Different Doses Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

The Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Olive Leaf on Aluminum Phosphide-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Rats

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a treatment for aluminum phosphide (ALP) poisoning, which is known as “rice tablet”. Methods: In the present study, the impact of different doses of ethanolic extract of olive leaves (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on ALP (120 mg/kg)-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated in anesthetized-gastrotomized adult male Wistar rats. Thirty-five rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7) as follows: control (AC) and treatment groups [ALP+Olea100 (AO100), ALP+Olea 200 (AO200), and ALP+Olea 400 (AO400)]. Physiological data including blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), as well as oxidative stress markers were measured in heart tissues. Results: ALP-intoxication led to perturbed normal ECG and increased oxidative stress. Administration of olive leaf extract at various concentrations, however, mitigated bradycardia after 90 minutes, following ALP-intoxication (in AO200), hypotension (in AO100), and cardiac conduction disturbances (decreased QTC in the AO200 30 (P<0.05), 60 (P<0.001), and 90 (P<0.05) minutes after intoxication) and decreased PR 60 (P<0.05) and 90 minutes (P<0.01) after intoxication. This was compared with baseline as well as detrimental changes in cardiac electrophysiology [mitigated ST-segment elevation in AO200 and depressed T-wave in the AO200 (P<0.05) and AO400 (P<0.01) groups 90 minutes after intoxication] Conclusion: Based on these authentic results, it seems that olive leaf extracts can be useful in reducing the severity of symptoms in ALP-poisoned individuals and could be utilized in a poisoning emergency.

Curcuma aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract: A potential therapeutic agent against HepG2 Hepatoma cells

Curcuma aromatica, a Vietnamese medicinal plant, exhibits diverse therapeutic applications including blood loss, blood stasis, bloody urination, bloody vomiting, irregular menstruation, epilepsy, and cancer treatment. C. aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract and curcumol content have been shown strong inhibition of cancer growth. HepG2 cells were exposed to different doses of ethanol extract and curcumol extract. The degree of cell growth inhibition was determined using the WST-1 assay, and Hoechst 33258 spectrofluorometric assay, while the rate of cell death by apoptosis was assessed using the annexin-propidium iodide double-staining assay. Flow cytometry was employed to study the cell cycle, while the transwell assay was used to assess cell migration and invasion. The expression of bax and bcl-2 genes was analyzed using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. C. aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract (CE) consisted of a total phenolic content value of 15.02±0.18 (mg/g extract) and a curcumol level of 849.8 ± 23.73 (?g/g extract). The growth of HepG2 cells was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by C. aromatica rhizomes ethanol extract. Following a 72-hour exposure to an (CE) concentration of 100 ?g/mL, the inhibition rate was measured to be 34.559 ± 0.456 %, the IC50 value was determined to be 44.79 ?g/mL and the inhibition of curcumol was 50.961± 0.641 %, and the IC50=93.48. The application of CE induced late apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The CE also induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) in HepG2 cancer cells, effectively suppressing their growth, movement, and invasion by controlling the synthesis of Bcl-2 mRNA. This work gives novel insights into the antihepatoma action of (CE) and establishes a foundation for the development of preliminary anticancer medications.

Investigations of Phytochemical, Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Ixora Pavetta Andrews Leaf

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of I.pavetta Andrews leaf on acute toxicity, anti-inflammation, antipyretic and analgesic effect in albino rats. Methodology: The plant leaves I.pavetta were taken and obtained materials were washed, shade dried into coarse powder using a mechanical grinder and then to prepare ethanol extract. The different phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins were present in the ethanol extracts. The total number of rats was 30 which included male and female albino rats. The age range was 160-240g. All data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: The results indicated that the extract's LD50 is greater than 3000 mg/kg, p.o., and that no mortality was seen at this dose for 14 days. In terms of analgesic activity, the use of different doses of ethanol extract (600, 800mg/kg) show significantly reduced; p<0.0001*** the number of writhes and caused the highest analgesic effect than compared to the reference drug group (Aspirin 100mg/kg). The carrageenan induced hind-paw oedema in rats were used to explore the anti-inflammatory effects, and the study's findings showed that the use of different dose of extract at (600 and 800 mg/kg) had shown significantly; p<0.001** reduced inflammatory and pain effects in rats as compared to reference drug (phenylbutazone 100mg/kg). The yeast-induced pyrexia in rats was used to test the antipyretic efficacy, and the different dose of extract significantly; p<0.001** decreased body temperature at doses of (600 and 800 mg/kg) than compared to the acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg). Conclusions: The ethanol extract of plant leaf I. pavetta have shown greater analgesic efficacy, anti-inflammation and antipyretic activities. Keywords: Acetic acid, analgesic effect, anti-inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Seriphidium kurramenses

