studies of behavioral development. Experiments on two species of songbirds are described that reveal innate species differences in responsiveness to tape-recorded songs. Conspecific songs are favored over those of other species. These patterns of innately varying responsiveness provide a basis for the development, not of stereotyped behavior, but of variable, individually learned behavior. The viewpoint is presented that mechanisms that differ innately from species to species, some with general functions, others specialized for particular ontogenetic assignments, provide the necessary substrates with which experience interacts.

Salmonella isolates from wild animals in Cornwall

During a period of 14 years 4881 badgers and 613 other free-living wild animals, representing 15 different species of mammals and 30 different species of birds from the County of Cornwall were examined for the presence of salmonellae. Twenty-six serotypes and one non-motile strain were isolated from the badgers and four serotypes from the other species.

Bird Visitation to Agave salmiana: Comparisons among Hummingbirds and Perching Birds

We studied bird visits to the flowers of Agave salmiana at two sites on the Mexican Plateau. At one site the main visitors were four species of perching birds (Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus; Curve-billed Thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre; Scott's Oriole, Icterus parisorum; and Northern Oriole, Icterus galbula abeillei) and one hummingbird, the Magnificent Hummingbird (Eugenesfulgens). At a second site, plants were visited by five species of hummingbirds (E. fulgens; White-eared Hummingbird, Hylocharis leucotis; Berylline Hummingbird, Amazilia beryllina; Violet-crowned Hummingbird, Amazilia violiceps; and Blue-throated Hummingbird, Lampornis clemenciae), and the Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer, Diglossa baritula. At both sites, male E. fulgens defended inflorescences against other hummingbirds but not against perching birds. At one site, E. Julgens males defended inflorescences only in places with sparse vegetation; inflorescences located in areas with dense vegetation were visited by highly mobile nonterritorial hummingbirds. At both sites the numbers of birds in each inflorescence were a linear function of number of nectarproducing flowers. Arrival rates were also linearly related to flower numbers. For inflorescences with equal numbers of flowers, arrival rates were higher for hummingbirds than for perching birds. This resulted from the shorter residence times of the hummingbirds in the inflorescences. Different species of birds tended to use different parts of inflorescences.

Erythrocytic phosphates and flying activity in birds

1. 1. The intraerythrocitary organic phosphates in different avian species ( Sturnus vulgaris, Apus apus, Gallus gallus domesticus, Coturnix coturnix japonica and Cotumba livia) were analyzed by ionic exchange chromatography. The chromatograms of these species revealed the presence of ADP, ATP, GTP, IPP and inorganic phosphate. 2. 2. The main organic phosphates (ATP and IPP) and the inorganic phosphate were also evaluated, directly, in other specimens. The IPP levels were very similar in all species; however, for ATP, there were great differences, with the lowest value in chickens (1.53μmol/ml) and the highest value in starlings (5.58 μmol/ml). 3. 3. A progressive training program for homing pigeons with flights from 80 to 760 km did not cause significant variations in IPP levels. Nevertheless, the ATP concentration values showed significant changes. 4. 4. A specific relationship between the flying habits in different species of birds or the training exercise for pigeons and the erythrocyte organic phosphates, was not evident. 5. 5. Hematocrit and hemoglobin values showed significant changes during the progressive training program.

SURVIVAL OF DISTASTEFUL INSECTS AFTER BEING ATTACKED BY NAIVE BIRDS: A REAPPRAISAL OF THE THEORY OF APOSEMATIC COLORATION EVOLVING THROUGH INDIVIDUAL SELECTION.

EvolutionVolume 36, Issue 5 p. 998-1002 ArticleFree Access SURVIVAL OF DISTASTEFUL INSECTS AFTER BEING ATTACKED BY NAIVE BIRDS: A REAPPRAISAL OF THE THEORY OF APOSEMATIC COLORATION EVOLVING THROUGH INDIVIDUAL SELECTION Christer Wiklund, Christer Wiklund Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Rosenborg, N-7000 Trondheim, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorTorbjörn Järvi, Torbjörn Järvi Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Rosenborg, N-7000 Trondheim, NorwaySearch for more papers by this author Christer Wiklund, Christer Wiklund Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Rosenborg, N-7000 Trondheim, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorTorbjörn Järvi, Torbjörn Järvi Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Rosenborg, N-7000 Trondheim, NorwaySearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05468.xCitations: 137 Corresponding Editor: R. E. Ricklefs AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume36, Issue5September 1982Pages 998-1002 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Spatial parameters and interspecific social relations: Some differences between birds and fishes

