Different Classes Of Malocclusion Research Articles

Correlation between Depth of the Curve of Spee and Some Specific Malocclusion Characteristics in a Population from Sibiu County, Romania-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Curve of Spee (COS) depth and malocclusion characteristics in a population from Sibiu County, Romania. The research sought to understand how the COS's anatomical dimensions correlate with different classes of malocclusion and the position of the frontal teeth. Methods: A total of 265 participants from the Dentistry Ambulatory of the Military Hospital of Sibiu were included in this study. It employed digital intraoral scanning technology to measure the COS, overjet, and overbite, with malocclusion classification. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, were conducted to examine the relationships between COS depth, frontal teeth position, and malocclusion characteristics. Results: The average COS depth measured was 1.0564 mm, presenting variability when compared to existing literature. Most of the study participants had Class I malocclusion. A significant positive correlation between COS depth and overjet was identified, with no notable gender-based differences in these occlusal parameters. Conclusions: The findings affirm the integral role of COS in occlusal dynamics and malocclusion diagnosis. The COS measurement of a mean of 1.0564 mm, when compared to other results emphasizes the differences in occlusal curvature among various populations. The results contribute to a refined understanding of occlusal relationships, supporting the need for personalized orthodontic and prosthetic treatments based on precise anatomical measurements.

Mental Foramen Position, Shape, Continuity, and Symmetry Among Malocclusion Patients: A Radiographic Study.

Many dental treatments need exact knowledge of the anatomical location of the mental foramen (MF). This retrospective research uses orthopantomograph (OPG) to assess the MF of orthodontic patients in Saudi Arabia and their position, symmetry, shape, and connectivity. One hundred and eighty panoramic radiographs of patients having orthodontic treatment were analyzed for the location, form, symmetry, as well as bilateral preservation of the MF. The patients were of varied ages, genders, and degrees of malocclusion and were divided into three classes: Class I (60), Class II (60), and Class III (60). Chi-squared tests and other descriptive statistics were employed to examine the data for statistical significance. When looking at the right side of the mouth, the most frequent location for MF was position 3 (between the apexes of the first and second premolars; 50.6%), whereas on the left side, it was location 4 (near the apical of the second premolar; 47.2%). The most typical form of MF has an irregular shape. MF location on the left side and continuity types differed significantly across malocclusion groups (p<0.05). OPGs of Saudi orthodontic patients demonstrated a significant variability of position and continuity of the MF across different classes of malocclusion. The third most frequent position was between the first and second premolars, while the shape of MF showed variation across the age of the patients. Hence, this precise comprehension of the anatomical and morphological diversity of the MF is of utmost significance for dental professionals.

Association of Anterior and Posterior occlusal planes with skeletal class I, class II and class III malocclusion

Introduction: The occlusal plane is a very vital in stomatognathic system and the association between anterior occlusal planes and posterior occlusal plane plays an important role during orthodontic treatments. Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 270 adult patients of the different classes of malocclusion were used. Several angular measurements were measured and compared among all study groups to evaluate the existence of relationship between AOP and POP with skeletal and vertical patterns. Results: The skeletal patterns showed a significant difference in anterior occlusal plane angle relative to both SN plane and FH plane among all classes of malocclusion (p-value =0.001**) having a steeper inclined plane in Class II and flat inclined plane in Class III. POP in relation to FH plane and SN plane showed lowest angle in skeletal Class III and highest in Skeletal Class I patients. Conclusion: The occlusal planes were found to have an impact on the jaw base where the variation in its angulation of different occlusal planes had affected both sagittal and vertical facial patterns. AOP relative to SN and FH were steeper in Class II and flat in Class III, while the POP relative to FH showed the same value in Classes II and III. Keywords: Anterior occlusal plane, Posterior occlusal plane, Malocclusion, Skeletal patterns, Vertical pattern, Lateral cephalometric radiograph.

