Different Geographical Regions Of India Research Articles

Diversity of culturable gut bacteria of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) collected from different geographical regions of India.

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is one of the important pests of cole crops, the larval stages cause damage to leaves from seedling stage to the harvest thus reducing the quality and quantity of the yield. The insect gut posses a large variety of microbial communities among which, the association of bacteria is the most spread and common. Due to variations in various agro-climatic factors, the insect often assumes the status of major pest. These geographical variations in insects influence various biological parameters including insecticide resistance due to diversity of microbes/bacteria. The diverse role of gut bacteria in insect fitness traits has now gained perspectives for biotechnological exploration. The present study was aimed to determine the diversity of larval gut bacteria of diamondback moth collected from five different geographical regions of India. The gut bacteria of this pest were found to be influenced by different geographical regions. A total of 14 larval gut bacterial isolates were obtained. Majority of these bacteria belong to Enterobacteriaceae followed by Yersiniaceae, Morganellaceae and Enterococcaceae. Phylogeny analysis of all the bacterial isolates collected from five different geographical regions of India revealed that all the isolated strains are resolved in well-defined clades with their closest type species.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AMONG NATIONAL LEVEL KABADDI PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS IN INDIA

ntroduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics among national level kabaddi players of different geographical regions in India. Another purpose of the study was to nd out the physiological characteristics among national level kabaddi players of different geographical regions in India. Methods: The subjects for the study were selected from the 150 male national level kabaddi players. 50 subjects were selected from coastal area, 50 subjects were selected from non-coastal area and while another 50 subjects was selected from hilly area. The age level of subjects was range from 20 to 25 years. All the subjects were residing at different geographical regions in India. A stand and progressive matrices organizational selected physiological characteristic is (Vital Capacity, Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate). To nd out signicant different of physiological characteristics among national level kabaddi players of different geographical regions in India, the one-way analysis of variance was used. The level of signicance was set at .05 levels. The result reveals the one-way analysis of variance that there was signicant (p>.05) forResults And Discussion: physiological characteristics (Vital Capacity, Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate) among national level kabaddi players of different geographical regions in India.

Genetic analysis of two viroceptor genes of orf virus.

In the present study, we analyzed the chemokine-binding protein (CBP) and the GM-CSF/IL-2 inhibition factor (GIF) of orf virus (ORFV) isolates of sheep and goat origin from different geographical regions of India. Both are immunomodulatory proteins known for their unique strategy of establishing short-term immunity and re-infection in their host. The GIF gene is highly conserved, whereas the CBP gene is highly variable. Both the proteinshave conserved potential N-glycosylation sites. The GIF protein contains the "WDPWV" motif responsible for receptor activation. In addition, the SUSHI/short consensus repeats (SCR) domain is reported for the first time in ORFV. Both proteins could potentially be used as immunotherapeutic agents in inflammatory diseases related to the overexpression of specific cytokines.

Diversity in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Genotypes Based on Morphological Yield Traits with Protein Profiling

In this research, fortyfour genotypes with two check varieties of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied that were collected from different geographical regions of India. Biodiversity is one of the most important factors in the survival and improvement of any species. Therefore, germplasm collection is the first step for plant improvement. To investigate their genetic and morphological relationships morphological traits of genotypes of cucumbers were evaluated with check varieties. We found that the traits, the total yield varied during first season from 48.80-144.48 (q/ha) with average of 89.81(q/ha). During second season, it varied from 46.30-202.00 (q/ha) with an average of 104.90 (q/ha). The single fruit weight varied during first season from 182.98 to 371.87 gm. with average of 287.89 gm. During second season, it varied from 180.16 to 380.11 gm. with an average of 281.75gm. Fruit length varied during first season from 6.43 to 25.28 cm. with average of 16.22 cm. During second season, it varied from 6.06 to 25.26 cm. with an average of 16.25 cm. The number of fruits per plant varied during first season from 3.30-8.30 with average of 5.60. During second season, it varied from 2.80-10.56 with an average of 6.69. The distinct genotypes found in this study based on morpho-molecular characters will great interest to cucumber breeder for selection of diverse parent or production of mapping population.

