Different Concentrations Of Glycine Research Articles

Direct growth of honeycomb-like NiCo2O4@Ni foam electrode for pouch-type high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor

Abstract This study focuses on the binder-free direct growth of a honeycomb-like NiCo2O4 structure on Ni foam by a simple combustion method and its application as a supercapacitor electrode. With glycine as a fuel and nitrate as an oxidizer, an appropriate glycine-to-nickel/cobalt-nitrate molar ratio was used for the formation of the honeycomb-like NiCo2O4@Ni foam (NF). The mass loading of NiCo2O4 on NF was optimized using different concentrations of glycine and nickel/cobalt nitrate. The honeycomb-like NiCo2O4@NF electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 646.6 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and a comparable rate performance of 32% capacitance retention at 9 A g−1. Furthermore, two-electrode pouch-type asymmetric supercapacitors with NiCo2O4@NF as the cathode and sugar-derived carbon (SC) as the anode were fabricated (NiCo2O4@NF//SC) using 6 M KOH. The NiCo2O4@NF//SC electrode exhibited a high charge storage capacity with a specific capacitance of 169 F g−1 at a current density of 1.5 A g−1. More importantly, the asymmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high energy density of 48 W h kg−1 at a power density of 1076 W kg−1 and outstanding cycling stability with 96.5% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. These results suggest that this honeycomb-structured NiCo2O4@NF material could be a promising cathode electrode for supercapacitors.

Improvement of viscous substance production during Cheonggukjang fermentation added with glycine.

When Bacillus subtilis NB-NUC1 associated with Cheonggukjang fermentation was aerobically grown in a synthetic medium containing 1 to 2% glycine (w/v), cell growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, different concentrations of glycine (0, 1, and 2%) were used in Cheonggukjang fermentation for 96h at 40°C. Supplementation of 1% glycine increased extracellular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTPase), responsible for the production of viscous substance. Based on correlation studies, we conclude that the production of viscous substance is correlated with viscous extension (r = 0.867), extracellular proteins contents (r = 0.821), and γ-GTPase activity (r = 0.807). The molecular weight of the viscous substance obtained during Cheonggukjang fermentation by B. subtilis NB-NUC1 was also affected by glycine supplementation. Our results demonstrate that glycine supplementation before solid-state fermentation may increase the mass production of mucilage in food industry.

Synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) by combustion with different concentrations of glycine

Among the wide range of applications of Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4), its usage for the manufacturing of modern electronic devices such as solar panels, capacitors and batteries has been studied' lately. Hence, solar-powered vehicles, which strongly rely their performance on energy efficient electronics, is a sector that could particularly benefit from enhanced applications of such material. In this work, the synthesis of Cobalt Ferrite was studied by means of Solution Combustion Synthesis (SCS) using iron nitrate nonahydrate and cobalt nitrate hexahydrate as precursors, and glycine as fuel. The nitrates were dissolved in distilled water and placed under stirring and heating for 5 minutes; when the temperature reached 60°C, glycine was added; after complete homogenization, the solution was placed in an electric oven (400°C) until complete combustion (approximately 15 minutes). Three syntheses were carried out using different concentrations of fuel: lean, stoichiometric and rich. The product crystallite size and composition were investigated in order to determine the influence of the fuel concentration on the structure of the produced cobalt ferrite.

Nucleation kinetics of glycine promoted concentrated potassium carbonate solvents for carbon dioxide absorption

