Different Kinds Of Behavior Research Articles

Defining Behavior and its Relationship to the Science of Psychology.

Even though the concept of behavior is central to modern psychology, there is no consensus regarding what the term behavior means. The current paper focuses on disentangling two separate conceptions of the term that have added to the confusion. One meaning of the term behavior pertains to natural scientific epistemology, specifically the requirements of empirical methodology and its reliance on data that are measurable and available to public observation. The second meaning pertains to ontology and relates to the fact that at a descriptive level there are different kinds of behavioral patterns in the universe. Put simply, inanimate material objects behave differently from living organisms, which behave differently from animals, which behave differently from people. This paper introduces a "Periodic Table of Behavior" derived from Henriques', Review of General Psychology, 7, 150-182, (2003, 2011) Tree of Knowledge System to map the different kinds of behaviors that are described and examined by different sciences. It concludes by using the formulation to clarify the relationship between the methodological and ontological description of behavior and argues how the basic science of psychology can be effectively defined as the science of mental behavior going forward.

Interactive Trajectory Prediction of Surrounding Road Users for Autonomous Driving Using Structural-LSTM Network

Accurate trajectory prediction of surrounding road users is critical to autonomous driving systems. In mixed traffic flows, road users with different kinds of behaviors and styles bring complexity to the environment, which requires considering interactions among road users when anticipating their future trajectories. This paper presents a long-term interactive trajectory prediction method for surrounding vehicles using a hierarchical multi-sequence learning network. In contrast to non-interactive method which assumes that road users are independent of each other, this method can automatically learn high-level dependencies among multiple interacting vehicles through the proposed structural-LSTM (long short-term memory) network. Specifically, structural-LSTM first assigns one LSTM for each interacting vehicle. Then these LSTMs share their cell states and hidden states with their spatial-neighboring LSTMs by a radial connection, and recurrently analyze the output state of itself as well as the other LSTMs in a deeper layer. Finally based on all output states, the network predicts trajectories for surrounding vehicles. The proposed method is evaluated on the NGSIM dataset, and its results show that satisfyingly accurate prediction performance of long-term trajectories of surrounding vehicles is accessible, e.g., longitudinal and lateral RMS error can be reduced to less than 1.93m and 0.31m over 5s time horizon, respectively.

Coherent magnetic structures in self-organized plasmas

The concept of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) has been recently applied to complex magnetic configurations in plasmas in order to find and characterize their main structural features. LCS make it possible to separate regions inside these configurations where field lines exhibit a different kind of behavior. In the present article, first we review the main features and uses of this technique and then apply it to the study of configurations that evolve into a self-organized quasi-single helicity state referring in particular to results obtained in the reversed-field pinch experiment in Padua.

A multidimensional measure of animal ethics orientation - Developed and applied to a representative sample of the Danish public.

We present a questionnaire-based measure of four animal ethics orientations. The orientations, which were developed in light of existing empirical studies of attitudes to animal use and ethical theory, are: animal rights, anthropocentrism, lay utilitarianism, and animal protection. The two latter orientations can be viewed as variants of animal welfarism. Three studies were conducted in Denmark in order to identify the hypothesised orientations, evaluate their concurrent validity, and report their prevalence and relevance in animal-related opinion formation and behaviour. Explorative factor analysis (Study 1) and confirmative factor analysis (Study 2) successfully identified the four orientations. Study 2 revealed good measurement invariance, as there was none or very modest differential item functioning across age, gender, living area, and contrasting population segments. Evaluation of concurrent validity in Study 2 found that the orientations are associated with different kinds of behaviour and opinion when the human use of animals is involved in the hypothesised directions. In Study 3, a representative population study, the animal protection orientation proved to be most prevalent in the Danish population, and as in study 2 the four orientations were associated with different behaviours and opinions. Remarkably, the animal protection orientation does not lead to increased animal welfare-friendly meat consumption, the main reason for this being non-concern about the current welfare status of farm animals. We argue that the developed measure covers a wide range of diversity in animal ethics orientations that is likely to exist in a modern society such as Denmark and can be used in future studies to track changes in the orientations and to understand and test hypotheses about the sources and justifications of people’s animal-related opinions and behaviours.