EXPLOITATION OF EDIBLE WILD PLANTS AS MEDICINAL PROPERTIES FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN BIDAR DISTRICT, NORTH KARNATAKA, INDIA

Objective: Plants since times immemorial have been used practically in all societies as a source of medicine and food. The huge data of medicinal plants are available in the different geographical regions of India. Most of the knowledge and awareness about plants are found in the ethnic community and villages. The present paper tried to explore of medicinal plant property used in the study region with the help of ethnic communities. Methods: A perspective documentation and cross-sectional studies of edible wild plants used as medicinal properties for various diseases of Bidar district. Surveys were undertaken in January 2018-July 2019in villages, ethnic people community and medicinal healers or local herbal practitioners in the study area. Results: Total 42 medicinal healers’ interviews were undertaken by the help of questioners or a standard survey datasheet. During the survey, a description of, 63 edible wild plant species belonging to 40 families and 53 genera was recorded. Total63 edible wild plants are used as medicine to cure different diseases by local medicinal practitioners of the district. Among 63 edible wild plants, the plant parts leaf (31 species) is most abundantly used, followed by fruits (22 species) and other plant parts are with less than 5 species i.e. 4, 3, 2 and single species. Conclusion: However, day by day people will be attracted towards herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases. Many of the herbal plants have no side effect. So far, the present paper has been communicated to give more and more medicinal properties of edible wild plants.

Spatio-temporal variation and sensitivity analysis of aerosol particulate matter during the COVID-19 phase-wise lockdowns in Indian cities.

At the pandemic of COVID-19, the movement of business and other non-essential activities were majorly restricted at the end of March 2020 in India and continued in different lockdown phases until June 2020. By categorically, studying sensitivity towards anthropogenic factors with other environmental implications in urban Indian cities during phase-wise lockdown scenarios will pave the way for a refined Clean Air Programme (CAP). In this study, the aerosol particulate matter variations between the lockdown phases in both spatial and temporal scales have been explored along with cities exceeding national ambient air quality (NAAQ) standards covering different geographical regions of India for their air quality level. The results of the spatial pattern of Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring System (CAMS) near-real-time data showed a negative change both in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) (-0.2 to 0.1) and black carbon AOD (bcAOD) (-0.9 to -0.75). The changes were evident in successive phases of lockdown with an overall AOD reduction of about 70–90%. Southern urban cities showed a significant impact of mobile sources from temporal analysis than other cities. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for effects of pollutants by anthropogenic factors (mobile and point source) and meteorological factors (wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, relative humidity) revealed the two significant driving factors. PM reduction was about 50–70%, predominantly due to anthropogenic factors. The factor analysis revealed the influence of meteorological factors between the major urban cities (Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad). Cities that exceed NAAQ standard performed well during phase-wise lockdowns, exceptional to cities in Gangetic plain. This study helps to frame region-specific strategic action plans for the CAP.

Deep sequencing of suppression subtractive library identifies differentially expressed transcripts of Saccharum spontaneum exposed to salinity stress

Saccharum spontaneum, a wild relative of sugarcane, is highly tolerant to drought and salinity. The exploitation of germplasm resources for salinity tolerance is a major thrust area in India. In this study, we utilized suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) followed by sequencing for the identification of upregulated transcripts during salinity stress in S. spontaneum clones coming from different geographical regions of India. Our sequencing of the SSH library revealed that 95% of the transformants contained inserts of size 200-1500 bp. We have identified 314 differentially expressed transcripts in the salinity-treated samples after subtraction, which were subsequently validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed that the upregulated transcripts were a result of protein modifications, stress, and hormone signaling along with cell wall development and lignification. The prominently upregulated transcripts included UDP glucose dehydrogenase, cellulose synthase, ribulose, cellulose synthase COBRA, leucine-rich protein, NAC domain protein, pectin esterase, ABA-responsive element binding factor 1, and heat stress protein. Our results is a step forward the understanding of the molecular response of S. spontaneum under salinity stress, which will lead to the identification of genes and transcription factors as novel targets for salinity tolerance in sugarcane.

Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus among children and adults in India 2016 to 2018

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of respiratory tract infections among children less than 5 years of age and the elderly. This study intended to determine the circulating genotypes of RSV among severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) cases during the period 2016–2018 in India, among hospitalized acute febrile illness cases of age ranging from 1 to 65 years. Throat/nasopharyngeal swab samples were subjected for testing RSV and subgroups by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), further sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed for the second hypervariable region of the G gene. RSV-A and B subtypes co-circulated during the years 2016, 2017, and 2018, with RSV-A as the dominant subtype in 2016, and RSV-B as the dominant subgroup in 2017 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating genotypes of RSV were GA2 (16/16), of RSV-A, and GB5 (23/23) of RSV-B in the South, North, and Northeast region of India during the period between 2016 and 2018. Here we report the first study comprising the distribution of RSV-A and B genotypes in the different geographic regions of India among children and adults during the year 2016 to 2018. We also report GA2.3.7 lineage of GA2 genotype for the first time in India to the best of our knowledge.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Indian Perspective.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Indian Perspective.

The Burden of Respiratory Viruses and Their Prevalence in Different Geographical Regions of India: 1970-2020.

As per the 2019 report of the National Health Portal of India, 41,996,260 cases and 3,740 deaths from respiratory infections were recorded across India in 2018. India contributes to 18% of the global population, with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) as one of the prominent causes of mortality in children >5 years of age. Measures in terms of the diagnosis and surveillance of respiratory infections are taken up globally to discover their circulating types, detect outbreaks, and estimate the disease burden. Similarly, the purpose of this review was to determine the prevalence of respiratory infections in various regions of India through published reports. Understanding the pattern and prevalence of various viral entities responsible for infections and outbreaks can help in designing better strategies to combat the problem. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, etc. Identification of these respiratory viruses was not given high priority until now, but the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sensitized our system to be alert about the burden of existing infections and to have proper checks for emerging ones. Most of the studies reported to date have worked on the influenza virus as a priority. However, the data describing the prevalence of other respiratory viruses with their seasonal pattern have significant epidemiological value. A comprehensive literature search was done to gather data from all geographical regions of India comprising all states of India from 1970 to 2020. The same has been compared with the global scenario and is being presented here.

PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC THERAPY AT A TERTIARY HEALTH CARE INSTITUTION

Objective: The present study was aimed to estimate the direct cost of pharmacotherapy, laboratory tests, and medical tests incurred by patients, to analyze the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for diabetic patient with macrovascular complications, to estimate the direct health system costs of treating patients with diabetes, to analyze the drug utilization trend of anti-diabetic therapy, to estimate the annual total direct medical costs of managing patients with diabetes, and to evaluate pharmacoeconomic impact on outcomes or beneficence of diabetic therapy.
 Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study at SRM Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur – General Medicine Department with a sample size of 200 patients.
 Results: During study, 200 diabetic patients were enrolled based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria at SRM Medical College and Hospital. Out of 200 diabetic patients (100%), 83 (41.5%) patients were females, and 117 (58.5%) patients were males. Out of 200 (100%) diabetic patients, 18 (9%) of the patient were within the age group of 20–39 years, 78 (39%) of the patients were within the age range of 40–59, the group with the highest frequency was aged from 60 to 79 with 93 (46.5%) patients while the age group of 80–99 had the lowest frequency of 11 (5.5%) of patients. The patient sample had 14 (7%) type 1 diabetic patients out of which two patients (14.3%) were females and 12 (85.7%) were males. A total of 186 (93%) patients had type 2 diabetes where 81 (43.5%) were females and 105 (56.5%) were males. Drug utilization trend: In the patient sample, anti-diabetic drugs were the most frequently used. Oral and parenteral dosage forms were used which included insulin administration subcutaneously and intravenously together with intravenous fluids to correct cases of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. HRQoL is the measure of patient value in terms of impact of disease and its treatment on physical functioning and psychological well-being. Out of 200 patients, 25% had severe problems with mobility.
 Conclusion: Diabetes is characterized by a very high-cost burden. Education on the prevention and management of diabetes must be prioritized. It must be provided to the diabetic patients and the society at large. Therefore, it is suggested that health-care providers and policy-makers must put more attention to the factors that result in an increased hospital care. A lower financial burden on patients would greatly increase the treatment compliance, complications, and comorbidity progression. This will result in a reduction of diabetes economic burden on patients, society, and health-care system. Further multicenter studies can be carried out in a larger population in different geographical regions in India or it can be done at a national scale.

