Differences In Self-consciousness Research Articles

Effects of brand items and interpersonal situations on brand choice behavior. Analysis in relation to individual differences in self-consciousness.

Effects of brand items and interpersonal situations on brand choice behavior. Analysis in relation to individual differences in self-consciousness.

전문피부관리 유형에 따른 자기의식과 신체의식이 주관적 만족도에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to investigate the influence of self-consciousness and body consciousness on subjective satisfaction by a type of esthetic care. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against 300 adult women aged 20-64 living in Gyeonggi-do from February 1 to March 2, 2021. A total of 285 copies excluding poorly answered ones were used for final analysis, and the results found the followings: First, according to analysis of differences in self-consciousness by a type of esthetic care, in facial skin care, private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness and social anxiety were high in terms of brightness care. In body care, social anxiety was relatively high in terms of slimming care (p<.05). Second, concerning differences in body consciousness by a type of esthetic care, in facial skin care, body confidence and body dissatisfaction were relatively high in terms of brightness care. In scalp care, body confidence was high in terms of seborrheic scalp care (p<.05). Third, regarding the influence of self-consciousness on subjective satisfaction, public self-consciousness (=.186, p<.01) and private self-consciousness (=.184, p<.01) had a positive effect on subjective satisfaction with statistical significance. In other words, as public or private self-consciousness rises, subjective satisfaction increases. Fourth, concerning the influence of body consciousness on subjective satisfaction, body care efforts (=.434, p<.001) and body confidence (=.217, p<.001) revealed a positive influence on subjective satisfaction with statistical significance. In conclusion, body consciousness was greater than self-consciousness in terms of influence on subjective satisfaction. Among the three body consciousness factors, 'body care efforts' was significant. This study aimed to improve customer satisfaction with esthetic programs and service values and increase sales by analyzing customers' psychological characteristics and encouraging esthetic salons to provide desirable services. In addition, it is anticipated that the study results would provide basic data which are needed to develop a relationship marketing-based esthetic consultation manual.

Individual differences in self-consciousness and mind wandering: Further evidence for a dissociation between spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering

Recent research on individual differences in MW has consistently shown that spontaneous and deliberate MW can be distinguished being differentially associated with a number of psychological traits. The present study aimed to further investigate this distinction by investigating the associations between the two types of MW and two dispositional sub-types of self-consciousness, namely, self-rumination and self-reflection. Specifically, we specified a structural equation model in order to test the hypotheses that (1) self-rumination predicts spontaneous mind-wandering over and above neuroticism, and (2) self-reflection predicts deliberate mind-wandering over and above need for cognition (i.e., the tendency for an individual to engage in and enjoy thinking). Data were collected on 252 online participants. We found that while the spontaneous and deliberate MW were positively associated with each other, spontaneous MW was uniquely positively predicted by self-rumination, over and above neuroticism, whereas deliberate MW was uniquely positively predicted by self-reflection, over and above need for cognition. These results provide further support for the distinction between the two types of MW and suggest specific motivational dispositions for doing spontaneous and deliberate MW.

That's me in the spotlight: neural basis of individual differences in self-consciousness.

A long-standing literature implicates activity within the default mode network (DMN) to processes linked to the self. However, contemporary work suggests that other large-scale networks networks might also be involved. For instance, goal-directed autobiographical planning requires positive functional connectivity (FC) between DMN and frontoparietal control (FPCN) networks. The present study examined the inter-relationship between trait self-focus (measured via a self-consciousness scale; SCS), incidental memory in a self-reference paradigm, and resting state FC of large-scale networks. Behaviourally, we found that private SCS was linked to stronger incidental memory for self-relevant information. We also examined how patterns of FC differed according to levels of self-consciousness by using the SCS data to drive multiple regression analyses with seeds from the DMN, the FPCN and the limbic network. High levels of SCS was not linked to differences in the functional behaviour of the DMN, however, it was linked to stronger FC between FPCN and a cluster extending into the hippocampus, which meta analytic decoding using Neurosynth linked to episodic memory retrieval. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that trait variance in this pattern of FC was a moderator for the observed relationship between private SCS and enhanced memory for self-items. Together these findings suggest that interactions between the FPCN and hippocampus may support the memory advantage of self-relevant information associated with SCS and confirm theoretical positions that argue that that self-related processing does not simply depend upon the DMN, but instead relies on complex patterns of interactions between multiple large-scale networks.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene modulates private self-consciousness and self-flexibility.

