Different Modes Of Exercise Research Articles

Exercise Prescription in Individuals with Prehypertension and Hypertension: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension has been increasing over the years, and is closely related to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Exercise is an effective method of lifestyle intervention, and it aims to lower blood pressure and control other risks. Studies have shown that different modes of exercise have varying effects on blood pressure, and individuals with prehypertension or hypertension need to carry out this intervention by using personalized modes of exercise. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of different modes of exercise regimens on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in individuals with high-normal blood pressure and hypertension. We included 27 trials, and 2731 individuals were under 8 exercise regimens. Stata12.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Heat pools significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 15.62 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -23.83, -7.41), and cycling reduced SBP by 14.76 mmHg (-17.04, -12.48). Two to three types of aerobic exercise performed at the same time also significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 5.61 mmHg (-7.71, -3.52), and isometric handgrip training exercise reduced DBP by 5.57 mmHg (-7.48, -3.66). Cycling also significantly reduced heart rate (HR) by 9.57 beats/minute (-11.25, -7.90). The existing literature suggests that different types of exercise can effectively reduce the levels of SBP, DBP and HR in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension.

Comparison of Different Modes of Exercise on Cognitive Function and Mood among Older Adults in Mexico

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate comparison of different modes of exercise on cognitive function and mood among older adults in Mexico
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: The study on older adults in Mexico found that regular physical exercise, regardless of the mode, improved cognitive function, particularly memory and executive functions. Aerobic exercises like walking and swimming were effective in enhancing mood by reducing depression and anxiety symptoms. Resistance training benefited attention and concentration. Group exercise sessions and personalized programs boosted adherence and motivation, contributing to improved cognitive outcomes and mood among older adults in Mexico.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The cognitive reserve theory, the neurotrophic theory & the socioemotional selectivity theory may be used to anchor future studies comparison of different modes of exercise on cognitive function and mood among older adults in Mexico Develop practical guidelines for creating customized workout playlists based on individual preferences and exercise goals. Collaborate with workplace wellness programs to incorporate music into physical fitness initiatives. Advocate for policies that support the use of music in corporate fitness centers and wellness activities to improve employee engagement and well-being.

The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals.

Human skeletal muscle demonstrates remarkable plasticity, adapting to numerous external stimuli including the habitual level of contractile loading. Accordingly, muscle function and exercise capacity encompass a broad spectrum, from inactive individuals with low levels of endurance and strength to elite athletes who produce prodigious performances underpinned by pleiotropic training-induced muscular adaptations. Our current understanding of the signal integration, interpretation, and output coordination of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern muscle plasticity across this continuum is incomplete. As such, training methods and their application to elite athletes largely rely on a "trial-and-error" approach, with the experience and practices of successful coaches and athletes often providing the bases for "post hoc" scientific enquiry and research. This review provides a synopsis of the morphological and functional changes along with the molecular mechanisms underlying exercise adaptation to endurance- and resistance-based training. These traits are placed in the context of innate genetic and interindividual differences in exercise capacity and performance, with special consideration given to aging athletes. Collectively, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal muscle plasticity in response to different modes of exercise and how such adaptations translate from "molecules to medals."

Individual and Group Responses of Cardiorespiratory Fitness to Running and Cycling Sprint Interval Training.

Abstract Digby, L, McCarthy, SF, Bornath, DPB, Copeland, JL, and Hazell, TJ. Individual and group responses of cardiorespiratory fitness to running and cycling sprint interval training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—Sprint interval training (SIT) has gained popularity as an effective way to improve peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) and subsequently health in a time-efficient manner. In addition, SIT has demonstrated improvements of ∼5–12% in V̇O2peak for both running and cycling protocols, although comparisons of differing modalities have yet to be examined. Therefore, this study sought to determine group and individual responses to running and cycling SIT while examining any crossover effects of running and cycling SIT when V̇O2peak is tested in different modes of exercise where 18 subjects completed either 3 weeks of cycling SIT (6 male, 3 female) or running SIT (5 male, 4 female) consisting of 4–6 repeated 30-second all-out bouts interspersed with 240 seconds of recovery. Cycling and running V̇O2peak tests were completed pretraining and post-training for the investigation of mode-specific cardiorespiratory fitness improvements. There were main effects of time for cycling V̇O2peak (P = 0.022, = 0.499) and running V̇O2peak (P = 0.080, = 0.334) that seem greater when testing in the same mode as training (∼+5.5%). A similar proportion of responders were identified in both training modes (∼67%) suggesting running and cycling SIT are both effective for improving cardiorespiratory fitness. These results suggest that the specificity of testing and training are important for SIT and that both running and cycling SIT are similarly effective at improving V̇O2peak.