Glycine promoted concentrated potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solvents are considered to have potential for use in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture processes. Understanding their precipitation behaviour, particularly nucleation kinetics, becomes important if the solvents are used as absorbents at concentrations of 40 wt% or greater. In this work, liquid-solid equilibrium of the quaternary solvent system glycine-potassium carbonate-potassium bicarbonate-water was investigated in an Optimax workstation 1001 at different temperatures. The results were interpreted using a regressed Electrolyte Non Random Two Liquids (ENRTL) thermodynamic model in Aspen PlusTM within an average deviation of 9.2%. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total nitrogen elemental analysis, the precipitates confirmed that only kalicinite (KHCO3), and no glycine related products such as glycine solids and carbamates precipitated under the temperatures investigated. The metastable zone width (MSZW) of the solvent systems with different concentrations of glycine at different constant cooling rates was measured using focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), and four methods including Nývlt relation, Self-Nývlt relation, the CNT theory and the pseudo induction time method were used to evaluate nucleation kinetics. It was found that the introduction of glycine significantly increases the MSZW, resulting in fast nucleation kinetics. However, at a high concentration of glycine (1.36 mol/kg water) promoted 40 wt% K2CO3 with 0.4 CO2 loading, the maximum MSZW was achieved at an intermediate cooling rate (35 °C/h) rather than the highest cooling rate (60 °C/h), this may result from dual competing effects between strong ionic strength within the solvent system and superstation generated by cooling rates. Correspondingly, these traditional nucleation analysis methods cannot explain the nucleation kinetic behaviour for this specific case, and other theories are required to explain the obscured behaviour of the quaternary solvent system.

Improvement of kinetic properties and thermostability of recombinant Lepidium draba peroxidase (LDP) upon exposed to osmolytes

In this study, effects of different concentrations of glycine and D-sorbitol were analyzed on the activity and thermostability of recombinant Lepidium draba peroxidase (LDP). Based on the results, activity of the enzyme increased in the presence of various concentrations of these osmolytes. Maximum activity was detected for the enzyme in the presence of 300 mM glycine and 600 mM sorbitol. In presence of the aforementioned doses of osmolytes, enzyme affinity for substrate (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine and H2O2) and Vmax increased. According to the results, enzyme stability improved against temperature and H2O2. Furthermore, structural changes of the enzyme upon exposure to the osmolytes were revealed by the use of far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence methods. The results showed, whereas the secondary structure of the enzyme was not significantly changed upon exposed to the osmolytes, the fluorescence studies revealed microenvironment of the aromatic residues dramatically affected by them. Overall, it may be speculated, structural changes of the enzyme upon exposed to the osmolytes, lead to the improvement of its kinetic properties and stability that can be benefit for using of it in in vitro applications.

High glycine concentration increases collagen synthesis by articular chondrocytes in vitro: acute glycine deficiency could be an important cause of osteoarthritis

Collagen synthesis is severely diminished in osteoarthritis; thus, enhancing it may help the regeneration of cartilage. This requires large amounts of glycine, proline and lysine. Previous works of our group have shown that glycine is an essential amino acid, which must be present in the diet in large amounts to satisfy the demands for collagen synthesis. Other authors have shown that proline is conditionally essential. In this work we studied the effect of these amino acids on type II collagen synthesis. Bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured under a wide range of different concentrations of glycine, proline and lysine. Chondrocytes were characterized by type II collagen immunocytochemistry of confluence monolayer cultures. Cell growth and viability were assayed by trypan blue dye exclusion method. Type II collagen was measured in the monolayer, every 48 h for 15 days by ELISA. Increase in concentrations of proline and lysine in the culture medium enhances the synthesis of type II collagen at low concentrations, but these effects decay before 1.0 mM. Increase of glycine as of 1.0 mM exceeds these effects and this increase continues more persistently by 60–75%. Since the large effects produced by proline and lysine are within the physiological range, while the effect of glycine corresponds to a much higher range, these results demonstrated a severe glycine deficiency for collagen synthesis. Thus, increasing glycine in the diet may well be a strategy for helping cartilage regeneration by enhancing collagen synthesis, which could contribute to the treatment and prevention of osteoarthritis.

Effect of fuel/nitrate molar ratio on the properties of Nio-YSZ nanocomposites as anode material for solid oxide fuel cell synthesised by combustion method

In the present work, nickel oxide and ytttria stabilised zirconia (NiO– YSZ) nanocomposites, a precursor of the anode of solid oxide fuel cell, was synthesised by combustion method, using glycine as fuel. In this preparation, nitrate solutions of respective metals were taken in their stoichiometric ratios. Five different concentrations of glycine were added to the nitrate solutions in order to vary fuel (glycine)/nitrate molar ratio. The fuel/nitrate molar ratio was kept to be 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. The combustion of these five solutions resulted in five samples of composite powder with composition mNiO-(1–m) Zr0·9Y0·1O1·95 (m = 0.4). The composite powders obtained were then characterised by FTIR, XRD, TGA-DTA and SEM to determine its properties such as decomposition temperature, crystalline size, lattice constant and microstructure. The influence of different fuel/nitrate molar ratios on the characteristic of precursor nanocomposites was also analysed. It has been observed that the presence of monoclinic phase decreases with increase of fuel ratio used in the combustion process.