Dopamine levels in the brain influence human consciousness. Inspired by the role of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in inactivating dopamine in the brain, we investigated to what extent COMT could modulate individual's self-consciousness dispositions and self-consistency by genotyping the COMT Val158Met (rs4680) polymorphism and measuring self-consciousness and self-consistency and congruence in a college student population. The results indicated that COMT Val158Met polymorphism significantly modulated the private self-consciousness. The individuals with Val/Val genotype, corresponding to lower dopamine levels in the brain, were more likely to be aware of their feelings and beliefs. The results also indicated that this polymorphism modulated one's self-flexibility. The individuals with Val/Val genotype showed higher levels of stereotype in self-concept compared with those with Met/Met genotype. These findings suggest that COMT is a predictor of the individual differences in self-consciousness and self-flexibility.

청소년의 스트레스 유형에 따른 자아의식과 외모관리행동

The purpose of this study is to classify the stress into groups and analyze their differences in self-consciousness, and appearance management behavior. Questionnaires were administered to 377 middle and high school girls living in Deagu metropolitan City. Frequency, factor analysis, reliability analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, Duncant-test, and t-test are all used for data analysis. Our findings show that stress developed due to several reasons: the categories are as follows into grades-related low stress, exam-related high stress, and society-related high stress. For the purposes of our study, we labeled self-consciousness as a combination of being socially and privately self-consciousness and showing signs of social anxiety. Appearance management behavior deals with esthetic plastic surgery, clothing harmony, weight management, hair management, health care, skin care, and meal management. Stress shows a significant correlation with the sub-variable self-consciousness and appearance management behavior. The groups show a significant difference in the self-consciousness, and appearance management behavior. There is also a significant difference among stress, self-consciousness and appearance management behavior by grade. The students in seemed to recognize that their appearance can be improved by dressing up and managing their outwardly appearance. Teachers should educate students to have the variety of views on the meaning of beauty. In addition, schools need to develop programs to educate student about appearances, as the student's interests differ due to the stress type of the adolescent.

Component processes underlying future thinking

This study sought to investigate the component processes underlying the ability to imagine future events, using an individual-differences approach. Participants completed several tasks assessing different aspects of future thinking (i.e., fluency, specificity, amount of episodic details, phenomenology) and were also assessed with tasks and questionnaires measuring various component processes that have been hypothesized to support future thinking (i.e., executive processes, visual-spatial processing, relational memory processing, self-consciousness, and time perspective). The main results showed that executive processes were correlated with various measures of future thinking, whereas visual-spatial processing abilities and time perspective were specifically related to the number of sensory descriptions reported when specific future events were imagined. Furthermore, individual differences in self-consciousness predicted the subjective feeling of experiencing the imagined future events. These results suggest that future thinking involves a collection of processes that are related to different facets of future-event representation.

History of Exposure to Self-Focusing Stimuli as a Developmental Antecedent of Self-Consciousness

The present report investigated the question of how individual differences in self-consciousness develop. Rimé and LeBon proposed that high self-consciousness follows a history of frequent exposure to self-focusing stimuli, i.e., mirrors, audiences, audio and video devices, and cameras. To explore this hypothesis private and public self-consciousness and past exposure to self-focusing stimuli were assessed in 438 subjects. Analysis indicated that history of frequent exposure to self-focusing stimuli is significantly but weakly related to high private self-consciousness in men and to high public self-consciousness in women. This supports previous observations suggesting that the routes to the development of self-consciousness seem to differ for the two sexes.

Media influences on male and female non-eating-disordered college students: A significant issue

Few studies have addressed the importance of media influence on persons who do not have an eating disorder. These persons are usually considered a control group. However, the influence of the media on non-eating-disordered females and males is a significant issue. The purpose of this study is to assess the immediate impact of very brief exposure to images taken from media on the self-consciousness and anxiety of male and female college students. There was a significant effect of looking at pictures of thin models on female participants only. In the group of college women who looked at pictures of thin female models, there were significantly higher levels of private self-consciousness, body competence, and state anxiety. For the male college students, there were no differences in self-consciousness or anxiety between those who looked at the pictures of thin male models and those who looked at control pictures.

Gender Differences in Self-Consciousness: A Comment

Gender differences in responses of 500 Chinese college students to the revised Self-consciousness Scale did not support the 1995 results reported by Teixeira and Gomes.

Inner speech as a mediator of self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge: An hypothesis

Little is known with regard to the precise cognitive tools the self uses in acquiring and processing information about itself. In this article, we underline the possibility that inner speech might just represent one such cognitive process. Duval and Wicklund's theory of self-awareness and the self-consciousness, and self-knowledge body of work that was inspired by it are reviewed, and the suggestion is put forward that inner speech parallels the state of self-awareness, is more frequently used among highly self-conscious persons, and represents an effective, if not indispensable, tool involved in the formation of the self-concept. The possibility is also raised that the extent to which one uses inner speech could partially explain individual differences in self-consciousness and self-knowledge. A selective review of the private and inner speech literature is presented, and some possible ways of testing the hypothesis by using pre-existing techniques are proposed in the hope of stimulating empirical investigations. Some implications are outlined in conclusion.