Interspecific social relations tend to be complex among coral reef fishes and among birds of tropical forests and scrub. Some relations are similar in the two groups, but others are not. The published literature suggests that social mimicry involving bright colors is much more common among birds than among reef fishes. This difference may be correlated with the media in which the animals live. In air, most birds have to move from point to point, from one perch or landing site to another. Numbers of points are not unlimited. Individuals of different species of birds are often, therefore, brought into close contact with one another. Social mimicry is an adaptation to facilitate or regulate such encounters, a sort of “automatic” or “fail safe” device. In water, at least of appreciable depth, fishes have greater freedom of movement. Many of them can move continuously and gradually in any direction, as far or as near as may be desirable in the circumstances. They are not as closely bound to particular points as are birds. They can encourage or discourage encounters by subtle modulations of advance and retreat. They have less need for relatively crude automatic devices than do birds. The differing frequencies of bright or conspicuous social mimicry in birds and in coral reef fishes (and perhaps in other groups of animals such as ants and cephalopods) would suggest that great flexibility of movement in space is preferred to mimicry as a regulator of interspecific social relations whenever it is feasible.

A comparison between egg surface areas and volumes of several avian species

1. 1. The volumes and surface areas of 111 eggs from 15 different species of birds with more than 2 orders of magnitude span in size were determined. 2. 2. The relationship between the surface and volume parameters fitted a formula of the type: S = 4.689 × 0.673 ( r = 0.983); however, large eggs from Anser anser did not fit the curve well. 3. 3. A good fit was obtained with linear correlation between both parameters ( r = 0.974), suggesting a practically linear relationship between both parameters. 4. 4. From the data obtained it is speculated that this direct relationship can be partly due to the fact that the egg has no significant directly thermogenic metabolism and the effect of surface as radiation interface is superseded by the need to increase the gas interchange surface with growing size.

Metabolizable Energy in Four Seeds Fed to Cardinals

Metabolizable Energy in Four Seeds Fed to Cardinals

Studies on influenza virus isolated from migrating birds in Egypt

This study deals with the recognition of an influenza virus A type similar to A/Duck/England/65 (Hav3Nav1) and A/Duck/England/62 (Hav4Nav1) strains isolated from cloacal swabs of migrating birds of different species in Egypt. This might be a source of influenza to our domestic birds leading to economic losses, besides its possible role in the ecology of influenza and could prove the possible role in antigenic variations of human influenza virus leading to the yearly epidemics.

An «ad hoc» association of hornbills, starlings, coucals, and other birds

An association of several different species of birds was observed at M Bour in western Sénégal in early 1977. The two species of greatest social weight were the Longtailed Glossy Starling (Lamprotornis caudatus) and the Redbilled Hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus) . Individuals of both species were gregarious among themselves. The Redbilled Hornbills also were attractive to coucals (Centropus senegalensis), Hoopoes (Upupa epops), and Longtailed Shrikes (Corvinella corvina). They were themselves attracted to the starlings. The net result of the interactions among these species was the daily formation of large mixed flocks. The flocks were sometimes visited by birds such as Phoeniculus purpureus and Tockus nasutus, but they were ignored by many other species in the neighborhood. The benefits derived from the habit of associating in mixed flocks were obviously varied. Mutual help in finding or flushing food seemed to be less important, in the local circumstances, than protection against predators or the regulation of competition by monitoring of rivals. Some aspects of the behavior involved in the formation and maintenance of the mixed flocks were distinctive. They may be adaptations to facilitate social flexibility in the short term and over small distances. Opportunism would be expected in the rigorous and fluctuating environment of most of Sénégal. The species that associated with one another at M Bour are known to show other kinds of interspecific behavior in other areas and/or at other seasons, not far away in either space or time. Some of the variation may be due to individual choice. Among the apparent consequences or correlates of this opportunism are the absence of certain kinds of visual signals, the partial suppression of acoustic signals, and a reliance upon many and probably complex clues for recognition of potential companions. The mechanisms of such interactions probably are highly specialized.