Kinetic study of amino acids inhibition potential of Glycine and l-leucine on the ethane hydrate formation

The experimental and theoretical investigations on ethane hydrate formation were performed for both pure water and amino acid aqueous solutions containing Glycine and l-leucine inhibitors. Herein, a kinetics model based on the thermodynamic natural path was proposed to describe the hydrate crystal growth in a stirred batch reactor at the constant volume. To explore the relationship between the kind and concentration of inhibitors and the rate of hydrate formation, the experiments were conducted at temperature of 277 K under the selective pressure as a driving force in different concentrations of Glycine and l-leucine (range: 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 weight percentage). The results measured based on the induction times and the kinetic trends of hydrate formation indicate that amino acids with lower hydrophobicity are better than others to delay the nucleation stage and reduce the growth rate. So that Glycine is introduced as a stronger inhibitor than l-leucine due to lower hydrophobicity. Moreover, the parameters of kinetic model, Ar/RT and tK, were obtained for each experiment in the presence of amino acids. The good agreement between predicted results and the experimental data indicated that this model is able to predict the ethane hydrate formation.

Enhanced GABA action on the substantia gelatinosa neurons of the medullary dorsal horn in the offspring of streptozotocin-injected mice

Peripheral neuropathy is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus and a common symptom of neuropathic pain, the mechanism of which is complex and involves both peripheral and central components of the sensory system. The lamina II of the medullary dorsal horn, called the substantia gelatinosa (SG), is well known to be a critical site for processing of orofacial nociceptive information. Although there have been a number of studies done on diabetic neuropathy related to the orofacial region, the action of neurotransmitter receptors on SG neurons in the diabetic state is not yet fully understood. Therefore, we used the whole-cell patch clamp technique to investigate this alteration on SG neurons in both streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and offspring from diabetic female mice. STZ (200mg/kg)-injected mice showed a small decrease in body weight and a significant increase in blood glucose level when compared with their respective control group. However, application of different concentrations of glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate on SG neurons from STZ-injected mice did not induce any significant differences in inward currents when compared to their control counterparts. On the other hand, the offspring of diabetic female mice (induced by multiple injections of STZ (40mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days) led to a significant decrease in both body weight and blood glucose level compared to the control offspring. Glycine and glutamate responses in the SG neurons of the offspring from diabetic female mice were similar to those of control offspring. However, the GABA response in SG neurons of offspring from diabetic female mice was greater than that of control offspring. Furthermore, the GABA-mediated responses in offspring from diabetic and control mice were examined at different concentrations ranging from 3 to 1,000μM. At each concentration, the GABA-induced mean inward currents in the SG neurons of offspring from diabetic female mice were larger than those of control mice. These results demonstrate that SG neurons in offspring from diabetic mice are more sensitive to GABA compared to control mice, suggesting that GABA sensitivity may alter orofacial pain processing in offspring from diabetic female mice.

The Effects of Different Concentrations of Glycine and Cysteine on the Freezability of Moghani Ram Spermatozoa

Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of the amino acids glycine and cysteine on cryopreservation of ram spermatozoa. After primary evaluation of collected ejaculates, the semen samples were pooled and diluted 1:4 before cooling (experiment 1) and freezing (experiment 2) with Tris-Citrate-Fructose-Yolk (TCFY) extender supplemented with different concentrations of glycine and cysteine (5, 10, 15 and 20 mM). As the control, semen was diluted and frozen in the extender without amino acids. Motility, viability and membrane integrity were assessed as the parameters for semen quality in the first experiment. In the second experiment, motility, progressive motility, viability, membranes and acrosome integrity were evaluated after the freezing-thawing process. The results of the first experiment indicated that the addition of 10 and 15 mM cysteine compared to the control (basic) extender significantly increased (p0.05) between 5 mM glycine compared to 5 mM cysteine and between 20 mM glycine and 20 mM cysteine. The results of experiment 2 showed that the amino acids significantly improved post-thaw motility, progressive motility, viability, membranes and acrosome integrity of ram spermatozoa. These positive effects were observed at concentrations between 5 to 15 mM of glycine and cysteine, with the best results at 15 mM. Further increasing of amino acid concentrations significantly decreased the post-thaw characteristics of spermatozoa, but the results showed that cysteine was better than glycine and control extenders. The data indicated that addition of glycine or cysteine to the freezing extender can be recommended for cryopreservation of ram spermatozoa. However, further studies are still needed to determine the effect of such addition on fertility in farm animals.