Changes in Arterial Stiffness in Response to Various Types of Exercise Modalities: A Narrative Review on Physiological and Endothelial Senescence Perspectives.

Arterial stiffness is a reliable independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Exercise training might enhance arterial compliance through improved metabolic health status. Different modes of exercise may have different effects on arterial stiffness. However, the interactions among different modes of exercise on endothelial senescence, the development of arterial vascular stiffness, and the associated molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. In this narrative review, we evaluate the current evidence focusing on the effects of various exercise modes on arterial stiffness and vascular health, and the known underlying physiological mechanisms are discussed as well. Here, we discuss the most recent evidence of aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness and endothelial senescence in physiological and cellular studies. Indeed, aerobic, HIIT, and progression RE-induced arterial compliance may reduce arterial stiffness by effectively promoting nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and reducing endothelial senescence. However, the transient increase in inflammation and sympathetic activation may contribute to the temporary elevation in arterial stiffness following whole-body high-intensity acute resistance exercise.

Effects of different modes of exercise on skeletal muscle mass and function and IGF-1 signaling during early aging in mice.

Skeletal muscle mass and function tend to decline with increasing age. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays a key role in promoting skeletal muscle growth. Exercise improves skeletal muscle mass and function via the activation of IGF-1 signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different types of exercise can promote muscle hypertrophy, exercise and metabolic capacities, and activate IGF-1 signaling during early aging in mice. We randomly assigned 12month old male C57/BL6 mice into five groups: control, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, whole-body vibration and electrical stimulation group. Gastrocnemius muscle mass, myofiber size, levels of IGF-1 signaling, oxidative stress, protein synthesis and degradation, and apoptosis were detected. C2C12 cells were used to explore the mechanism by which exercise exerts its effects. We confirmed that the four modes of exercise increased skeletal muscle mass, exercise capacity, indicators of metabolism and protein synthesis, and inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis via activation of the IGF-1 pathway. The most effective intervention was resistance exercise. Whole-body vibration promoted muscle hypertrophy better than aerobic exercise. Furthermore, in the in vitro experiment, the importance of IGF-1/IGF-1R-PI3K/Akt signaling for maintaining skeletal muscle mass was confirmed. Aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, whole-body vibration and electrical stimulation increased skeletal muscle mass, exercise capacity, protein synthesis and metabolic enzyme activity, and inhibited protein degradation and apoptosis in mice undergoing early aging via activation of IGF-1 signaling. Of these, whole-body vibration has been shown to be significantly effective and is similar to conventional exercise in promoting muscle hypertrophy.

The Influence of Different Modes of Exercise on Healthy and Injured Tendons.

Tendons are essential components of the musculoskeletal system that links the skeletal muscle to the skeleton. This dense connective tissue exhibits great plasticity. Therefore, research on the influence of types of exercise, including acute and long-term training, on the structural and mechanical properties of tendons in athletic and sedentary populations is of critical importance in the design of scientific-based exercise plans and effective tendinopathy treatment. Here, we review recent studies on the relationship between exercise and tendon health and tendinopathy repair to provide a general understanding of how exercise may reshape tendons.

Features Of Changes In Vascular Function After Different Modes Of Exercise In Recessive Obese Women With Family History Of Hypertension

Features Of Changes In Vascular Function After Different Modes Of Exercise In Recessive Obese Women With Family History Of Hypertension