Consequence of the heat-treatment on the ionic conductivity of silver-tellurite glass nanocomposites

Ion conducting tellurite glass of the composition 0.60AgI-0.40(0.45Ag2O-0.55TeO2) has been prepared by melt quenching technique. Controlled heat treatment has been applied on the as-prepared sample for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h duration, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the base sample is amorphous and heat-treated samples exhibit the presence of nanocrystallites. The size of the crystallites increases with the increase of the duration of heat treatment. The Ag+ ion dynamics has been investigated over wide temperature and frequency ranges, and the frequency dependent conductivity data have been analyzed in the context of Almond-West formalism. The temperature dependence of the dc conductivity and the crossover frequency shows a different kind of behaviour in contradiction to that observed in other ion conducting glasses. The samples do not follow the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa relation. With increasing heating hour, the ionic conductivity of the heat-treated samples falls in consequence of the formation of agglomerated grains. Deviation from the time-temperature superposition principle for the conductivity spectra has been observed for these samples.

Coherent transport structures in magnetized plasmas. I. Theory

In a pair of linked articles (called Papers I and II, respectively), we apply the concept of Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs) borrowed from the study of dynamical systems to magnetic field configurations in order to separate regions where field lines have a different kind of behaviour. In the present article, Paper I, after recalling the definition and the properties of the LCSs, we show how this conceptual framework can be applied to the study of particle transport in a magnetized plasma. Furthermore, we introduce a simplified model that allows us to consider explicitly the case where the magnetic configuration evolves in time on time scales comparable to the particle transit time through the configuration. In contrast with previous works on this topic, this analysis requires that a system that is aperiodic in time be investigated.

Coherent transport structures in magnetized plasmas. II. Numerical results

In a pair of linked articles (called Papers I and II, respectively), we apply the concept of Lagrangian Coherent Structures borrowed from the study of Dynamical Systems to chaotic magnetic field configurations in order to separate regions where field lines have different kinds of behavior. In the present article, Paper II, by means of a numerical procedure, we investigate the Lagrangian Coherent Structures in the case of a two-dimensional magnetic configuration with two island chains that are generated by magnetic reconnection and evolve nonlinearly in time. The comparison with previous results, obtained by assuming a fixed magnetic field configuration, allows us to explore the dependence of transport barriers on the particle velocity.

Variable within variable - Simultaneous stability and change. The case of syllable-final s in Ciudad Real

Spanish syllable-final s has been found to be completely stable in the great majority of the varieties in which it has been studied as a sociolinguistic variable. The same is true for the variety of Ciudad Real, Spain, where our data have shown not only lack of indication of any type of change at the present moment through inferences made from apparent time, but also evidence of its stability in the last hundred years by looking at the data from the available linguistic atlases. However, in our investigation, we performed a study of all the separate contexts in which the syllable-final s occurs, and it was discovered that in one of them, the sequence /s/+/t/, a different kind of behavior was registered. Namely, in this specific context, apparent-time inferences additionally supported by the older linguistic atlas data show a clear pattern of a change from above towards a normative realization of the sibilant. In this paper, we will try to explain how it is possible for a stable variable to contain within itself a subvariable which in turn shows signs of a change in progress.

Inglés

The purpose of this paper is to present a concrete model of competing population species that exhibits a phenomenon called zip bifurcation. The Zip Bifurcation was introduced by Farkas in 1984 for a three dimensional ODE prey-predator system describing a chemostat. We will study a three dimensional system of ordinary differential equations that model the competition of two predators species for one single prey species. The system is based on concrete trigonometric functions modeling the growth rate of the prey and the functional response of the predator. The model exhibits different kinds of behavior and shows examples of the so called “competitive exclusion principle,” and the competition of one “r-strategist” and one “K-strategist.” Additionally, in order to illustrate the zip bifurcation, we will present some numerical simulations for our model. MSC2010: 92D25, 92D40, 34C23, 34D20, 34A34.