Cytological, genetical and phytochemically stable meta-Topolin (mT) - induced mass propagation of underutilized Physalis minima L. for production of withaferin A

Abstract Physalis minima L. is commonly known as wild Gooseberry. Traditionally this plant has been used in different ethnopharmacological and modern medicinal practices. No systematic evaluation is done from an underutilized alternative resource of withaferin A content from P. minima. Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone withanolide mainly found in the plant Withania somnifera and other few members of family Solanaceae. The present investigation evaluated withaferin A content from 30 chemotypes collected from different geographical regions in India. Among 30 different chemotypes, an elite clone (17.13 ± 0.31 mg/g dry weight (DW) withaferin A) was selected for in vitro shoot multiplication. Well-organized micropropagation has been studied using five different cytokinins in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Among them, aromatic cytokinin “meta-Topolin” (mT) at 1.0 mg/l triggered the highest number (83.26 ± 1.02) of multiple shoots and shoot length (4.87 ± 0.69) after 28 days of explant implantation. Maximum root induction was showed in ½ MS medium with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to trigger 75.65 ± 1.03 roots and root length 4.56 ± 0.25 cm after 14 days of culture. In vitro well-rooted plantlets were excised for hardening and show; 99.02% survival rate. Genetic stability of micropropagated plants were performed with cytological and molecular marker-based selection. Simultaneously, phytochemical stability was performed with HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) analysis. In our experiment no significant difference showed between the mother plant and micropropagated plants. Thus, our protocol can be used for large-scale commercial cultivation of elite chemotype of this medicinal plant.

Biological and life table parameters of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) from five different geographical regions of India

Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is one of the most widely distributed destructive pests of cruciferous crops which significantly decrease the quality and quantity of yield. In India, it is widely distributed wherever Cruciferous crops are grown. The damage is caused by the larvae which damage the leaves by mining and making holes. We studied the biological and growth rate parameters of this pest collected from five different geographical regions of India under laboratory conditions. Various biological parameters like total developmental period, oviposition period and adult longevity are found to be influenced by different geographical regions. Growth parameters like net reproductive rate, true generation time, true intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, doubling time and weekly multiplication rate of the pest also differed significantly among population from different geographical regions. The net reproductive rate was maximum for Hyderabad and Bengaluru population and minimum for Solan and Keylong population and the same was true for the intrinsic rate of increase. The finite rate of increase which is designated as the number of time, the population increases per unit time was 1.39, 1.36, 1.32, 1.25 and 1.20 for Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ludhiana, Solan and Keylong population with multiplication rate of 2.98, 2.63, 2.14, 1.75 and 1.50 days, respectively and the difference was statistically significant. Further studies need to confirm the delineation of this pest in different geographical regions and accordingly the management strategies should be formulated for these regions.

Identification of Galtox, a new protein toxin from Photorhabdus bacterial symbionts of Heterorhabditis nematodes

The Gram-negative bacteria Photorhabdus lives in a symbiotic relationship with the insect-pathogenic Heterorhabditis nematodes and produces numerous hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites and protein toxins. Seven Photorhabdus strains were previously isolated from the Heterorhabditis nematodes collected from different geographical regions of India. The strains IARI-SGMG3, IARI-SGHR2, IARI-SGHR4, IARI-SGMS1 and IARI-SGGJ2 were identified as P. akhurstii, whereas IARI-SGLDK1 and IARI-SGHP1 were identified as P. laumondii subsp. laumondii and P. laumondii subsp. clarkeii, respectively. A new and previously unreported 35 kDa molecular weight protein toxin 'Galtox' was identified from these Photorhabdus strains. The nucleotide sequences of the toxin gene from seven Photorhabdus strains were PCR amplified, sequenced, cloned into pET protein expression vector, and the protein toxin was expressed and purified. The Galtox sequence from various strains showed variations in sequence and toxicity against Galleria mellonella. The injection of purified Galtox protein into the 4th instar larvae showed median lethal dose (LD50) values of 2.39–26.08 ng toxin/g G. mellonella bodyweight after 48 h. The protein injection killed the insects quickly and exhibited a median lethal time (LT50) of 12–60 h when injected at the rate of 3.1–31.2 ng toxin/g G. mellonella bodyweight. Galtox protein sequence analysis indicated similarity to several bacterial toxin-related protein domains, such as 6rgnA domain of Bordetella membrane targeting toxin BteA, 6gy6 domain of Xenorhabdus α-Xenorhabdolysins, 4mu6A and 4xa9a domains similar to effector protein LegC3 from Legionella pneumophila and 1cv8.1 domain of staphylococcal cysteine proteinase staphopain B. The mode of action of Galtox needs to be understood to enable its use for the management of agricultural insect-pests.