Efeito de concentrações de glicina e inositol no cultivo in vitro de duas frutíferas de clima temperado

A fim de aprimorar técnicas de cultivo in vitro de duas frutíferas de clima temperado (amoreira-preta cv. Tupy e porta-enxerto de videira cv. Kobber 5BB), testaram-se diferentes concentrações de glicina e inositol, adicionadas ao meio de cultura. Para plântula de amoreira-preta, o meio foi constituído do meio básico MS, acrescido de 30 g L-1 de sacarose e 7 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH ajustado para 5,8 antes da autoclavagem a 121ºC e 1 atm por 20 minutos; e do meio básico DSD1 para porta-enxerto de videira cv. Kobber 5BB, acrescido de 20 g L-1 de sacarose e 7 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH ajustado para 6,4. O experimento com amoreira-preta consistiu de 5 diferentes concentrações de glicina (0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 mg L-1), 5 de inositol (0; 50; 100; 200 e 400 mg L-1) e suas combinações. O experimento com videira consistiu de 4 diferentes concentrações de glicina (0; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1), 4 de inositol (0; 10; 20 e 40 mg L-1) e suas combinações. Segmentos nodais, oriundos de plântulas preestabelecidas in vitro foram excisados e introduzidos em tubos de ensaio contendo 15 mL dos meios de cultura. Posteriormente, os tubos de ensaio foram transferidos para sala de crescimento a 25 ± 2ºC, irradiância de 32 mmol m² s¹ e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualisado, utilizando-se de doze plântulas por tratamento. Após 70 dias de cultivo in vitro, melhores resultados para a amoreira-preta cv. Tupy foram obtidos com concentração de glicina até a recomendada no meio de cultura MS (2,0 mg L-1) e 4 vezes o valor de inositol. Para o porta-enxerto de videira, melhores resultados foram obtidos na ausência e/ou com baixas concentrações de glicina e concentração de inositol igual ou superior à recomendada no meio de cultura DSD1.

Post-phosphorylation prolyl isomerisation of gephyrin represents a mechanism to modulate glycine receptors function

The microtubule binding protein gephyrin plays a prominent role in establishing and maintaining a high concentration of inhibitory glycine receptors juxtaposed to presynaptic releasing sites. Here, we show that endogenous gephyrin undergoes proline-directed phosphorylation, which is followed by the recruitment of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. The interaction between gephyrin and Pin1 is strictly dependent on gephyrin phosphorylation and requires serine-proline consensus sites encompassing the gephyrin proline-rich domain. Upon binding, Pin1 triggers conformational changes in the gephyrin molecule, thus enhancing its ability to bind the beta subunit of GlyRs. Consistently, a downregulation of GlyR clusters was detected in hippocampal neurons derived from Pin1 knockout mice, which was paralleled by a reduction in the amplitude of glycine-evoked currents. Our results suggest that phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerisation of gephyrin represents a mechanism for regulating GlyRs function.