Synchronization of Breeding and Intraspecific Interference in the Carrion Crow

DARLING (1938) suggested that synchrony of laying in colonial birds is stimulated by between birds, and larger colony, greater stimulus. Hence laying in larger colonies will be more synchronized than that in small ones. In Darling's words, the degree of breeding synchrony by stimulation may be densityrelated (Darling 1938: 53). Since then various authors have examined these ideas for different species of birds. Some students found such density correlated onset of laying to occur (Coulson and White 1960 in Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla; Horn 1970 in Brewer's Blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus; Nelson 1967 in Gannet, Morus bassana), while others found that they could not confirm phenomenon in various species of gulls, Larus [spp.] (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1972 in L. argentatus and L. fuscus; Vermeer 1963 in L. glaucescens; Weidmann 1956 in L. ridibundus). In addition to these observations, Ashmole (1963), Hailman (1964), and Harris (1970) suggested that display interaction or social stimulation' cause breeding synchrony in some 'non-annual breeders (the Sooty Tern, Sterna fuscata, and Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus, respectively). Darling (1938) suggested that synchronous laying decreased predation, and Brown (1967), Parsons (1971), Patterson (1965), and Kruuk (1964) proved that Herring, Lesser Black-backed, and Black-headed Gulls (Larus argentatus, L. fuscus, and L. ridibundus respectively) that breed at peak of breeding season had better breeding success than individuals that breed earlier or later than peak. Patterson (1965) also showed that Black-headed Gulls that breed outside or on edge of a colony were more vulnerable to predation and thus less successful than birds in center. Edge effect (i.e. lower breeding success on edge of a colony) was reported for Gannet (Nelson 1967) and kittiwake (Coulson and White 1956). Horn (1968) found that clumped nesting in Brewer's Blackbird improves foraging efficiency and predation avoidance only when colony is built in a large expanse of nesting habitat, surrounded by abundant, but patchily distributed, food. All species mentioned breed in dense colonies, where distance between closest nest is rarely more than a few meters, but there is no reason why territorial species should not synchronize breeding in order to benefit in way that some colonial birds do. For example,

Avian leucocytozoidae. I. Morphometric variation in three species of Leucocytozoon and some taxonomic implications.

The variability of nine morphometric parameters of Leucocytozoon simondi, L. dubreuili, and L. fringillinarum was studied with respect to variability (a) within a single bird; (b) within a single bird at different times; (c) between different birds of the same species: (d) between the same species of birds of different populations; and (e) between different species of birds. The results indicated that the variability of the parasites was of the same order of magnitude for all situations studied. Leucocytozoon dubreuili, L. fringillinarum, and the round phase of L. simondi could not be separated on the basis of measurements alone. It was concluded that the morphometric characteristics were not valid criteria for species differentiation. These studies result in the proposed synonymy of Leucocytozoon anseris with L. simondi, and of L. anellobiae, L. bouffardi, L. cambournaci, L. gentili, L. monardi, L. roubaudi, and L. seabrae with L. fringillinarum.

Inhibition of amylases from different origins by albumins from the wheat kernel

The amylase activity of water extracts from 18 insect species, from 23 marine species and from 17 different species of birds and mammals was determined quantitatively. The inhibition of amylase in these extracts by three albumin fractions from the mature wheat kernel, which had been separated according to their molecular weights (60 000, 24 000 and 12 500 D), was determined as well. The inhibition activity of the three albumin fractions toward amylases extracted from a number of cereal species or from immature and germinating wheat kernel was also tested. The extracts from insects that are destructive of wheat grain and stored wheat products showed much higher amylase activities as compared to the other insect species that do not attack wheat and wheat products. On the basis of the effectiveness with which the three albumin fractions inhibit their activities, the amylase preparations tested were divided into susceptible, partially susceptible and resistent. Susceptible amylases, inhibited by any of the three albumin fractions, were found mainly in insects that attack wheat and in marine species. Partially susceptible amylases, inhibited by only one or two of the three albumin fractions, were present in a few avain and mammalian species including man. Resistent amylases were largely distributed in cereal, avian and mammalian species as well as in insect species that do not usually attack wheat grain or wheat flour products. At no stage of development, wheat α-amylase was inhibited by the albumin fractions from the mature kernel. The 12 500 dalton albumin fraction was the most effective in inhibiting insect amylases, but it was inactive toward avian and mammalian amylases. The 24 000 dalton albumin fraction was the most effective in inhibiting amylases from marine avian and mammalian species and inhibited as much as 33 amylases over 66 different amylases tested. It is suggested that protein inhibitors of amylase contributed to natural selection of polyploid wheats by giving some insect resistence to such wheats, even though some insect species were able to overcome this biochemical defense to a large degree by producing higher amylase activities.

The avian egg: air-cell gas tension, metabolism and incubation time

The O 2 and CO 2 tensions in the air cell of incubating eggs just pripr to the pipping stage were analyzed in nine species of birds. These appear to be very similar and average 104 and 37 torr, respectively, for O 2 and CO 2. The oxygen conductance of the egg shell for each species was calculated from the water vapor conductance previously established, which allows one to calculate the oxygen consumption of the egg as the product of O 2 conductance and ΔP O 2 , across the egg shell. The oxygen uptake of the eggs at this stage of development is proportional to the egg weight raised to the power O.78. A previously derived relationship shows that the incubation time is proportional to the egg weight raised to the power O.22. Combining these two weight functions, one obtains a general relationship between metabolic rate and incubation time; namely in different species of birds that have the same egg weight the natural incubation period is inversely related to the metabolic rate or the egg shell gas conductance.