Evolution of pedestrian evacuation considering different human behaviors

Pedestrian evacuation becomes more complicated when different human behaviors are considered. In this paper, pedestrian evacuation considering two different kinds of human behaviors is studied by using a cellular automaton (CA) model. Two types of evacuees, cooperators and defectors, are initially randomly distributed in a square room with one exit and they interact with their neighbors following the snowdrift game theory (characterized by the parameter “[Formula: see text]”) during the evacuation process. Cooperators and defectors are mutually changed according to two typically different kinds of evacuees’ judgements, namely, judgement based on neighbors’ strategies (we call it herding behavior) and judgement based on neighbors’ payoffs (we call it independent behavior), which leads to the corresponding evacuee clusters. It is found from a large amount of numerical simulations that the proportions of the corresponding evacuee clusters are evolved to respectively consistent states despite 11 typically different initial evacuee cluster ratios, largely owing to self-organization effect. Moreover, for other 200 randomly chosen initial evacuee cluster ratios, Monte-Carlo simulations show that the proportions of the corresponding evacuee clusters are evolved stably, without any oscillation, and when the initial number of pedestrians of two different kinds of behaviors are comparable, the proportions are evolved to respectively consistent states despite different initial evacuee cluster ratios, indicating that some regular phenomena occur during the evacuation process. Furthermore, it is found that the moderate values of [Formula: see text] is necessary for short evacuation time, and for the fixed values of [Formula: see text], the initial ratio of pedestrians of herding behavior has a great influence on the final evacuation time.

Improved PageRank Algorithm Combined User Behavior with Topic Similarity

Aiming at shortcomings of the drifting theme and the splitting page weight of traditional PageRank algorithm, an improved PageRank algorithm combined user behavior with topic similarity was proposed. Combined with the time factor, the proposed algorithm comprehensively analyzed retweet, comment and mention, measured contribution of three kinds of different behaviors for micro-blog user influence by means of statistical analysis, and used improved TF-IDF calculate the weight of subject relevance to choose pages with higher correlation degree and obtain different PR value. The simulation results show that compared with Micro-blog’s common sorting algorithms, the improved PageRank algorithm has better sorting effect.

The limits of early social evaluation: 9-month-olds fail to generate social evaluations of individuals who behave inconsistently

Infant studies examining the development of the ability to evaluate others for their pro- and antisocial acts to date have explored how infants evaluate individuals who are either consistently prosocial or consistently antisocial. Yet in the real world, one regularly encounters individuals who behave inconsistently, engaging in multiple different kinds of behaviors that are variably prosocial and antisocial. In order to form accurate social evaluations of these inconsistently helpful and harmful individuals, then, evaluators must be able to aggregate across different types of behaviors and update previously formed evaluations based on new information. The current studies were designed to examine 9-month-old infants’ social evaluations of characters who have displayed both prosocial and antisocial acts. Across three experiments using a previously utilized scenario for testing infants’ preference for prosocial over antisocial others, infants repeatedly failed to prefer more- versus less-prosocial individuals when one of those individuals had previously acted both prosocially and antisocially, despite various attempts to facilitate responding across experiments. Notably, an additional experiment replicated infants’ preference for consistently prosocial over consistently antisocial others. Together, findings from the current studies suggest that incorporating behavioral inconsistency into one’s social evaluations may be especially difficult for infants in the first year.

