Different Amounts Of Starch Research Articles

NIR spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate analysis for non-destructive characterization of Xuan paper

In the process of conservation mounting, starch paste made from wheat flour is the glue of choice to paste reinforcing strips and backing papers, often Xuan paper, for mending and decorating aged and damaged paper-based Chinese artworks. To keep objects intact and select appropriate conservation materials, this research explored the applicability of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis for the characterization of contemporary unsized Xuan paper with and without starch. In particular, partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to predict the degree of polymerization (DP) of the paper, i.e., one of the most important properties of paper materials, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to detect starch and to distinguish between papers with different amounts of starch. Using 12 contemporary unsized Xuan papers, the NIR-PLS method for DP prediction was validated, and the best-performed model was generated using the logarithmic transformation of DP−1 as a response variable, with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of DP 128. The NIR-PCA method was also found to be applicable to separate starch-free papers and papers treated with starch, and the results indicate that the higher the content of starch, the better PCA classification performs. This research provides supporting data for the non-destructive characterization of Xuan paper-based objects and differentiates between Xuan paper before and after treatment with starch.

Fermentation of Trichoderma for biological control using local inputs in Costa Rica

Introduction. Supply chain issues have driven up raw material costs and reduced the availability of materials for producing biological control agents. These delays in application could result in increased disease pressure and reduced farm yields. Objective. To determine the effect of different amounts of starch and the use of local ingredients for small and commercial-scale fermentation processes for Trichoderma harzianum. Materials and methods. All trials took place in San José, Costa Rica, between 2016 and 2018. Flask trials were executed to investigate the potential reduction or elimination of starch in commercial fermentation media. Additionally, fermentation vessel trials were conducted to assess the effectiveness of an alternative local medium, encompassing three treatments: 1) Commercial medium as a control, 2) 10% molasses medium, and 3) 10% molasses mediaum with 0.5% yeast extract. Viable spore counts were performed to determine colony forming units (CFU/mL). Results. Reducing starch to 10% of the original medium had no impact on CFU/mL. However, the absence of starch led to uneven growth during fermentation, resulting in solid mycelium accumulations. Molasses medium yielded roughly half the CFU/mL compared to the commercial medium, but it still exceeded the 107 CFU/mL threshold commonly used in studies for biological plant pathogen control. Results from a commercial-scale fermenter mirrored those from pilot-scale fermentation. Conclusion. While reducing starch content in the commercial medium didn't affect growth, the absence of starch caused solid mycelium accumulations, potentially posing issues in commercial production. Employing locally sourced molasses medium on a commercial scale appears feasible while maintaining a viable spore count meeting the minimum field-use specifications. Overall, these findings support the use of these media for Trichoderma production in biological control applications.

Reinforcement of Polylactic Acid / Poly Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate blends by starch addition: A coupled computational and experimental study

Poly Lactic Acid / Poly Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate blends are used as packaging green materials since they constitute hydrophilic and biodegradable plastic. With the aim of improving the mechanical characteristics of such blends as biodegradable packaging materials for food products the addition of starch has been considered. In silico test performed by classical molecular dynamics highlighted that the addition of starch can reinforce the polymeric structure via starch-polymer interactions, suggesting that starch can be a suitable material to be added to the Poly Lactic Acid / Poly Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate blend to obtain more resistant packaging materials. Experimental analysis of the mechanical properties of the polymeric blend containing different amounts of starch confirmed what foreseen by MD, highlighting an increase of Young modulus and glass transition as a function of added starch. The coupled theoretical/experimental approach constitutes added value of the present work, furnishing important data on the reinforcement of the packaging material performances and a molecule-based interpretation and comprehension of the observed phenomenon.