Comprehensive analysis of genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in different geographic regions of India: an endeavour to classify Indian SARS-CoV-2 strains on the basis of co-existing mutations.

Accumulation of mutations within the genome is the primary driving force in viral evolution within an endemic setting. This inherent feature often leads to altered virulence, infectivity and transmissibility, and antigenic shifts to escape host immunity, which might compromise the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Therefore, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains to detect the emergence of novel co-existing mutations and trace their geographical distribution within India. Comprehensive analysis of whole genome sequences of 837 Indian SARS-CoV-2 strains revealed the occurrence of 33 different mutations, 18 of which were unique to India. Novel mutations were observed in the S glycoprotein (6/33), NSP3 (5/33), RdRp/NSP12 (4/33), NSP2 (2/33), and N (1/33). Non-synonymous mutations were found to be 3.07 times more prevalent than synonymous mutations. We classified the Indian isolates into 22 groups based on their co-existing mutations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the representative strains of each group were divided into various sub-clades within their respective clades, based on the presence of unique co-existing mutations. The A2a clade was found to be dominant in India (71.34%), followed by A3 (23.29%) and B (5.36%), but a heterogeneous distribution was observed among various geographical regions. The A2a clade was highly predominant in East India, Western India, and Central India, whereas the A2a and A3 clades were nearly equal in prevalence in South and North India. This study highlights the divergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 strains and co-circulation of multiple clades in India. Monitoring of the emerging mutations will pave the way for vaccine formulation and the design of antiviral drugs.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-020-04911-0.

Effect of aging and geographical variations in the content of guggulsterones and metabolomic profiling of oleogum resins of commiphora wightii: The Indian bdellium

Background: The oleo-gum resin of Commiphora wightii has been utilized for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Ruthless exploitation of this species with negligible conservation efforts has led to its inclusion in the International Union for Conservation of Nature assemblage of endangered plant species. Objectives: In this paper, the impact of plant aging and geographical variations of guggulsterone (GS) content in oleo-gum resin collected from different geographical regions of India has been examined. Materials and Methods: The oleo-gum resin samples of different age groups and geographical regions of India (Kutch, Morena, Jodhpur, Jaipur, and Pakistan border of Kutch) were collected directly from the site and examined to check the concentration of GS-E and Z by high-performance liquid chromatography. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of samples was done through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The data showed that there is no significant variation was found in the concentration of GS-E and Z with the change in the age of C. wightti plant. The oleo-gum resin samples of Morena showed a high percentage range of GSs (0.88%–2.17% w/w), whereas Jaipur samples showed a lower percentage of GSs (0.56%–0.89% w/w). From metabolomics profiling, 11 high-intensity metabolites were identified in samples of all major regions of India. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is no impact of plant aging on the GS contents. The Indian regions such as Morena, Kutch, and Pakistan border near Kutch regions can be used as a potential source for mass multiplication of guggul plants to get the good quality of the oleo-gum resin.

PREVALENCE AND FETO-MATERNAL OUTCOMES IN GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS AT A TERTIARY CARE HSOPITAL

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy with or without remission after the end of pregnancy. Worldwide prevalence of GDM is reported between 1.4 – 14 percent. The data regarding prevalence and outcomes of GDM will help in planning and allocation of resources and the preventive strategies at the hospital and community level. There are few studies conducted in this region describing the prevalence, associated risk factors, maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with GDM. This was retrospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in India. Data was obtained from January 2018 to January 2019. Women between 24-28 weeks of gestation were included in the study. The information collected included the following parameters: age, residence status, gravid status, family history of diabetes or history of diabetes in first degree relative, past history of GDM. Neonatal outcomes like stillbirths, macrosomia, hyperbilirubinemia were recorded. Most common age of presentation of GDM was 26-30 years. Gravida < 3 accounted for most of the cases. Urban residents accounted for 55.8% of the cases. Most of the cases of GDM had at least one risk factor like history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Most common adverse maternal outcome was cephalopelvic disproportion followed by Casearean section and least common was abruptio placentae. Most common adverse fetal outcome was hyperbilirubinemia followed by macrosomia and least common was stillbirth. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of GDM will help in preventing maternal and fetal adverse outcomes and delay development of diabetes in high-risk individuals. The prevalence of GDM is going to increase in the near future exponentially, hence there is need for various community-based prevalence studies in different geographical regions of India to determine the exact prevalence and regional differences of GDM.