Fiction as informative and its implications for information science theory

ABSTRACTReading fiction is a neglected area of study in information behavior research, even as such research has expanded to include investigation of different kinds of behavior by more kinds of people, and an expanded repertoire of research methods and fields. Using data from a small empirical study (n=8) and research from five fields other than information science, the paper reports on participants' reading of fiction and those five fields' study of how reading fiction is informative. Considering fiction informative has two important outcomes: we (1) understand information behavior better and (2) address important problems in information science theory. Such problems include frustrated attempts to define information, the (generally hidden) gendered character of information science and information behavior research, the misguided conduit metaphor and an overemphasis on cognition at the expense of practice, documents and materiality.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in genetically defined fear-induced aggression.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays an important role in maintenance of neuronal system throughout life. However, there is a lack of data on the involvement of GDNF in the regulation of different kinds of behavior. In this study, GDNF, its precursor (proGDNF) and GDNF mRNA levels were investigated in the brain of rats selectively bred for 85 generations for either high level or for the lack of affective aggressiveness toward human. It was found that GDNF mRNA level was decreased in the frontal cortex, increased in the raphe nuclei area of the midbrain of aggressive rats compared to tame animals and was not detected in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The level of proGDNF was reduced in the raphe nuclei area of the midbrain of highly aggressive rats and was not detected in the striatum, nucleus accumbens of investigated animals. Two forms of mature GDNF - monomer and dimer - were revealed. GDNF monomer level was increased in the raphe nuclei area, substantia nigra and amygdala of aggressive rats and it was not found in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of investigated rats. Dimer GDNF level was found in all investigated brain structures. It was reduced in the hippocampus and increased in amygdala of highly aggressive rats. Thus, considerable structure-specific differences in GDNF expression between highly aggressive and nonaggressive rats were shown. The data suggested the implication of both mature GDNF monomer and dimer as well as proGDNF in the mechanism underlying genetically defined aggressiveness.

Pro-social and aggressive behaviors among school children: The role of callous-unemotional traits

Different kinds of behavior and traits may gradually manifest during the childhood; among such behaviors are pro-social and aggressive behaviors. The present study examined two developmental traits (callous-unemotional) and their role in the relationship between pro-social and aggressive behavior. Participants are school pupils in Nkpor; a South Eastern town in the Anambra State of Nigeria. All the participants were of the Igbo ethnic group. They include 65 primary school pupils comprising of 30 primary six pupils ( M age = 10.50, SD = 1.07) and 35 primary two pupils ( M age = 6.02, SD =.66). Data for pro-social, aggressive behavior and callous-unemotional traits (CU) were gathered from the teacher’s report. Results revealed that CU traits were negatively correlated with pro-social but positively correlated with aggression. Pro-social behavior was also negatively correlated with aggressive behavior. Hierarchical regression showed that pro-social behavior was not a significant predictor of aggressive behavior when CU traits were not controlled, while CU traits predict aggressive behavior with or without pro-sociality. The discussion focused on callous and uncaring traits as an important mediating mechanism that could help researchers understand early developmental trajectories of pro-social behaviors.

Fixed points of endomorphisms on two-dimensional complex tori

In this paper we investigate fixed-point numbers of endomorphisms on complex tori. Specifically, motivated by the asymptotic perspective that has turned out in recent years to be so fruitful in Algebraic Geometry, we study how the number of fixed points behaves when the endomorphism is iterated. Our first result shows that the fixed-points function of an endomorphism on a two-dimensional complex torus can have only three different kinds of behaviours, and we characterize these behaviours in terms of the analytic eigenvalues. Our second result focuses on simple abelian surfaces and provides criteria for the fixed-points behaviour in terms of the possible types of endomorphism algebras.