Sex Differences In Heart Rate Variability During Arm And Leg Cycling

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a biomarker that can provide insight into cardiac autonomic function. HRV can be affected by sex, different modes of exercise, and different exercise intensities. However, HRV responses to intensities based on mode-specific cardiopulmonary parameters in arm and leg cycling have yet to be examined in males and females. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate HRV obtained during an isocaloric arm and leg cycling exercise performed at heavy and moderate intensities. METHODS: A total of 14 females (age = 24.2 ± 6.0 years, BMI = 24.4 ± 4.7 kg/m2) and 10 males (age = 22.8 ± 1.9 years, BMI = 26.8 ± 6.2 kg/m2) were included in the final analysis. The participants completed four different isocaloric exercise trials until they reached 100 kcal: moderate intensity leg cycling, heavy intensity leg cycling, moderate intensity arm cycling, and heavy intensity arm cycling. The intensity was determined relative to the ventilatory threshold and maximal power output attained during a graded exercise test for arm and leg cycling. A heart rate monitor recorded the R-R intervals at 1000 Hz and the root mean square of the standard deviation of the R-R intervals (RMSSD) were analyzed using specialized software. A three-way (mode x intensity x sex) repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the average (log transformed) RMSSD achieved during each trial. Alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: A significant interaction was found between mode and sex (p = 0.026). Post-hoc analysis revealed higher RMSSD during arm cycling as compared to leg cycling for females (p < .01) but no difference in males (p > 0.05). A significant main effect for intensity (p < 0.01) was also shown with lower RMSSD for heavy (1.37 ± 0.07 ms) compared moderate (2.02 ± 0.07 ms) exercise intensities. CONCLUSION: Sex-based differences in RMSSD could signify unique autonomic nervous system responses during exercises of different modes. In our female participants, we found a higher level of cardiac parasympathetic nervous activation during arm cycling compared to leg cycling. This difference was not found in our male participants. These differences could be related to a different respiratory control during exercise.

Exercise mode influences post-exercise glucose sensitivity and insulin clearance in young, healthy males and females in a sex-dependent manner: A randomized control trial.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is lower in females than males. It has been reported that females have greater pancreatic 𝛽‐cell function than males, which may at least in part contribute to the T2D risk in females. 𝛽‐cell function is influenced by exercise training; however, previous trials comparing 𝛽‐cell function between the sexes have not included participants matched for training status. Furthermore, the acute effects of different modes of exercise on 𝛽‐cell function, and whether sex inherently influences these effects, are largely unexamined. Males and females (12/sex) completed a 120‐min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at rest (CON) and following acute bouts of high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), moderate intensity continuous (MIC) exercise, and low‐load high‐repetition (LLHR) resistance exercise to assess whether sex inherently influences baseline and/or post‐exercise pancreatic function in the absence of pathology. We found no sex differences in basal pancreatic 𝛽‐cell function. Females had greater basal insulin clearance following MIC exercise compared to males (p = 0.01) and males tended to have a higher potentiation ratio following HIIE (p = 0.07). Females also had lower glucose sensitivity following MIC exercise compared to HIIE (p = 0.007) and LLHR (p = 0.003). Insulin clearance during the OGTT was greater following HIIE as compared with CON and MIC exercise (p = 0.02). 2‐H oral glucose insulin sensitivity was greater following LLHR compared to CON (p = 0.01). Acute bouts of different modes of exercise do not differentially influence 𝛽‐cell function but do influence insulin clearance and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, sex and exercise mode interact to differentially influence insulin clearance and glucose sensitivity.

Exercise-induced increase in blood-based brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise intervention trials.

Exercise training may affect the blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but meta-analyses have not yet been performed comparing pre- and post-intervention BDNF concentrations in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). To perform a meta-analysis to study the influence of exercise on BDNF levels and define components that modulate them across clinical trials of exercise training in adults living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PEDro database, CINAHL) were searched up to June 2021. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, we included 13 articles in the meta-analysis, including 271 subjects. To investigate sources of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. We performed the meta-analysis to compare pre- and post-exercise peripheral levels of BDNF in PwMS. Post-exercise concentrations of serum BDNF were significantly higher than pre-intervention levels (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD): 0.33, 95% CI: [0.04; 0.61], p-value = 0.02). Meta-regression indicated that the quality of the included studies based on the PEDro assessment tool might be a source of heterogeneity, while no significant effect was found for chronological age and disease severity according to the expanded disability status scale. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that physical activity increases peripheral levels of BDNF in PwMS. More research on the effect of different modes of exercise on BDNF levels in PwMS is warranted.

Molecular Hydrogen Mitigates Performance Decrement during Repeated Sprints in Professional Soccer Players.

Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) supplementation has been shown to have an antifatigue effect across different modes of exercise. However, its effect on repeated sprint performance is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pre-exercise HRW consumption on repeated sprint performance, lactate, and perceptual responses using a repeated sprint protocol. This randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled, crossover study included 16 professional, male soccer players aged 18.8 ± 1.2 years. Athletes performed two indoor tests, particularly 15 × 30 m track sprints interspersed by 20 s of recovery, separated by a 1-week washout period. Sprint time was measured at 15 m and 30 m. Ratings of perceived exertion were assessed immediately after each sprint, and post-exercise blood lactate concentration was measured after the last sprint. There were significantly faster sprint times after HRW consumption compared with placebo at 15 m for the 14th and 15th sprints, representing improvements in time of 3.4% and 2.7%, respectively. Sprint time at 30 m also significantly improved by 1.9% in the HRW group in the last sprint. However, neither lactate concentrations nor ratings of perceived exertion were significantly different between HRW and placebo. Pre-exercise HRW supplementation is associated with an increased ability to reduce fatigue, especially during the later stages of repeated sprint exercise.

The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training Compared with Traditional Strength or Endurance Training on Physical Performance in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Gavanda, S, Isenmann, E, Geisler, S, Faigenbaum, A, and Zinner, C. The effects of high-intensity functional training compared with traditional strength or endurance training on physical performance in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 624–632, 2022—High-intensity functional training (HIFT) integrates different modes of exercise into training sessions performed at a relatively high intensity. Although HIFT is becoming more popular in youth strength and conditioning programs, research comparing the effects of HIFT with traditional forms of training, such as strength training (ST) or endurance training (ET) in younger populations are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of HIFT with those of ST and ET on strength and endurance performance in adolescents. Fifty-two untrained adolescents ( JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-202203000-00005/5FFU1/v/2023-10-16T001806Z/r/image-tiff = 26; JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-202203000-00005/5FFU2/v/2023-10-16T001806Z/r/image-tiff = 26; 17.3 ± 1.0 years) were randomly assigned to a HIFT, ST, ET, or control group. The intervention groups trained twice a week for 6 weeks with a training duration of 60–75 minutes per session. Performance was assessed before and after the intervention with the countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint (20 m), 3-repetition maximum back squat (3RM), and Yo-Yo test. The HIFT group made significant improvements in all performance tests (CMJ, +28.5 ± 27.6%; p &gt; 0.001; 20-m time, −3.9 ± 5.0%; p = 0.002; 3RM, +34.3 ± 23.3%; p &gt; 0.001; Yo-Yo, +14.5 ± 15.2%; p = 0.003), whereas the ST group improved in CMJ (+38.3 ± 27.7%; p &gt; 0.001), 3RM (+22.2 ± 11.2%; p &gt; 0.001), and Yo-Yo (+12.2 ± 21.4%; p = 0.013) and the ET group improved in CMJ (+23.4 ± 29.9%; p = 0.001), 20-m time (−5.2 ± 4.6%; p &gt; 0.001), and Yo-Yo (+30.7 ± 37.3%; p &gt; 0.001). No significant differences between the groups were evident when the results were compared for sex. These results indicate that HIFT is an effective training method for eliciting multifaceted improvements in strength, power, and endurance measures as compared with ET or ST alone in untrained adolescents.

The ability of heart rate or perceived exertion to predict oxygen uptake varies across exercise modes in persons with tetraplegia.

Descriptive study. To examine grouped and intra-individual relationships between 1) exercise intensity and heart rate (EI-HR); 2) EI and oxygen uptake (EI-VO2); 3) VO2 and HR (VO2-HR); and 4) perceived exertion and VO2 (PE-VO2) in persons with tetraplegia (C4/5-C8) during different modes of exercise. Community in Winnipeg, Canada. Participants exercised at 3 graded intensities during arm ergometry (ERG), wheeling indoors on cement (MWC), or hand-cycling outdoors (HC). EI (Watts, km/hr) and VO2, HR and PE were recorded. 22 persons completed ERG, 14/22 also completed MWC and 5/22 completed ERG, MWC and HC. Regression analysis of grouped data showed a significant relationship between EI-VO2 but not for EI-HR or HR-VO2. Intra-individual analyses showed a strong correlation (r or ρ > 0.7) for VO2-HR for 16/22 during ERG. In the participants completing multiple exercise modes, a strong VO2-HR relationship was present in 12/14 in ERG, but in only 6/14 in MWC. The 5 persons exercising with all 3 modes had a strong HR-VO2 relationship in 5/5 for ERG, 2/5 in MWC and 1/5 in HC. A strong relationship for PE-VO2 was observed in a higher proportion of participants (versus HR-VO2) during MWC (9/14) and HC (2/4). Within the same individual, the HR-VO2 relationship varies across modes, despite exercising over similar ranges of steady-state VO2. HR appears less able to predict VO2 compared to PE. Based on these new findings, systematic investigation of the HR-VO2 relationship across modes of exercise in tetraplegia is warranted.