Preference and practice of Indian physicians towards the use of vasodilator di-hydralazine in the management of resistant hypertension

Background: The treatment modalities of resistant hypertension (RH) remain a clinical challenge, often requiring secondary/add-on drugs with first-line therapy to control blood pressure (BP). This study was conducted to explore and understand the preferences and practices of Indian physicians towards the use of vasodilator (especially di-hydralazine) in the management of RH.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, web-based physician survey. The study included cardiologist, nephrologist and consultant physicians from different geographical regions of India. A web-based physician survey questionnaire (PSQ) was created in google forms and the link was circulated to the physicians. Responses obtained were analysed.Results: A total of 457 physicians participated in this survey. In majority of the physicians, vasodilators were the treatment choice as secondary or add-on drugs with first line therapy to control BP in RH; especially hydralazine/di-hydralazine preferred the most. Majority of the physicians preferred to combine vasodilator with beta blocker and diuretic in patients with uncontrolled and RH. Cardiac failure, followed by chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertensive emergency and angina were the common patient profile in RH in which majority physicians prescribed vasodilator (di-hydralazine). Majority of the physicians rated vasodilator di-hydralazine as “good-very good” in terms of efficacy, safety, tolerability, patient compliance and patient satisfaction in RH.Conclusions: Overall, vasodilators (hydrazinophthalazine derivatives) are preferred as add-on drugs along with first-line drugs in RH. Physician’s opinion towards the use of di-hydralazine was positive. Di-hydralazine may be preferred as an add-on therapeutic option to control BP in RH, however randomized clinical trials are needed for recommendation in cardio-renal medicine.

Phytochemical profiling of the stem bark of Betula utilis from different geographical regions of India using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 10 bioactive compounds in stem bark of Betula utilis grown in high altitude of Himalaya, India. The objective of the study is to develop and validate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for investigation of geographical variations of triterpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids contents in stem bark of B. utilis. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate geographical variations of triterpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids in stem bark of B. utilis. The contents of betulinic acid and oleanolic acid were detected higher among selected analytes. The present variation study reveals great importance for the application and overall assessment of B. utilis.

Identification and nomenclature of Albugo candida pathotypes of Indian origin causing white rust disease of rapeseed-mustard

The highly variable nature of Albugo candida pathogen in terms of number of races/pathotypes poses a challenge in the proper identification. Therefore, in this study characterization and identification of 33 A. candida isolates of Indian origin have been done on the basis of molecular and host differentials studies. Molecular characterization using ITS and COX2 gene yielded 1250 bp and 650 bp bands while maximum parsimony trees showed 15 and 13 clusters from 33 A. candida isolates, respectively. On the basis of pathogenicity reactions on 19 host differentials of different Brassica spp., 3 major groups have been identified as Group Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, II, and III. Group Ia was the pathotype of Brassica juncea, Ib- B. juncea cv. Cutlass, Ic- B. juncea cv. Donskaja, Id- a different B. juncea pathotype that showed disease reaction on B. oleracea, Ie- a different B. juncea pathotype that showed disease reaction on B. carinata cv. Kiran, Gropu II- B. rapa var. Toria, Group III- B. rapa pathotypes, respectively. Finally, from 33 A. candida isolates a total of 21 pathotypes have been identified on the basis of combined grouping of pathogenicity reactions on host differentials and ITS and COX2 gene sequence analysis and new nomenclature has been given as per the International standard, out of which 15 pathotypes showed more virulence to B. juncea that named as AC2–1 to AC2–15, 6 pathotypes showed virulence to B. rapa that named as AC7–1 to AC7–6. A. candida pathotypes identified from different geographical regions of India could be utilized for the identification and deployment of the resistant cultivar in major mustard growing areas.