5-HT1A receptor: its role in the regulation of different kinds of behavior

Brain serotonin (5-HT) is known to be involved in the control of a wide range of physiological functions as well as of different kinds of behavior. Such polyfunctionality of 5-HT is mediated by numerous 5-HT receptors. Currently, 14 different 5-HT receptor subtypes expressed in the mammals have been identified. The 5-HT1А receptor is one of the most extensively characterised members of the serotonin receptor family. Increased interest to the 5-HT1А receptor is based on (1) a key role in the autoregulation of the brain serotonergic system due to the postsynaptic and presynaptic localization, (2) a great body of data demonstrating implication of 5-HT1А receptor in the control of various physiological functions (3) involvement of 5-HT1А receptors in the mechanisms of depression, anxiety and suicide. The review describes literature and original data on factors affecting the expression and functional activity of 5-HT1А receptors and the involvement of 5-HT1А receptors in the regulation of normal and pathological behavior. The structure of the 5-HT1А receptor gene is described and new data on the posttranslational regulation of 5-HT1А receptor functional activity are provided. A special focus was given to the interaction between 5-HT1А and 5-HT7 receptors followed by heterodimer formation and the role of heterodimerization in the functional inactivation of the 5-HT1А receptor. The implication of 5-HT1А receptors in the regulation of aggressive behavior, catalepsy, anxiety, depression and hibernation was shown. Special attention is focused on the involvement of 5-HT1А receptors in the regulation of 1) fear-induced aggression towards man – the basis of domestication, 2) intermale aggression underling asocial behavior in men, 3) depression and in the mechanism of antidepressant action. The described data extend the idea on the 5-HT1А receptor as a key player in the brain 5-HT system.

“Supporting me through emotional times, all different kinds of behaviour.” Forensic mental health service users understanding of positive behavioural support

This service evaluation project explored service users’ experiences of positive behavioural support (PBS) within a medium secure mental health service. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to analyse interviews with ten service users. Four main themes emerged from the data: My plan; How I understand PBS; How PBS has helped me, the benefits; and Making the plan work. Overall, service users viewed their experience of having a PBS plan positively. They reflected that the plans offered staff greater understanding of their behaviours and needs, enabling them to receive appropriate support. Service users valued the experience of being involved in the process, offering important insights into their experiences. They also expressed frustrations about staff not following the plan and not understanding why they had a plan whilst others did not. Limitations of the study, clinical implications and ideas for future research have been discussed.

A Combinatorial Approach to Time Asymmetry

In this paper, simple models for the multiverse are analyzed. Each universe is viewed as a path in a graph, and by considering very general statistical assumptions, essentially originating from Boltzmann, we can make the set of all such paths into a finite probability space. We can then also attempt to compute the probabilities for different kinds of behavior and in particular under certain conditions argue that an asymmetric behavior of the entropy should be much more probable than a symmetric one. This offers an explanation for the asymmetry of time as a broken symmetry in the multiverse. The focus here is on simple models which can be analyzed using methods from combinatorics. Although the computational difficulties rapidly become enormous when the size of the model grows, this still gives hints about how a full-scale model should behave.

Genetics and hybridization in surface and caveAstyanax(Teleostei): a comparison of regressive and constructive traits

Change in ecological conditions, as seen in surface and cave populations of Astyanax (Teleostei), has caused the divergent evolution of a large number of traits like eyes, coloration, taste, lateral line, and different kinds of behaviour like schooling, sleep or feeding posture. Because of the interfertility of surface and cave forms these fish are an exceptional object to study the morphological and genetic basis of the evolution of such complex regressive and constructive traits. Classical crossing analyses and genomic studies are contributing to growing understanding. Both kinds of traits mostly rely on multiple genetic bases and the phenotypic manifestation in the various crosses is similar. The gene effect underlying the phenotypic manifestation may exhibit an exponential increase at differing amounts in the various traits and crosses. Missing or presence of such genetic interaction helps determine whether the variability of eyes or pigmentation exhibited by Astyanax cave fish populations like Micos, is due to a more recent origin or to secondary hybridization with the surface fish. Neither crossing analysis nor QTL mapping revealed that eye reduction is pleiotropically antagonistically related to the increase of taste buds or lateral line sense. Independent inheritance of traits suggests that Astyanax cave fish are subjected to mosaic evolution.