Determination of Bolton’s Ratio in Different Malocclusions of the Western Region of Saudi Arabian Population: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Bolton’s ratio is a useful tool in orthodontic studies which helps determine the ratio of dental proportions. It is considered the 7th key to normal occlusion. Variations in different malocclusions can aid in diagnosis and planning the treatment. This study determines Bolton’s overall and anterior ratios for male individuals with different classes of malocclusion in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Ninety-six study model records were obtained from male patients attending the Orthodontic division of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. The participants’ average age was 19.6 years. The study models were divided into three categories: Angle’s Class 1 (n=40), Angle’s Class 2 (n=36), and Angle’s Class 3 (n=20). To prevent bias, one of the authors measured the study casts using the ORTHOASSISTANT software program at two different time intervals. Intergroup differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the overall ratio between the three types of malocclusions. However, class 2 and 3 malocclusions demonstrated significant differences in the anterior ratio. Both overall and anterior ratios in this population were higher than normal Bolton’s ratios. Conclusions: Bolton’s overall ratio did not differ significantly between various malocclusions, but Bolton’s anterior ratio did show significant differences between Class 2 and Class 3 malocclusion groups. This highlights the importance of orthodontists’ appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning in such cases.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among adolescents in Najran City, Saudi Arabia.

To determine the prevalence of malocclusions and the need for orthodontic treatment in a sample of school-going adolescents in the Najran city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1094 school-going Saudi male adolescents. The age range of the sampled adolescents was 13-18 years, and none of them had any history of orthodontic treatment. A survey chart related to malocclusion was designed and filled up after clinical examination by a single experienced and calibrated examiner. The need for orthodontic treatment was assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The present study's findings demonstrated 61.2% of the samples with Angle's Class I malocclusions, 27.5% with Class II, and 11.4% of samples with Class III malocclusion. A significant difference was observed between the different classes of malocclusion (P < 0.001). Most samples presented normal overjet, crossbite, and no reverse overjet, deep bite, or open bite. The number of samples with no treatment need was 573 (52.37%), with slight treatment in 185 (16.91%) samples, moderate treatment needs in 123 (11.24%) samples, and severe and extreme treatment needs were 109 (9.96%) and 104 (9.50%), respectively. A significant difference was observed between the samples with no or slight treatment need (grades 1 and 2), moderate need (grade 3), and definite treatment need (grades 4 and 5) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of malocclusion and IOTNs among the sample of school-going adolescents in the Najran city was 47.63%. However, 9.63% of those samples required immediate attention for orthodontic treatment.

Association between Hypodontia and Angle’s Malocclusions among Orthodontic Patients in Kathmandu, Nepal

Disturbances during the early tooth development stages may result in the congenital absence of teeth. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between hypodontia and Angle's malocclusions. The sample comprised 601 orthodontic patients' pretreatment records (242 men and 259 women), selected from the achieved orthodontic records. Developmental anomalies of teeth affecting the number were examined on dental panoramic radiographs. Based on Angle's classification, pretreatment dental casts were assessed and classified into different classes of malocclusion. The relationship between hypodontia and different classes of malocclusion was evaluated using the chi-square test. The prevalence of tooth agenesis was 7.48%, that is, 45 out of 601 samples. There were a total of 72 (0.42%) missing teeth, excluding the third molars. The most frequent missing tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor (35, 48.61%), followed by the mandibular lateral incisor (14, 19.44%), the mandibular central incisor (6, 8.33%), the mandibular second premolar (5, 6.294%), and the maxillary second premolar (4, 5.55%). Hypodontia was more common in the upper jaw. Although hypodontia was mostly seen in Class I malocclusion patients (7.87%), followed by Class II malocclusion patients (6.99%) and least in Class III malocclusion patients. However, there was no significant difference in hypodontia among different classes of malocclusions (p = 0.352). The most frequently missing tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor, followed by lateral and central mandibular incisors and mandibular second premolars, while excluding the third molars. The present study did not find any association between various types of malocclusions and hypodontia.

Influence of dentofacial characteristics on the appearance of self-reported bullying: A review.