The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection.

Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson’s disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle–brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle–brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.

Mechanism of exercise-induced analgesia: what we can learn from physically active animals.

Physical activity has become a first-line treatment in rehabilitation settings for individuals with chronic pain. However, research has only recently begun to elucidate the mechanisms of exercise-induced analgesia. Through the study of animal models, exercise has been shown to induce changes in the brain, spinal cord, immune system, and at the site of injury to prevent and reduce pain. Animal models have also explored beneficial effects of exercise through different modes of exercise including running, swimming, and resistance training. This review will discuss the central and peripheral mechanisms of exercise-induced analgesia through different modes, intensity, and duration of exercise as well as clinical applications of exercise with suggestions for future research directions.

Comparing The Effects Of Different Modes Of Exercise On Glucose Handling In Young Recreationally Active Men

PURPOSE: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing dramatically and is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). Exercise training is an effective modality to improve IR and acutely can increase post-exercise glucose handling for up to 72 hours. However, there is conflicting evidence as to which mode of exercise elicits the greatest positive effect on glucose handling. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different modes of exercise on post-exercise glucose handling in young recreationally active men. METHODS: Twelve (age: 22±3 years) recreationally active men completed 4 separate oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) either at rest, or 1.5 hours after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE; 30 min @ 65% VO2peak), low-load high-repetition resistance exercise circuit (LLHR; 20-25 reps/set for 3 sets at 30% 1RM) and high-intensity interval training bout (HIIE; 10x1min at 90% HRmax). Heart rate and blood lactate were taken throughout the exercise bouts. Blood was analyzed for total plasma glucose concentration (mmol/L), c-peptide concentration (ng/mL) and blood insulin concentration (μIU/mL). RESULTS: Average blood glucose concentration during the OGTT was lower following LLHR (6.386 ± 0.261mmol/L, p = 0.03) as compared with MICE (6.839 ± 0.256 mmol/L, p = 0.03) with no differences between baseline (6.625 ± 0.333 mmol/L) and HIIE (6.737 ± 0.267 mmol/L). Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was lower following LLHR (781.76 ± 36.08) as compared to MICE (842.81 ± 35.8; p = 0.033) with no difference compared to baseline glucose AUC (804.61 ± 46.7, p = 0.475). Blood c-peptide concentrations were not significantly different between baseline, MICE, HIIE or LLHR average concentrations. Similar to c-peptide there were no significant differences between blood insulin concentrations post exercise. CONCLUSION: In young, healthy men none of the exercise modes improved glucose handling as compared with baseline. However, LLHR resistance exercise did result in greater glucose clearance than MICE, suggesting that it may be a better modality to improve glucose control. Future work should examine the acute and chronic effects of LLHR resistance exercise on glucose handling in individuals with IR to determine the potential effectiveness of this exercise modality to improve insulin sensitivity.

Maximal Oxygen Consumption Differences Between A Treadmill And A Combined Arm And Leg Ergometer Protocol