Novel biocomposite (Starch/metal–organic framework /Graphene oxide): Synthesis, characterization and visible light assisted dye degradation

Herein a new efficient biocomposites containing Starch metal–organic framework (MIL88A) and graphene oxide (Starch/MIL88A/GO) with different amounts of starch (0.05 0.1 and 0.2 g denoted as SMGO-0.5 SMGO-1 and SMGO-2) was synthesized characterized and used to degrade Acid Blue 92 (AB92). Decolorization efficiency was 7.4 % for Starch 19.4 % for GO 86 % for MIL88A and 90–98.5 % for Starch/MIL88A/GO composites (90 % for SMGO-0.5 96 % for SMGO-1 and 98.5 % for SMGO-2) using visible light. SMGO-2 composite showed the highest degradation ability. The effect of catalyst dosage and contaminant concentration on decolorization percentage was investigated. The efficiency of photocatalytic decolorization using 0 4 6 8 and 10 mg of Starch/MIL88A/GO are as follow: 10 55 89 93 and 98.5 % respectively. The results indicate that the decolorization by Starch/MIL88A/GO decreases as the initial pollutant concentration increases. Different decolorization kinetics (zero-order first-order and second-order) were studied. The reaction followed the zero-order kinetics. The zero-order decolorization rate constant for 0 4 6 8 and 10 mg of Starch/MIL88A/GO were 0.0134 0.1086 0.1182 0.1308 and 0.1727 respectively. The Starch/MIL88A/GO had high reusability (95 % after five cycles). The results indicated that the synthesized biocomposite (Starch/MIL88A/GO) could be used as an efficient photocatalyst to remove dye from the colored wastewater.

ឥទ្ធិពលនៃការបន្ថែមម្សៅណែមទៅលើគុណភាពរូបគីមី និងលក្ខណៈទូទៅរបស់ណែមសាច់ជ្រូក

Fermented pork (pork Nem) is a popular processed product among Cambodian people. Fermented pork is made from pork, pork skin, sugar, salt, garlic, chili, ginger, and Nem powder, which are thoroughly mixed and fermented. In the process of making fermented pork, substances such as nitrate and nitrite were added as main ingredients to maintain the pink color of Nem and get a better taste compared to products that did not add these substances. This research aims to study the effect of starch addition on the physicochemical quality and sensory characteristics (color, smell, taste, and appearance) of fermented pork and determine the suitable amount of starch that can enhance the physicochemical quality and sensory characteristics of fermented pork. The research was carried out using Completely Randomized Design, involving 3 treatments (T) and 9 replications. T1 used 1% of the Nem powder, T2 had 2% of the powder, and T3 had 3% of the powder. Parameters such as water activity, hydrogen potential (pH), ash content, moisture content, and the sensory characteristics (color, smell, taste, and appearance) of fermented pork were measured and analyzed. The results showed that adding different amounts of starch had little effect on the physical, chemical, and general characteristics of the fermented pork. Water activity, ash content, and moisture content were not significantly different. The pH levels of all treatments fluctuated during fermentation, which affected the sensory characteristics of the fermented pork. Regarding the appearance and taste, the first treatment (1% of starch) was found to have the highest score in relation to the sour taste of fermented pork. Therefore, this experiment showed that starch addition should not be used by more than 1% of pork, and nitrate powder had an effect on the production of fermented pork.

Assessment of the Properties of Giant Reed Particleboards Agglomerated with Gypsum Plaster and Starch.

This paper analyzes the properties of composite particleboards made from a mix of giant reed with gypsum plaster and starch as binders. Experimental boards were manufactured with a 10:2 weight ratio of giant reed/gypsum plaster particles and different amounts of starch. Giant reed particles used were ≤0.25 mm. The mix was pressed at a temperature of 110 °C with a pressure of 2.6 MPa for 1, 2, and 3 h. The results showed that the boards manufactured with longer times in the press and with 10 wt.% starch achieved the best physical and mechanical properties, obtaining a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 17.5 N/mm2, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 3196 N/mm2, and an internal bounding strength (IB) of 0.62 N/mm2. Thickness swelling (TS) at 24 h of the panels was reduced from 36.16% to 28.37% when 10 wt.% starch was added. These results showed that giant reed-gypsum-starch particleboards can be manufactured with physical and mechanical properties that comply with European standards for use in building construction.

Study on Microstructures of Complex Plant Polysaccharides Aerogels and Their Effects on Porosity

The microstructure of polysaccharide aerogels is a key factor affecting porosity, and directly determines the efficiency of its application as filter rod material. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the effects of different amounts of starch on the microstructure of the complex plant polysaccharide aerogels. The experimental results showed that the aerogel samples showed a complete and homogeneous three-dimensional network structure. With the increase of starch content, the pore size became smaller and the pore structure on the hole wall became smaller. After adding starch, the concentration of the system increased, that is, the solute in the unit volume increased, the moisture content decreased, and the air replaced the water in the gel after freeze drying, resulting in the increase of the density of the aerogel and the decrease of porosity. All aerogels showed a trend of increasing filtration efficiency with increasing particle size. The filtration performance of aerogels with different starch content was tested by using the comprehensive performance test bed of filter media. The test results showed that the capture of filter material was mainly through inertial collision. When the particle size was bigger, the greater the inertia, the greater the possibility of particle contamination being captured, so the higher the filtration efficiency.