Bullying is a social problem that affects children and adolescents in particular. It deteriorates the selfesteem of its victims, decreases their quality of life and generates future psychological problems. The aim of this review was to determine the influence of dentofacial characteristics on the appearance of selfreported bullying through a literature review. A systematic search was carried out in the databases of international scientific literature on health sciences, including MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO. Up to October 10, 2020, a total of 348 articles were identified, but only 36 were ultimately selected for the review. Specific keywords in English were used in the search: "dentofacial features"; "soft tissue"; and "malocclusion". It was found that the appearance of bullying was associated with altered facial profiles, namely the presence of different classes of malocclusion, with class II or class III malocclusion being the most impactful. Altered dentofacial characteristics can make an individual the target of harassment, leading to low quality of life, emotional instability, low self-esteem, and the lack of confidence with regard to dentofacial appearance as well as poor long-term social and academic performance. There is a need to develop preventive measures that would be applied by both parents and authorities, with disseminating information on bullying in schools as well as on adequate oral hygiene and the importance of going to the dentist. Traditional and cybernetic bullying share similarities. While working out strategies against bullying, it is essential to raise awareness among victims and bullies, families, and society, and to determine how bullying is perceived by children and teenagers.

Does nasal morphology gets affected by growth pattern, skeletal malocclusion and gender dimorphism in an individual in north Indian population

Background: Orthodontic patients primarily seek treatment for aesthetic reasons and due to paradigm shift from hard tissue to soft tissue, nasal morphology with associated structure present in the middle third of face has drawn attention. Hence the retrospective study compared and correlated parameters between nasal morphology and gender dimorphism, skeletal pattern and skeletal malocclusion. Preorthodontic cephalograms of 180 patients were randomly selected following exclusion and inclusion criteria from North Indian population. Cephalograms were divided into three different groups according to various skeletal growth pattern, gender dimorphism and skeletal malocclusion and were further correlated with nasal parameters of each sample groups. Results: The results stated that there was a statistically significant correlation and differences were found between nasal parameters such as NLth(p=0.005), NTP(p=0.004) and skeletal parameters in males and females The results also explained that nasal parameters showed significant correlation with skeletal parameters among various growth pattern. There was statistically significant difference found NLth(p=0.035) and NTP (p=0.029) among growth pattern. On comparing nasal parameters in different classes of malocclusion, nasal parameter LNLA seems to be affected in all the three classes. Conclusion: The study concluded that nasal parameters get affected by growth pattern, skeletal malocclusion and sexual dimorphism in an individual.

Assessment of Maxillary Incisors' Angulation and Position in Different Types of Malocclusions Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Background:This study is aimed to assess the maxillary incisors' root position, angulation, and buccal alveolar bone thickness in both genders and different classes of malocclusion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods:Two hundred and six CBCT images were gathered and analyzed by three-dimensional On-Demand software to measure the variables of 803 maxillary central and lateral incisors. Genders and class difference was determined by unpaired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Chi-square tests.Results:Buccal root position of the maxillary incisors accounted for in the majority of the cases followed by the middle and palatal positions. The thickness of alveolar bone appears to have nearly the same pattern of decreasing in the mean values above the level of 2 mm from the crest of the bone up to the 6 mm level then increase in the apex of the root. The angle between the long axis of the maxillary incisors and the corresponding alveolar bone is higher significantly in class II followed by class I and III with no significant gender difference.Conclusions:most of the maxillary incisors examined were located in a very close position to the buccal cortical plate and covered by a thin buccal bone wall. The apparent association was noted between the incisors' root position and angulation in the alveolar bone with the buccal bone thickness.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Patients with Thalassemia Major: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Iran lies in the world's thalassemia belt; accordingly, the beta‐thalassemia gene is carried by 4% of the Iranian population. Due to the dearth of research and literature available on the prevalence of malocclusions in the Iranian population with beta-thalassemia major, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of facial abnormalities among patients who were referred to Bu-Ali Sina Hospital, Sari, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients with thalassemia major who were referred to the care unit of Bu-Ali Sina teaching and therapeutic Hospital, Sari, Iran, in 2018. The patients were then visited by a trained dentist who had been given the necessary theoretical and practical training. Malocclusion was classified based on Angle's classification. Spacing, overcrowding, overjet, and overbite were measured, and the distances were recorded based on a checklist. Results: The prevalence of malocclusions obtained was 87.5%, which included malocclusions of Class I (34%), Class II (31%), and Classes III (22%) amongst patients. There was no significant relationship between the type of malocclusion and gender (P = 0.77). Moreover, no significant difference was observed among patients with thalassemia major and different classes of malocclusions in terms of age both in males (P = 0.49) and females (P = 0.58). Conclusions: Malocclusions are common among adolescents and adults with thalassemia, which is not associated with age or gender. Therefore, patients should be regularly visited and followed up by a dentist to manage and control their dental problems. In addition, effective and preventive measures, as well as health education should be seriously considered in these patients.