Seriphidium kurramenses traditionally medicinal plant usually not present in Pakistan is used in different biological activities to cure various ailments. However, scare studies are present on S. kurramenses regarding to its medicinal importance to treat fever, inflammation and pain. The purpose of present study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of S. kurramenses stem and leaves in ethanolic extract on albino rats. Methodi anti-inflammatory actions were evaluated by injecting carrageenan in rats which caused edema. S. kurramenses produced significant (P<0.005) reduction in edema at 200 and 50mg/kg doses with respective percentages (90, 81%) of leaf and stem extract as compared to standard (diclofenac, 90%) and control (normal saline, 100%) groups. Meanwhile, antipyretic activity was examined by inducing brewer’s yeast in albino rats which induced pyrexia. S. kurramenses showed significant reduction (P<0.005) at different doses of ethanolic extract (50mg/kg, 50mg/kg) with respective percentages of leaf (95%) and stem extract (100%) as compared to standard (brewer’s yeast 81%) and control groups (normal saline 100%). Similarly, analgesic test was assessed by injecting acetic acid which induced writhing movements and these movements were reduced (>0.005) at different doses of ethanolic extract (400mg/kg, 400mg/kg) with respective percentages of leaf and stem extracts (52%, 56%) as compared to standard (diclofenac, 48%) and control groups (100%). It is concluded that the extract of S. kurramenses exhibit significant (P<0.005) results in case of anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities but insignificant (>0.005) in analgesic activity.

Protective Effects of Aloe vera Gel Ethanolic Extract Against Streptozotocin-induced Hepato-pancreatic Toxicity in Female Albino Rats

Aims: Organ toxicity results from the accumulation of toxic substances in the organs which ultimately culminates in failure of the organ. Allopathic medications are not very effective in organ protection. Hence, it is imperative that a natural and safer organoprotective agent should be found.
 Study Design: To assess the organoprotective effect of Aloe vera gel against STZ for renal, hepato and pancreatic toxicity in albino Wistar rats.
 Place and Duration of Study: Whole work had been completed at the Microbiology and Molecular biology labs of IMBB, The University of Lahore during 2019- 2020.
 Methodology: Organoprotective ability of different doses of ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera (A. vera) gel was evaluated against intraperitoneal induction of 55mg/kg Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic, renal and hepatic toxicity in female albino Wistar rats by keeping metformin (100mg/kg) as a positive protective control.
 Results: Results revealed that 200 mg/kg ethanolic extracts of A. vera gel showed significant organoprotection as ALT (57.5±7.45I U/L), AST (39.8±3.45I U/L), ALP (438±103I U/L), urea (74.1±8.71mg/dl), creatinine (0.688±0.146 mg/dl), amylase (1247±75 U/L) and lipase (16.6±2.02 U/L) were significantly less than organotoxic control [ALT (103±7.23I U/L), AST (237±12.7I U/L), ALP (2092±195 U/L), Urea (153±18.6mg/dl), Creatinine (1.54±0.262 mg/dl), amylase (675±83 U/L) and lipase (12.2±1.04 U/L)], and these results were near or equal to organoprotective control [ALT (71.6±8.98I U/L), AST (121±28.1 U/L), ALP (916±103 U/L), urea (115±11.4mg/dl), creatinine (1.14±0.226 mg/dl), amylase (667±80 U/L) and lipase (16.6±2.02 U/L)]. The histopathological analysis also highlighted more organoprotection at this concentration as compared to other doses of extract.
 Conclusion: A. vera gel extract is an able organoprotective agent. This extract can be studied further for its active ingredients as a source of hepatoprotective and nephroprotective agents.