Enhanced antibacterial effect by antibiotic loaded starch nanoparticle

The soluble form of starch nanoparticle (SNP) is used for its advantage to encapsulate the antibiotics. In this study, SNP encapsulated antibiotics were introduced to the bacterium, Streptococcus pyogenes and the inhibitory effect was studied. The preparation of SNP loaded antibiotics was carried out using microemulsion nanoprecipitation method which does not require sophisticated equipment, hazardous reagents and extreme conditions. The starch was dissolved in urea alkaline solution and precipitated in ethanolic emulsion system which yields smaller sized nanoparticles with larger surface area thus increasing the efficiency of low water soluble drug molecules loading. The SNP obtained are not vulnerable to clumping. The antimicrobial study was done using the disk diffusion test with different amounts of starch loaded with antibiotics. The encapsulation of single/multiple antibiotics and their inhibition is an indicator of the efficacy of SNPs. This study improved the effectiveness of drugs capability that are produced from a cheap source that brought about a large impact.

Fabrication and characterization of carboxylated starch-chitosan bioactive scaffold for bone regeneration

This study offers new bioactive composite scaffolds from carboxylated starch-chitosan for bone regeneration. In order to introduce COOH groups into the scaffolds, chitosan was first dissolved in citric acid and then mixed with different amounts of starch. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the structure, morphology, compressive strength, and apatite mineralization of the composites, which were compared to pure chitosan scaffolds. The results indicated that chitosan scaffolds showed the highest pore size and porosity, while no apatite deposition was observed even after 14days of soaking in simulated body fluid. For composite samples, the pore size and porosity decreased as the starch content increased. In spite of such decrease, the pore size measurements were in the optimal range for bone regeneration. The bone-like apatite mineralization, compressive strength, carboxyl content, and swelling ratio of the composites increased with additional starch. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that higher starch content can enhance proliferation, ALP activity, and mineralization of osteoblast-like cells (MG63).

Influence of carbon deposits and subsequent silylation of silica gel on sorption efficiency of explosive nitramines

Abstract A series of carbon/silica (CS) adsorbents was synthesized by carbonization of different amounts of starch bound to silica gel Sipernat 50. To change the adsorption ability of CS in respect to organics with nonpolar fragments, the samples were also silylated by octadecyldimethylchlorosilane. Two sets of CS samples were studied in solid phase extraction (SPE) of three explosive nitramines. The recovery rate of explosives studied in the SPE procedure depends mainly on the amounts of carbon deposits (accessible surface area of carbon phase) in composites. Silylation of the CS samples gives nonlinear changes in the recovery rate which increases for silylated silica gel and CS with small content of carbon deposits and decreases for silylated CS at maximal amounts of carbon deposits.

Study of system water of starches by tensometric and EPR-methods

System water has different forms of bond and structure. During any technological processing of food products, system water changes its composition, i.e. its form and structure.There is a large variety of both thermodynamic and molecular-kinetic methods of study of system water of food products, due to which we have acquired a large amount of information. However, the interpretation of the information is not sufficiently clear.The purpose of the study is to present correlation between the thermodynamic and molecular-kinetic methods of study of system water of food products, and to obtain new data on the dynamic behavior of system water of starches and starch-containing materials during the dehydration.Applying the method of EPR-spin signs, we studied the kinetics of moisture removal from colloidal capillary-porous models of starch with varying values of its molar mass and concentration. The molar mass was varied using different starches and the molar concentration – using different amounts of starch during the preparation of the model. We have obtained the dependences of the amount of moisture, which acts as a salt solvent, and amount of moisture, which does not solve salt, during the drying of models.It was found that the larger the molar mass of the starch molecules, the larger the surface area of a model. It was noted that the increase of starch molecules reduces the porosity of models of starch and, consequently, changes their properties to absorb water.It was noted that the data can be used to analyze the form and structure of moisture in starch-containing materials and products during their processing.