RELATIONSHIP OF ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR OCCLUSAL PLANES WITH DIFFERENT SAGITTAL AND VERTICAL PATTERNS IN ADULTS

Introduction: The Occlusal plane plays an important role during orthodontic treatment. The occlusal plane affects the position of the mandible, smile esthetics, masticatory function, and stability post-orthodontic.Objectives: To evaluate the relationship of anterior occlusal plane (AOP) and posterior occlusal plane (POP) with skeletal and vertical patterns.Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 adult patients of different classes of malocclusion were used. Several angular measurements were measured and compared among all study groups to evaluate the existence of a relationship between AOP and POP with skeletal and vertical patterns.Results: The skeletal patterns showed a significant difference in AOP angle relative to both SN and FH planes among all classes of malocclusion (p-value =0.000**) having a steeper inclined plane in Class II and flat inclined plane in Class III. While no significant difference was found in the POP angle relative to FH (p=0.217) among all classes of malocclusion. The vertical patterns showed a significant difference in both AOP and POP relative to both SN plane and FH plane (P=0.000**) among the three vertical pattern groups showing steep incline planes in high angle group. Conclusions: The occlusal planes were found to have an impact on the jaw base where the variation in its angulation of different occlusal planes had affected both sagittal and vertical facial patterns. AOP relative to SN and FH were steeper in Class II and flat in Class III, while the POP relative to FH showed the same value in Classes II and III.

Volumetric and Morphological Analysis of Mandibular Condyles of Angle Class 2 and 3 Malocclusion Patients.

This study was conducted to provide diametric and volumetric data of mandibular condyles from patients with Angle class 2 and 3 malocclusions by semiautomatic segmentation based upon cone-beam computed tomography.Cone-beam computed tomography images of 79 patients were analyzed. By using the open-source software "ITK-SNAP", diametric and volumetric measurements of 158 mandibular condyles were performed. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all normally distributed variables. Correlations between patients with Angle class 2 and 3 were calculated with the independent Student t test. P values P < 0.05 were considered significant.Irrespective of the side, patients with class 2 malocclusion showed smaller mandibular condyles (right: 1.128 ± 0.504 cm3; left: 1.222 ± 0.596 cm3) than patients with class 3 (right: 1.504 ± 0.361 cm3; left: 1.493 ± 0.335 cm3). These results were reproducible also in accordance with the diametric measurement (class 2 right: 16.75 ± 2.72 mm; left: 17.04 ± 3.01 mm) (class 3 right: 18.24 ± 2.54 mm; left: 18.32 ± 2.13 mm). However, volumetric differences were highly statistically significant (right: P = 0.001; left: P = 0.018) while diametric differences were slightly significant for the right and not significant for the left side (right: P = 0.042; left: P = 0.053).Diametric and volumetric analyses offer important additional information based on 3D images of cone-beam computed tomography technology. Significant differences in diameter and volume of mandibular condyles could be assessed between different classes of malocclusion.

Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Anatomical Landmarks Involved in Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy in Different Skeletal Malocclusions Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

To assess and compare the anatomical landmarks involved in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) in different skeletal malocclusions quantitatively using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study evaluated 63 CBCT scans of the three malocclusion classes (n = 21). Twenty-one quantitative variables were measured and compared between different malocclusion classes. One-way ANOVA, Welch test, Kruskal Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni adjustment were used for data analysis. The level of significance was set at ≤0.05. The patients had a mean age of 26.35 years (range 18-58 years). The width of the lateral cortex in the posterior third (T1-P) of ramus in the left side, and the mean value in the right and left sides were significantly different between different classes of malocclusion (P = 0.049) such that class II patients had significantly thinner lateral cortex. No other significant differences were noted between different malocclusion classes in other variables. The quantitative morphological assessment of the mandible in BSSO of different malocclusion classes did not reveal significant differences. There is no superiority in the dimensions of discussed landmarks involved in BSSO among different malocclusion classes. So the risk or the safety of this kind of surgery is similar for these classes. Thus, diagnostic preoperative workup by CBCT is imperative for selection of a surgical approach with minimal postoperative complications.