Invivo Effect Analysis of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Ethanol Extract Against Escherichia coli

Puerperium infection contributed 11 percent of 48.17 percent of maternal mortality during the puerperium period; one of the causes of increased risk of puerperium infection was bacteria Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Puerperium infection occurred because bacteria enter through the vagina, wounds on the insertion of the placenta, and other parts spread to blood throughout the body and damage the spleen, liver, and uterus. This research aimed to determine the effect of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves ethanol extract (Rtl-EE) as an antibacterial on the spleen, liver, and uterus of Escherichia coli -induced puerperal infection model mice. Mice in the postnatal treatment group were induced by Escherichia coli bacteria intravaginally and given different doses of ethanol extract of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves. Examination of bacterial colonies growth used pour plate method with EMBA media. The research results showed that the administration of Rtl-EE decreased the growth of bacterial colonies respectively in the liver 1280, 924, 330 CFU/mL; the uterus 1806, 1180, 874 CFU/mL; and the spleen 712, 112, 774 CFU/mL. Colony growth started to decrease at dose 1 of Rtl-EE (100mg/kg BW) of mice model of Escherichia coli -induced puerperal infection. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves contain active compounds - phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids as antibacterial. Rtl-EE had an antibacterial effect by reducing the number of bacteria on the spleen, liver, and uterus of Escherichia coli -induced puerperal infection model mice. Further research needs to conduct to examine the toxic dose of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves against Escherichia coli bacteria.

Neuroprotective Activity of Evolvulus alsinoides & Centella asiatica Ethanolic Extracts in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Swiss Albino Mice.

AIM:To carry out the comparative nootropic, neuroprotective potentials of two medicinal plant species.MATERIAL AND METHODS:For neuroprotective activity; behavior models (elevated plus maze & morris water maze), in vivo antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, lipid peroxidation & reduced glutathione), inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6 & TNF-α) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) assessment procedures followed at different dosages i.e. 250 & 500 mg/kg of Evolvulus alsinoides and Centella asiatica ethanolic extracts. At the end of the study, it was performed histopathological analysis of the following organs: brain, heart, liver, and kidney.RESULTS:In oral administration of different doses of ethanolic extracts of both medicinal plants i.e. Sco + EEA 250 = 2.49 ± 0.29 , Sco + EEA 500 = 2.67 ± 0.36, Sco + ECA 250 = 2.33 ± 0.17, Sco + ECA 500 = 2.77 ± 0.21, Sco + EEA + ECA 250 = 2.61 ± 0.32 and Sco + EEA + ECA 500 = 2.79 ± 0.16 U/mg of protein respectively against the scopolamine induced group Sco (control) = 5.51 ± 0.35 U/mg of protein extracts shows neuroprotective and nootropic activity with reducing AChE level in the brain homogenate of swiss albino mice.CONCLUSION:Since the E. alsinoides & C. asiatica are already used in traditional Indian medicine as the neuroprotective agent and also found promising effects over inflammatory diseases, wound healing, and immunomodulatory activity. The neuroprotective effect of both plants extracts attributed to inhibition of AChE activity and improve the spatial memory formation.

Ameliorative Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus Stem Bark on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats.

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major endocrine disorders, characterized by impaired insulin action and deficiency. Traditionally, Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark has been reputably used in the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications. The present study evaluates the ameliorative activity of ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and the animals were orally administered with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark once daily for 21 days.Results: At the end of the intervention, diabetic control rats showed significant (p<0.05) weight reduction, abnormal haematological parameters, high serum lipids (except high density lipoprotein) concentrations, increased creatinine, bilirubin and urea levels with decreased in albumin level when compared with non-diabetic control rats. All these alterations were reverted to normal after administered with different doses of ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark most especially at 150 mg/kg body weight which exhibited no significant (p>0.05) different with non-diabetic rats.Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus stem bark may be useful in ameliorating complications associated with diabetes mellitus patients.