Synthesis and Characterizations of LiSICON Li2Co2(MoO4)3 with Different Amounts of Starch

This paper describes a simple procedure to synthesize materials with NASICON-like structures, using starch as a mild combustion fuel. The results of ICP-MS, x-ray and Raman spectroscopy present that the samples can be classified as a solid solution and isostructural to Li2Co2(MoO4)3. The analysis by x-ray diffraction shows that the increase on starch amount promotes crystallinity, leading to diffraction peaks more intense and better defined. Moreover, we can infer that the amount of starch increases substantially the material capacity (5 mAhg-1 to 52 mAhg-1), as well leads to a better definition of the redox peaks

Effect Of Starch Addition On The Properties Of Low Density Polyethylene For Developing Environmentally Degradable Plastic Bags

Starch is an inexpensive abundant product and is totally biodegradable in a wide variety of environments and allows the development of totally degradable products for specific market needs. We study the influence of starch on the degradation behavior of plastic films prepared by mixing the film grade polyethylene pellets with different amounts of starch. The mechanical strength of the polymer films were measured by Instron 5560 Tensile Testing Machine and observed that with the addition of starch mechanical strength decreases. As biodegradation rate increases with starch addition, 25 to 35% starch can be added safely in the plastic shopping bag without changing its strength significantly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10180 JCE 2011; 26(1): 38-40

Influence of starch content and sintering temperature on the microstructure of porous yttria-stabilized zirconia tapes

Porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates with volume fractions of porosity ranging from 28.9 to 53 vol.% were developed using starch as a fugitive additive. Concentrated aqueous YSZ slips with different amounts of starch and an acrylic latex binder were prepared. The influence of the volume fraction of starch and sintering temperature on the sintering behavior and final microstructure were investigated. Two kinds of pores were observed in the sintered tapes: large pores created by the starch particles with lengths between 15 and 80 μm and smaller pores in the matrix with lengths between 0.6 and 3.8 μm. The porosities were above those predicted for each of the starch contents. However, larger deviations from the predicted porosity were found as more starch was added. The top surface of the sintered tapes had a greater porosity than the bottom one for all the starch contents examined. The total porosity and the percentage of open porosity in the sintered tapes could be controlled by the volume fraction of added starch as well as by the sintering temperature. The open pores between the YSZ particles were removed by sintering at 1600 °C. As the volume fraction of starch increased from 17.6 to 37.8 vol.%, there was a gradual increase in the interconnectivity of the pore structure.

Histological method to study winter physiological dormancy in leaf buds of "San Castrese" and "Laycot" apricot, Prunus armeniaca L.

A new method of cryostabilization and embedding in a polar resin, performed at -20°C under controlled vacuum, was used to microscopically observe morphological and histochemical changes in leaf buds of apricot collected during the rest period. In order to determine the date of endodormancy breaking, ten twing of two varieties (San Castrese and Laycot) were collected weekly from November to February and held under controlled conditions. At the same time, ten leaf buds from each variety were collected. The stained sections obtained revealed good preservation of tissue and cell structures, which allowed the study of dormancy. Moreover the observation of lipids and waxes that in traditional inclusion methods were lost was allowed. The histological-cryostabilization method revealed changes of cell componets, such as different amounts of starch and lipid, size of cells, differences in colour and brightness of nuclei from buds which were completely dormant to metabolically active.

Histological method to study winter physiological dormancy in leaf buds of "San Castrese" and "Laycot" apricot, Prunus armeniaca L.

A new method of cryostabilization and embedding in a polar resin, performed at -20°C under controlled vacuum, was used to microscopically observe morphological and histochemical changes in leaf buds of apricot collected during the rest period. In order to determine the date of endodormancy breaking, ten twing of two varieties (San Castrese and Laycot) were collected weekly from November to February and held under controlled conditions. At the same time, ten leaf buds from each variety were collected. The stained sections obtained revealed good preservation of tissue and cell structures, which allowed the study of dormancy. Moreover the observation of lipids and waxes that in traditional inclusion methods were lost was allowed. The histological-cryostabilization method revealed changes of cell componets, such as different amounts of starch and lipid, size of cells, differences in colour and brightness of nuclei from buds which were completely dormant to metabolically active.