Evaluation of Facial Esthetics using Golden Proportion Values in Dravidian Population for Different Classes of Malocclusions

Improvement in esthetic appearance and functional occlusion are the pillars of contemporary orthodontic procedures. The aim of this study was to assess variations in facial proportions between skeletal classes I, II, III populations in order to establish objective departures from Golden Proportion norms. The study sample was divided into three groups based on the skeletal malocclusion, namely skeletal class I, class II and class III groups. Various markers were identified in these photographs in order to define facial symmetry and balance with the ideal values. Golden Proportion values were compared with that of the obtained results, and these values were checked for skeletal class I, II, III malocclusions. Our study showed a significant difference between skeletal class II and III malocclusions when correlated with Golden Proportion values. Skeletal Class I malocclusions showed a greater correlation with golden proportion values. Golden proportion ratios are more valid in cases of skeletal class I malocclusions. Hence, the objective of treating class II and class III malocclusions should be more focused on attaining values closer to the desired ratio for optimal facial balance and symmetry.

Reliability of Profile Photography for Determining Growth Pattern and Sagittal Jaw Relationship in Different Classes of Malocclusions

Reliability of Profile Photography for Determining Growth Pattern and Sagittal Jaw Relationship in Different Classes of Malocclusions

Data Set For Computation Of Maxillary Arch Perimeter With Ramanujan's Equation For Ellipse In Different Skeletal Malocclusions.

Every practicing orthodontist today is aware of the importance of considering arch form in the attainment of a functional orthodontic correction [1]. Arch perimeter or circumference prediction is an essential component when Tooth Size Arch Length Discrepancy (TSALD) is estimated. Arch perimeter is the distance from mesial contact of the permanent molar on one side to the mesial contact of the permanent molar on the other side, with the line connecting the buccal/incisor tip points in the intervening teeth. This is most evident when seeking to resolve dental crowding or arch-length discrepancy (ALD) [2]. The shape of the arch form of maxillary and mandible resembles that of the various geometric forms such as including ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, and catenary curve [3], [4], [5], [6]. Ellipse is the best form that fits the shape of the Maxillary arch [1,2]. The mathematical equation formulated by Srinivasan Ramanujan in 1914 for widely considered to be the most accurate for calculation of the circumference of an ellipse is [7]. The computation of the circumference of the ellipse by this equation requires two values- ‘a’ and ‘b,' the semi-major and semi-minor axis [half of the major axis and minor axis of the ellipse] respectively [8]. The perimeter (P) of an ellipse is given by the formulae; = π(a+b){1+(3h/(10-√(4-3h))}; where h=(a-b)2/(a+b)2 and calculated Maxillary arch perimeter (CP) =1/2 P. This necessitates a complex series of steps, and to overcome this, a statistical formula is developed by algorithm steps for mathematical equation where perimeter can be directly obtained by just two inputs ’a’ and ’b’ in excel sheet. We correlated this calculated arch perimeter (CP) with directly measured perimeter (MP) and marginal difference estimated in three different classes of malocclusion.

Mesiodistal Crown Diameter of Normal Occlusion and Different Malocclusion Groups for a Sample of Kurdish Population of Erbil City

It is essential to know the tooth crown size to provide accurate diagnosis and treatment planning to ensure the satisfactory outcome of orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to measure and compare mesiodistal crown diameter of a Kurdish sample in Erbil city with normal and different classes of malocclusion. The mesiodistal tooth width was measured by an electronic digital caliper on a total of 150 (75 males and 75 females) orthodontic models of secondary school students of different occlusal relationships (Class I normal occlusion, Class I, Class II division I, Class II division II, and Class III malocclusions). The results showed that (1) the maxillary right first molar was significantly larger than the left one and both maxillary right lateral incisors and first premolars were larger than their contralateral teeth at the level of P &lt; 0.01. (2) Both upper and lower canine were significantly smaller in females than in males; (3) Class I malocclusion showed tendency toward larger teeth than the rest of the other occlusal categories; (4) no statistically significant differences in tooth size were found among the Class II division I, division II, and Class III malocclusions when compared to normal occlusion. In conclusion, females had smaller teeth than males and there was asymmetry between the right and left sides in tooth size and Class I malocclusion showed tendency toward larger teeth.