EVALUATION OF ANTIUROLITHIATIC PROPERTY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FENNEL SEEDS IN MALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Objective: Few studies have explored the diuretic property of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiurolithiatic property of ethanolic extract of fennel seeds in male Wistar albino rats.Methods: Prophylactic and curative urolithiasis models were used with 5 groups of 6 rats in each model. Ethanolic extract of fennel seeds in three doses 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg was used. Cystone 750 mg/kg was used as a standard drug. All drugs were administered orally. Zinc discs were surgically implanted in the bladder in all rats. After recovery, rats in the prophylactic model received three different doses of ethanolic extract of fennel seeds along with 1% ethylene glycol for 2 weeks whereas the rats in the other model received 1% ethylene glycol for 2 weeks followed by an ethanolic extract of fennel seeds in three doses for the next 2 weeks. Both models had a control group receiving 1% ethylene glycol. At the end of study period, rats were sacrificed and vesical calculi collected, weighed, and statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA.Results: In both the models, all three doses of an extract of fennel seeds were effective in reducing stone formation as compared to control group with p&lt;0.05. In both the models, all three test doses were comparable with cystone, but 300 mg/kg extract in prophylactic showed significance (p &lt;0.05) when compared to standard.Conclusion: Fennel seeds can be used prophylactically as well as curatively in the treatment of urolithiasis. However, further studies and clinical trials are warranted to explore this property.

Sub-acute toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of rheumatic tea formula (a polyherbal tea) in wistar rats

Sub-acute toxicity profile of Rheumatic Tea Formula (RTF), a polyherbal tea consisting of Salix alba, Eucalyptus globulus and Albizia chevalieri was investigated in wistar rats of both sexes. Wistar rats were orally administered three different doses of ethanol extract of RTF for 28 days after which the effect on body weight, feed consumption, water intake, liver and kidney functions as well as haematological parameters were evaluated. Also evaluated was the histolopathogical effect of the extract on the liver, kidney, spleen and stomach. The extract significantly (p 0.05) on kidney function indices was observed. There was also no significant effect (p > 0.05) on haematological parameters, except for WBC differentials where there was significant (p <0.05) elevation of lymphocytes and decrease in neutrophils. The extract was relatively non-toxic on kidney, liver, spleen, and stomach in the histopathological evaluations. The present study suggests that RTF extract might have no serious deleterious effect on sub-acute administration. Keywords : Rheumatic Tea Formula, sub-acute toxicity, liver, kidney, blood, wistar rats.

Nigella sativa protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by alleviating oxidative stress, biochemical alterations and histological damage

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cardioprotective effect of Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa) in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI). MethodsGroups were treated with different doses of ethanol extract of N. sativa (EENS) and N. sativa oil alone and along with enalapril for 28 days. MI was induced by subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) in two consecutive doses. Levels of cardiac biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes such as creatine kinase–N-acetyl-l-cysteine, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase were evaluated along with gross histopathological examination. ResultsIsoproterenol (85 mg/kg) induced MI by causing the significant (P < 0.01) reduction in the activity of cardiac biomarkers (creatine kinase–N-acetyl-l-cysteine, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase) and antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) along with significant (P < 0.01) increase in the level of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, histopathological evaluation also confirmed the isoproterenol-induced MI. Pretreatment with EENS (800 mg/kg) and combination of EENS (800 mg/kg) with enalapril (1 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.01) prevented the development of these alteration and restored activity of cardiac biomarkers as well as antioxidant markers almost near to normal levels. Histopathological evaluation of cardiac tissue further confirmed the restoration of biochemical activity. ConclusionsExperimental findings thus indicate that EENS (800 mg/kg) demonstrated cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced MI by restoring cardiac biomarkers and antioxidant status.

Acute toxicity and Gross Behavioural effects of Alcoholic Extract ofAnamirta cocculuswilld

Anamirta cocculus Willd is a southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Toxicity studies give important information about the safety of a substance to be identified for their pharmacological action. Acute toxicity test is the first test in any pharmacological screening procedure. Albino mice of both sexes were used for the present study. After giving different doses of ethanolic extract (200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg), all mice in the 5 groups (including control group) were watched carefully for 24 h. No mortality was seen during 24 h in any of the groups. No toxic symptoms produced in animals. Hence it was established that the oral LD50 of the alcoholic extract of the Anamirta cocculus is above 1600 mg/kg. The extract showed mild sedation and jumping response which were prominent one hour after the administration of the extract at doses of 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg body weight. The extract also produced autonomic effects like straub tail response at the above doses.