Mechanisms for Picrotoxin Block of α2 Homomeric Glycine Receptors

It is well known that the convulsant alkaloid picrotoxin (PTX) can inhibit neuronal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and homomeric glycine receptors (GlyR). However, the mechanism for PTX block of alpha(2) homomeric GlyR is still unclear compared with that of alpha(1) homomeric GlyR, GABA(A), and GABA(C) receptors. Furthermore, PTX effects on GlyR kinetics have been poorly explored at the single-channel level. Hence, we used the patch-clamp technique in the outside-out configuration to investigate the mechanism of PTX suppression of currents carried by alpha(2) homomeric GlyRs stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. PTX inhibited the alpha(2) homomeric GlyR current elicited by glycine in a concentration-dependent and voltage-independent manner. Both competitive and noncompetitive mechanisms were observed. PTX decreased the mean open time of the GlyR channel in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that PTX can block channel openings and bind to the receptor in the open channel conformation. When PTX and glycine were co-applied, a small rebound current was observed during drug washout. Application of PTX during the deactivation phase of glycine-induced currents eliminated the rebound current and accelerated the deactivation time course in a concentration-dependent manner. PTX could not bind to the unbound conformation of GlyR, but could be trapped at its binding site when the channel closed during glycine dissociation. Based on these observations, we propose a kinetic Markov model in which PTX binds to the alpha(2) homomeric GlyR in both the open channel state and the fully liganded closed state. Our data suggest a new allosteric mechanism for PTX inhibition of wild-type homomeric alpha(2) GlyR.

Aggregation behaviour of octyl-β-thioglucopyranoside in the presence of glycine

Micelle formation and structure of the non-ionic surfactant octyl-β-thioglucopyranoside (OTG) in aqueous solutions in the presence of different concentrations of glycine has been studied by using the fluorescence probe technique. By using the pyrene 1:3 ratio method it has been found that the addition of glycine produces a decrease in the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant. However, it seems that the presence of the additive does not modify the micellar size and shape in comparison with those observed in aqueous medium. In order to obtain information on the microstructural characteristics of the aggregates, the effect of glycine on the microenvironmental properties has been examined. The pyrene 1:3 ratio index and the intramolecular excimer formation of 1,3-bis-(1-pyrenyl)propane revealed that both micropolarity and microviscosity of micelles were practically unaffected with the presence of glycine in the medium. The most relevant conclusion that we can draw from this study is that glycine causes stabilization of the octyl-β-thioglucopyranoside micelles, acting through an indirect mechanism, but without affecting the general structure of the micelles.

Structural changes induced by glycine on Streptomyces antibioticus.

Germination and vegetative growth of Streptomyces antibioticus in liquid medium with different concentrations of glycine was examined. Both processes proved to be sensitive to the amino acid, being inhibited by 5 and 2.5% glycine, respectively. At concentrations of 5% or more, lysis of the vegetative mycelium occurred. Subinhibitory concentrations of glycine induced structural changes on germinating spores. These included an increase in the number of germ tubes produced by spore, in relation to the control. Moreover, soon after outgrowth the tubes bifurcate, giving rise to germinated spores with a characteristic aspect, and anomalous formation of cross-walls that appear both within the spores and in the newly formed germinative tubes, at or close to the region of outgrowth. The branching effect of glycine was also observed during vegetative growth of S. antibioticus.

Structural changes induced by glycine on Streptomyces antibioticus

Germination and vegetative growth of Streptomyces antibioticus in liquid medium with different concentrations of glycine was examined. Both processes proved to be sensitive to the amino acid, being inhibited by 5 and 2.5% glycine, respectively. At concentrations of 5% or more, lysis of the vegetative mycelium occurred. Subinhibitory concentrations of glycine induced structural changes on germinating spores. These included an increase in the number of germ tubes produced by spore, in relation to the control. Moreover, soon after outgrowth the tubes bifurcate, giving rise to germinated spores with a characteristic aspect, and anomalous formation of cross-walls that appear both within the spores and in the newly formed germinative tubes, at or close to the region of outgrowth. The branching effect of glycine was also observed during vegetative growth of S. antibioticus.

A study of intestinal absorption in vivo and in vitro of different concentrations of glycine by the rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdnerii richardson)

1. 1. Intestinal absorption of different concentrations of glycine has been studied in vivo and in vitro in the rainbow trout in the entire intestine or in fragments. 2. 2. Glycine absorption in vitro is a saturable phenomenon which obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the range of 0.5–10 mM. The transport constant ( K t ), maximal transport rates (VTM) and net liquid fluxes are all higher in the middle portion of the intestine (midgut) than in the posterior portion (hindgut). 3. 3. Glycine absorption by the hindgut in vivo is a saturable phenomenon in the concentration range of 0.5–10 mM. Absorption by the midgut, however, is a linear function of the initial glycine concentration. Net liquid movements are only slight in both portions of the intestine.