Differences in Dental Arch Dimensions in a Sample of Kurdish Population among Different Occlusal Categories

It is essential to know dental arch dimensions to provide accurate diagnosis and treatment planning to ensure the satisfactory outcome of orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to measure and compare dental arch dimensions of a Kurdish sample in Erbil city with normal and different classes of malocclusion. Arch width and length were measured by an electronic digital caliper on a total of 150 orthodontic models of school students aged 16–20 years of different occlusal relationships (Class I normal occlusion, Class I, Class II division I, Class II Division II, and Class III malocclusions). The results showed that (1) girls have smaller arch parameters than boys; (2) Class II division II malocclusion showed a significantly smaller upper inter canine width, arch length, incisor molar distance, and incisor canine distance when compared to all other groups; (3) the upper inter premolar and inter molar width were significantly narrower in Class II division I malocclusion than of normal occlusions and Class III malocclusion and also narrower in Class I malocclusion than in normal occlusions for both arches; (4) the arch length was significantly longer in Class II division I when compared to Class II division II, Class I malocclusions (P &lt; 0.01), Class III malocclusion and Class I normal occlusion (P &lt; 0.05), and (5) no statistically significant differences were found in all the arch dimensions for Class III malocclusion when compared with the normal occlusion. In conclusion, girls had smaller arch dimension than boys and Class II Division II malocclusion showed smaller arch in all dimensions while Class II division I malocclusion revealed narrower arch width and longer arch length.

Prevalence and Distribution of Dental Anomalies among Orthodontic Patients of Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction: Dental anomalies are commonly seen during regular dental check-up. It occurs due to abnormal morphodifferentiation of teeth during different stages of tooth development. The purpose of this study was to find out the of dental anomalies among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Method: A total of 601 patients (242 males and 359 females) of aged 10 to 35 years (mean age= 16.42±3.42 years) who require orthodontic treatment were selected. The patients were assessed clinically and dental panoramic radiographs were evaluated for disturbance in number and other anomalies. A chi-square test was used to determine the difference in the prevalence of dental anomalies between genders and among different classes of malocclusion.&#x0D; Result: The prevalence of dental anomalies was 15.3% that is 92 participants were exhibited at least one dental anomaly among 601 orthodontic patients. Among dental anomalies, hypodontia was the most prevalent (7.48%) followed by hyperdontia (2.99%), microdontia (2.16%), macrodontia (0.66%), transposition (0.66%), taurodontism (0.49%), double teeth (0.33%), amelogenesis imperfecta (0.33%) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.16%). The prevalence of oligodontia was 0.33%. There were no statistically significant difference in prevalence of anomalies in between gender and among different classes of malocclusion.&#x0D; Conclusion: Prevalence and distribution of some dental anomalies in orthodontic patients of Kathmandu differed from other studies. Maxillary lateral incisor was the most commonly missing and microdontic tooth. Orthodontists have the responsibility to observe each patient carefully for dental anomalies to correct or improvise this condition without any complications.

Assessment and correlation of the position and orientation of the hyoid bone in Class I, Class II, and Class III Malocclusions

Objective: This study aims to examine and correlate the position and orientation of the hyoid bone in Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 pretreatment digital lateral cephalograms were chosen in accordance with the established criteria and categorized into three groups, namely: Class I (n = 30), Class II (n = 37), and Class III (n = 23) malocclusions. The lateral cephalograms were traced and various linear and angular parameters such as MPH, H-NL, H-Go, H-Me, H-FH, H-C3, NSH, and H-NL were measured. The standard deviation and arithmetic mean values were computed for every measurement, after which independent t-test was conducted to study the variations between the skeletal classes of malocclusions. Results: The linear measurements of H-Me and H-C3 were found to be statistically significant. The angular measurements of SNA and ANB were also statistically significant and indicated the dissimilarities in the different classes of malocclusions. The anteroposterior position of hyoid bone was established, but the superoinferior positioning was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: A significant difference occurs in the position and orientation of Hyoid Bone in relation to its surrounding structures in Class I, II, and III malocclusions. The hyoid bone is more anteriorly placed in Class III malocclusions than Class II which is more posteriorly placed. The superoinferior positioning of hyoid bone was found to be statistically insignificant in this study.