Effect of different doses of ethanolic extract of date palm pollen grains on serum gonadotropin and total Glutathione in mature female rats

This study was focused on the effect of different doses of DPP on antioxidant status and gonadotropin hormones of adult female Wister rats, sixty male rats were randomized into 6 groups (A-F). Group A received distilled water (control group). while groups B-F were administration 50, 100 , 150 , 200 and 250 mg/kg of DPP extract respectively for twenty eight (28) days. Blood samples were drawn prior to administration (day zero) and every fourteen days for the estimation of serum FSH,LH and Glutathione concentration. 28-day daily oral administration of ethanol crude extraction of date palm pollen to female rats is associated with high circulating GSH concentration. And an elevation in serum FSH and LH concentrations in groups received 100mg/kg of DPP extract .Conclusions: Data from this study identified that in a dose more than 100mg/kg there were no dose related effects.

English

A number of plants have been used widely in the traditional system of medicine or Tibb-e-Unani (Unani medicine) in the management of many diseases but these mostly, have not been investigated for their described effects. In this study, the hypotensive, toxicology and histological activities were studied in normotensive albino rats at different doses of ethanolic extract of root pulp (BRE) and aqueous extract of root pulp (BRD). The receptor activity was assessed by using the drugs acetylcholine (Ach) and atropine (Atr) on rat heart. Administration of different extracts (BRE and BRD) showed significant reduction in blood pressure comparable to its respective control. While on pre-treatment with Atr (10-4 M) the BRE (10 mg/kg) and BRD (20 mg/kg) did not produce any reduction in blood pressure. These behavior matches exactly to that of acetylcholine (1 &micro;g/kg). The results confirmed that oral and intraperitoneal administration of BRE does not indicate any structural and functional disturbance of liver, heart and kidney up to the dose 100 mg/kg. While, 1000 mg/kg appeared as lethal dose (LD) and all mice died at the interval of 24 h. In conclusion, different extract of BRE used in this study caused hypotensive effect by stimulating non-selective muscarinic receptors. The toxicological, hematological and histopathological results further confirm the safety of BRE up to the dose of 100 mg/kg. Key words: Berberis vulgaris, hypotensive, ethanolic extract of root pulp (BRE), aqueous extract of root pulp (BRD).

The effects of Ethanolic Extract in Dried Fruits of Terminalia chebula on learning and memory in mice

In the traditional medicinal practices, several formulations containing Terminalia chebula are used for cognitive improvement. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia disorder of elderly affecting millions of people. The pathophysiology of the disease is complex and involves multiple pathways of neuronal damage. In the present study Nootropic acitivity of Ethanolic Extract Of Terminalia chebula was studied in mice. In order to evaluate the beneficial effect of Terminalia chebula on learning and memory, an experimental study was conducted in normal male mice. In this study we used a Shuttle Box device to evaluate the active avoidance learning and memory in mice. Different doses of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered to animals in the test groups. The learning ability and memory recalls were assessed and compared statistically with those of control animals. Our data showed that during the learning procedure the mean numbers of free shock trials in the test groups were increased compared with the control group but the difference was significant only in the case of the 100 mg/kg Terminalia chebula extract. In the short- and long-term memory assessments the animals in the test groups received less shocks than the control group and the differences were significant in the case of the 100 and 200 mg/kg Terminalia chebula extract. Our findings indicate that acute administrations of ethanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula enhance the learning and memory recall ability in mice in an inverse dose-dependent manner.

Antineoplastic potential of Bryophyllum pinnatum lam. on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

Background:Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. used in folk medicine in tropical Africa, tropical America, India, China and Australia contains a wide range of active compounds, well known for their haemostatic and wound-healing properties.Objective:The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. on N-diethylnitrosamine (DENA)-induced hepatic injury in rats.Material and Methods:The aerial part of B. pinnatum aqueous and ethanolic extract was prepared in doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Hepatic injury was induced by DENA. Acute toxicity was also carried out.Result:Treatment with different doses of ethanolic extract of B. Pinnatum (250 mg/kg, p.o.) was not significantly able to treat the liver injury induced by DENA, but 500 mg/kg dose of ethanolic extract of B. Pinnatum protects the liver slightly. Treatment with different doses of aqueous extract of B. Pinnatum (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P*<0.05; P**<0.01 and P***<0.001) treated the liver injury induced by DENA.Conclusion:It may be inferred from the present study that the hepatoprotective activities of the aqueous extract of B. Pinnatum leaves in DENA-induced hepatotoxicity may involve its antioxidant or oxidative free radical scavenging activities by alleviating lipid peroxidation through scavenging of free radicals, or by enhancing the activity of antioxidants.