Developmental origin of the Herbst cutaneous sensory corpuscle. Experimental analysis using cellular markers

The development of Herbst cutaneous sensory corpuscles can be obtained in homoplastic and xenoplastic associations of frontal bud and sensory ganglion between different species of birds. Two different techniques of cellular marking were used in the present investigation: (1) Labeling of all cells of one of the components of the association by tritiated thymidine and histoautoradiographic analysis. (2) Xenoplastic recombinations of frontal bud and sensory ganglion between the quail and the duck and between the quail and the chick, and characterization of the origin of the cells by Feulgen staining of the characteristic large-sized nuclear granule of the quail. From a study of the constitution of the chimeric Herbst corpuscles found in the grafts the following findings emerged: (a) The vast majority of the inner bulb cells—if not all of them (which are located along the axial nerve ending) as well as probably some cells of the inner space originate from cells that accompany the nerve during its outgrowth. These cells are present in the spinal ganglion and in the Gasserian ganglion of 5- to 7-day embryos. (b) All other cell categories of corpuscle, namely the capsular cells and the majority of the inner space cells, are provided by the dermal mesenchyme. These results are discussed in relation with what is known about the origin of the various categories of cells in the sheaths of peripheral nerves.

Nesting Season and Reproductive Rates of Cavity Nesting Birds of North Louisiana

Data on cavity and intermediate cavity nesting species of birds of northern Louisiana were collected over seven consecutive nesting seasons extending through July, 1969. More than 1200 active nests of 28 different species of birds were observed. The number of each species represented, clutch size, brood size and related reproductive information is given. Nesting began in February and continued into August. The peak of the nesting season was late April and early May. Although most of the nests were located in the vicinity of Ruston, Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, significant numbers were found in other parishes of northern Louisiana. The species represented in this study include every cavity nester known to breed in north Louisiana with the exceptions of the red-cockaded woodpecker (Dendrocopos borealis), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), tree swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and barn owl (Tyto alba), which, according to Lowery (Louisiana Birds. Louisiana State Univ. Press. 567 pp., 1960), nest or have nested in the state. Cavity nests, as described herein, are those nests completely enclosed except for a rather small entrance to the nest site, whereas, intermediate cavity nests include partially enclosed nests. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two or three days a week were used to search for, observe and recheck nests from late February through early August in each of the seven nesting seasons. When needed, ladders, tree spikes, ropes and other equipment were used as aids in examining nests. During the 1968-69 nesting season, 100 5 X 5 X 12 in wooden bird boxes, nailed at 6-20 feet in trees in pastures, along edges and in woods, were observed on Louisiana Tech University land near Ruston. In addition, during 1969 in north Louisiana, 60 duck nest boxes were observed at D'Arbonne Lake and Coulee State Wildlife Refuge. Nests were identified primarily by observing the adult bird on or near the nest. Less than 5% of the nests were identified by nest construction or by egg identification. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA. North Louisiana is within the deciduous forest biome. Mixed hardwoods occur in the moist bottoms and hardwoods with pines occur

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma Gondii Strains From Rats in Tehran

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a unicellular apicomplex organism, belonging to the Toxoplasma genus. The parasite infects humans, as well as mammalians and different species of birds, and it can be propagated in a wide range of host cells. There have been no appropriate molecular or serological studies carried out previously in Iran on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in rodents. Objectives: Therefore, the present study has been carried out to provide genetic identification and determination of wild rats in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: Forty rats in Tehran were caught with traps. Subsequently, their brains were removed under sterile conditions, DNA extraction was performed with a phenol and chloroform method. In the current study, a repetitive sequence in the genome T. gondii was used for identification with a specific primer. By sequencing the purified Polymerase Chain Reaction product, seven strains were determined out of the positive samples. Results: Of the forty samples, 20 samples (50%) were positive for the 529-bp band. Samples No. 21 and No. 28 had 95% and 92% similarity with the RH strain sequence, respectively, which had the highest identity rate. The identity rate for samples No. 16 and No. 28 was 82% and 81%, respectively, which had the lowest rate of identification. Conclusions: The contamination rate was determined to be 50% using the PCR method. It can be stated that rats play an important role in the preservation of the Toxoplasma life cycle in Tehran. According to the alignment of results obtained from the seven sequenced samples, the highest similarity was observed with the RH strain (81-95%).

A comparative study of the chromosomes of birds

Karyotype analysis and morphometric measurement of the chromosomes of eleven species of Indian birds are described. The unequivocal identification of W chromosome in the females of five species of the present investigation further strengthens the generalisation that, at least in Carinatae, the sex chromosome constitutions are of ZZ and ZW types in males and females respectively. — The chromosomes of different species of birds so far worked out in each order have been compared using quantitative methods and tentative conclusions have been drawn regarding chromosomal affinities between species of different taxonomic categories.