There are different modes of exercise and equipment to measure maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The equipment used may elicit different values depending on the amount of muscle mass recruited, the participant’s activity history, and if the participant is sitting (bike) or weight-bearing (treadmill). Using a simultaneous arm and leg protocol may serve as an additional testing mode for accurate assessment of cardiorespiratory capacity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the relative VO2max elicited from a common treadmill protocol (TM) to a simultaneous arm and leg ergometer protocol (AL). METHODS: Participants completed two VO2max trials, separated by 7-14 days, with the order of the trials randomized. The TM trial assessed VO2max using the Bruce protocol. For the AL trial, participants used an arm and leg ergometer at the same time throughout the duration of the test. Resistance started at 50 watts on the electromagnetically-braked bike ergometer and increased by 30 watts for each two minute stage. The arm ergometer resistance started at 24.5 watts and increased 4.9 watts for each two minute stage. Cadence on the arm ergometer was set at 50 rpm while the leg rpm was self-selected. RESULTS: Thirteen apparently healthy college-aged participants completed both TM and AL assessment trials (21 ± 1.68, female n= 9). There was a difference (p < .05) between TM and AL in VO2max (ml/kg/min) (45.0 ± 7.3 vs. 42.1 ± 6.7, respectively), RER (1.18 ± .08 vs. 1.13 ± .06 min, respectively), and completion time (10.9 ± 1.3 vs. 7.5 ± 2.2 min, respectively), with AL values at 93.6 ± 5.7% (range = 78.8-100.7%) of TM. Peak heart rate was not different between TM and AL (185.7 ± 8.3 vs. 188.3 ± 10.5 min, respectively). CONCLUSION: A standard treadmill protocol elicited a higher VO2max, RER, and completion time than a novel simultaneous arm and leg ergometer protocol. However, AL values were a high percentage of the TM values. Therefore, a simultaneous arm and leg protocol may serve as an additional option in the assessment of cardiorespiratory capacity.

Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Improves Inhibitory Control Among Young Adult Males With Obesity.

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to examine the influence of acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on neural and behavioral measures of inhibitory control in young male adults with obesity.DesignThe present study employed a within-subjects design.MethodsSixteen male adults with obesity [body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m2] were recruited. Reaction time and response accuracy of the Flanker task as well as P3 and late positive potential (LPP) components of the event-related potential (ERP) were measured following HIIE and a sedentary control, in counterbalanced order. The HIIE session consisted of 30 min of stationary cycle exercise (5-min warm-up, 20-min HIIE, and a 5-min cool-down), whereas the control condition consisted of a time and attention-matched sedentary resting session.ResultsFaster response times were observed following HIIE regardless of Flanker task condition. Faster and more accurate responses were also observed for congruent relative to incongruent conditions across both sessions. Relative to the neuroelectric data, acute HIIE resulted in increased LPP amplitude but did not affect P3 amplitude.ConclusionCollectively, a single bout of HIIE has a general beneficial effect on basic information processing and inhibitory control among young adult males with obesity. Acute HIIE was found to impact LPP amplitude, but not the P3, which may suggest a modulation in the ability to successfully maintain attention and filter irrelevant information to achieve successful cognitive inhibition. Future research is warranted to extend these findings to a larger sample size that includes both genders, other cognitive functions, and a comparison of different modes of exercise.

Relationship between soleus H-reflex asymmetry and postural control in multiple sclerosis

Background Impaired postural control is a common symptom in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis frequently presents with asymmetric motor involvement. One measurement yet to be evaluated for asymmetry in people with multiple sclerosis is the soleus Hoffmann reflex. Purpose To measure the soleus Hoffmann reflex between limbs and correlate reflex asymmetry with postural control. Material and methods 16 participants completed four sessions of Hoffmann reflex testing and one session of balance testing. Results Multiple sclerosis participants had significantly greater reflex asymmetry (p = 0.01). The multiple sclerosis group had a significantly lower overall sensory organization testing composite score (p < 0.05), indicating sensory interpretation conflict that resulted in greater postural instability. Multiple sclerosis participants produced a significantly shorter endpoint and maximum excursion (p < 0.01) during limits of stability testing. Hoffmann reflex asymmetry was negatively related to forward endpoint excursion (p < 0.05), maximum excursion (p 0.01). Conclusions Multiple sclerosis participants had greater soleus Hoffmann reflex asymmetry, which appears to significantly influence forward postural control. Implications for rehabilitation Soleus Hoffmann reflex asymmetry appears to influence postural stability. The soleus Hoffmann reflex is capable of adapting to different modes of exercise; therefore, to reduce H-reflex asymmetry it is recommended to individualize physical rehabilitative programming. Assessing the soleus Hoffmann reflex in people with multiple sclerosis during health screenings could be of use to clinical and rehabilitative practitioners.