Processing of porous yttria-stabilized zirconia tapes: Influence of starch content and sintering temperature

The tape-casting process was used to produce porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates with volume fractions of porosity ranging from 28.9 to 53 vol.% by using starch as a fugitive additive. Concentrated aqueous YSZ slips with different amounts of starch and an acrylic latex binder were prepared. The influence of the volume fraction of starch and sintering temperature on the sintering behavior and final microstructure were investigated. The microstructure consisted of large pores created by the starch particles with lengths between 15 and 80 μm and smaller pores in the matrix with lengths between 0.6 and 3.8 μm. The pores in the matrix reduced the sinterability of the YSZ leading to the retention of closed porosity in the sintered tapes. The porosities were above those predicted for each of the starch contents. However, larger deviations from the predicted porosity were found as more starch was added. The open to total porosity ratio in the sintered tapes could be controlled by the volume fraction of added starch as well as by the sintering temperature. As the volume fraction of starch increased from 17.6 to 37.8 vol.% there was a gradual increase in the interconnectivity of the pore structure. The sintering shrinkage of the tapes at a given temperature could be directly related to the YSZ packing density in the matrix.

Pressurized System and Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Rapid Analysis of Fiber in Animal Feedstuffs

A pressurized system under microwave radiation and filter bags to contain the samples was proposed as an alternative to Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) determination in animal feed. After optimization by a 23 factorial design, the procedure was applied to nine forage and cereal bran with different amounts of starch (supplied by proficiency testing at various nutrition laboratories). Recoveries from 93 to 110% (0.7 to 7.4 RSD) were obtained. The proposed system allows the NDF simultaneous extraction from 18 samples, increasing the samples throughput from 6 or 40 day−1 to approximately 280 day−1, with low consumption of energy and reagents, producing low amounts of residue.

Processing of porous yttria-stabilized zirconia by tape-casting

The tape-casting process was used to produce porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates with pore volume fraction from 14 to 44.7% using starch as a fugitive additive. Concentrated aqueous YSZ slips with different amounts of starch and an acrylic latex binder were prepared. The influence of the slip composition on the properties of green and sintered tapes were studied. In addition, the pore structure and final microstructure were investigated. The YSZ packing density of the tapes with amounts of starch from 13 to 33 wt% was dependent on the latex that remained between the YSZ particles, which was, in turn, controlled by the added latex and starch. The volume of starch in the green tape and consequently the volume fraction of porosity in the sintered tape could be controlled by the amount of starch added as well as by the latex content. As the volume fraction of starch increased from 17 to 33% there was a gradual increase in the openness of the pore structure; for 33 vol.% starch the porosity was completely open. The sintering shrinkage was dependent on the green density; for a constant amount of starch, the additional porosity created by the latex volume was removed upon sintering resulting in an increase in the sintering shrinkage.

Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout

Rainbow trout has a limited ability to utilize digestible carbohydrates efficiently. Trout feeds generally contain high levels of DHA, a fatty acid known to inhibit a number of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes in animals. A study was conducted to determine whether carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout might be affected by dietary DHA level. Two low-carbohydrate (<4 % digestible carbohydrate) basal diets were formulated to contain 1 (adequate) or 4 (excess) g/100 g DHA diet respectively. The two basal diets were diluted with increasing levels of digestible starch (0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 %, respectively) to produce eight diets. These diets were fed to fish for 12 weeks at 15 degrees C according to a pair-fed protocol that consisted of feeding the same amount of basal diet but different amounts of starch. Live weight, N and lipid gains, hepatic glycogen and plasma glucose values significantly increased, whereas feed efficiency (gain:feed) significantly decreased, with increasing starch intake (P<0.05). The retention efficiency of N (N gain/digestible N intake) improved with starch supplementation but was not affected by DHA level (P>0.05). Starch increased the activity of glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase (P<0.05) but did not affect hexokinase and malic enzyme activity. DHA had no effect on growth but increased plasma glucose and reduced carcass lipid and liver glycogen contents (P<0.05). Glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes were not affected by DHA level, except for pyruvate kinase, which was reduced by increasing DHA level. These results suggest only a marginal effect of dietary DHA on the ability of fish to utilize carbohydrate.