EFFICACY ASSESSMENT OF &lt;i&gt;KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA&lt;/i&gt; FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION

Age-related decline in erectile function is a noted phenomenon worldwide. A variety of medicinal plants have been identified as having strong aphrodisiac p roperties along with the ability to improve erectil e functioning. Kaempferia Parviflora (KP) has famous as a Thai Viagra and use it to incr ease male impotency. However, there is limited scientific evi dence regarding the efficacy of this herb on this i ssue in aging healthy men. This study therefore investigate d the effect of KP extract administration on erecti le response of male elderly volunteers. Total 45 male healthy elderly volunteers will be divided into 3 s eparated groups including placebo and the different doses of ethanolic extracts of KP (25 and 90 mg) once daily at a period of 2 months. The erectile function tests inc luding the response latency time to visual erotic s timuli, size and length of penis both in flaccid and erection st ates were assessed after single administration, 1 a nd 2 months of treatment. In order to investigate the possible underlying mechanism, we also determined the alteration of testosterone, FSH and LH concentrations. KP at a do se of 90 mg day -1 treated group exhibited a significant enhanced all parameters after 1 and 2 months of tre atment. Moreover, the penile length at erection st ates and the response latency to sexual erotic stimuli appea red to be the parameters that showed significant ch anges during the delay period. Unfortunately, our study f ailed to show the significant changes on hormones concentration. Our study clearly demonstrates that KP is a potenti al resource for the development of nutraceutical compound against aged related male er ectile dysfunction.

Analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia galanga rhizome in mice

To evaluate the analgesic effect of extracts of Alpinia galanga (AG) rhizome in mice and elucidate the possible mechanism for its analgesic action. Analgesic action of extracts of AG rhizome was studied in three experimental models of nociception. Albino mice of both sexes weighing 25 to 30 g were used in this study. For the hot-plate test, mice in the five groups with six in each received three different doses of ethanolic extracts of dried rhizome of AG suspended in 2% gum acacia orally, morphine subcutaneously and 2% gum acacia orally, respectively. Reaction time was observed after administration of vehicle or drugs. For the hot-plate test after naloxone pretreatment, mice in the five groups received naloxone subcutaneously 30 min prior to the administration of vehicle or drugs and reaction time was observed as explained above. In the writhing test, writhes were induced by injecting acetic acid intraperitoneally in another 30 mice which were randomly allocated to five groups of six in each and received three different doses of ethanolic extracts of dried rhizome of AG suspended in 2% gum acacia, aspirin suspended in 2% gum acacia and 2% gum acacia orally, respectively. The mice were observed individually for a period of 15 min and the number of writhes was recorded for each animal. AG treatment significantly increased the latency period in the hot-plate test at all three doses at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min time intervals compared with control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Naloxone pretreatment significantly reduced the latency period in hot-plate test for both AG and morphine groups as compared with corresponding groups that did not receive naloxone pretreatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). AG at all doses significantly reduced the number of writhes compared with control group (P<0.01). The study confirmed the analgesic effect of AG rhizome and hence justified its use in ethnomedicine for the treatment of pain due to various causes. The probable mechanism of its analgesic action may be central as well as peripheral.

Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of &lt;i&gt;Stephania Glabra&lt;/i&gt; Tubers in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice

Different doses of ethanolic extract of Stephania glabra tuber were evaluated for antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic mice. The oral administration of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight showed significant hypoglycemic activity. Glibenclamide (oral hypoglycemic agent, 25 mg/kg, p.o.) has been used as standard. Key words: Stephania glabra, Menispermaceae, hydroxypalmatine, alloxan, glibenclamide, hypoglycemic activity DOI:10.3329/jom.v11i1.4262 J Medicine 2010: 11: 17-19