Relationships between anxiety, self-consciousness, and cognitive failure

Abstract Two studies of correlates of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) are reported. The first study tested for empirical personality correlates of the CFQ; the second study investigated the role of self-consciousness as a possible mediator of the association betyeen cognitive failures and stress vulnerability. Study 1 (n = 60) showed significant correlations between CFQ score and several 16PF primary and secondary traits, notably anxiety. Study 2 (n = 100) used multiple regression to verify the hypothesis that the positive association between CFQ score and anxiety is at least partially mediated by individual differences in self-consciousness. It is concluded that high CFQ subjects are vulnerable to stress because self-attentional processing disrupts their coping strategies.

Gender differences in advertising response and self-consciousness variables

This study assesses gender differences in self-consciousness traits and advertising responses across a sample of adult Americans. The results indicate that there are gender differences in public self-consciousness and social anxiety, with the effects particularly pronounced for younger females. Younger females also recalled more television commercials than other male and female groups. The social implications of these findings are considered.

Cultural Differences in Self-Consciousness and Self-Monitoring

The present study examines self-consciousness (Fenigstein, Scheier, &amp; Buss, 1975) and self-monitoring (Snyder, 1974; Snyder &amp; Gangestad, 1986) across cultures. Data from samples in Japan, Korea, and the United States were collected. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three-dimensional model of the self-consciousness scale and the 18-item one-factor self-monitoring scale provided the best fit to the data from all three cultures. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that culture affected the three dimensions of self-consciousness, with significant differences emerging between the United States and Japanese samples on public self-consciousness, between Japan and Korea on private self-consciousness, and between the United States and both Japan and Korea on social anxiety. In addition, the U.S. sample reported significantly higher levels of self-monitoring than both the Japanese and Korean samples. These results are consistent with the hypotheses generated from Hofstede's (1980) theory of cultural differentiation.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND BIAS IN SOCIAL INTERACTION

Two studies were conducted to investigate whether trait differences in self-consciousness could account for egocentric attribution bias in social interaction. Study 1 examined the prediction that bias would be greater for high self-conscious versus low self-conscious subjects. This prediction was affirmed for the public form of self-consciousness. Study 2 then sought to replicate this effect and examine its generality. The prediction was that self-consciousness effects would be enhanced when social interaction was made salient as the cause of performance (Interaction Important Condition) and would be diminished when social interaction was obscured as the cause of performance (Interaction Unimportant Condition). As predicted, the biasing effect of public self-consciousness was replicated for controls. Also as predicted, public self-consciousness was found to have no effect in the Interaction Unimportant Condition. Contrary to prediction, however, the effect of public self-consciousness was reversed in the Interaction Important Condition. Implications of these findings are discussed

The relationship between self-consciousness and interpersonal effectiveness and a new scale to measure individual differences in self-consciousness

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between a dispositional tendency to become self-conscious and interpersonal effectiveness. It was hypothesized that excessive self-consciousness may be a significant component of social inadequacy and this prediction was confirmed in two experiments. In both studies, maladaptive self-consciousness was measured using a new scale and the development and validity for the test are reported. In the first study, the social skills of persons high or low in maladaptive self-consciousness were assessed using sociometric ratings made by acquaintances. Persons high in maladaptive self-consciousness were perceived by their peers as more socially inadequate. The second study was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting and involved placing persons high or low in maladaptive self-consciousness in a dyadic interaction with a randomly selected partner. Following this, both participants were asked to report their feelings and reactions during the interaction and to make behavioral ratings of their partner. Trained observers also made behavioral ratings of both interactants. It was hypothesized that maladaptive self-consciousness would be associated with ineffective social behavior, reduced sensitivity to one's partner, and a heightened self-perception of inadequacy. These predictions were confirmed and the implications of the relationship between maladaptive self-consciousness and social inadequacy are discussed.

Private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and trait anxiety.

In 1975, Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss (2) published a scale to measure individual differences in self-consciousness. Three subscales were differentiated: private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety. In the initial report, low and nonsignificant correlations of .23 and .26 were reported between private and public self-consciousness. In subsequent studies, slightly higher and significant correlations were obtained: .33 ( 1) to -31 (3) for six samples. Research with the scale has explored the relation between self-consciousness and cest anxiety. In one study (I), both private and public self-consciousness were not significantly related to test anxiety (r = -.I1 and -.01). In a second study (3), private self-consciousness was again unrelated to test anxiety ( 7 = -.02) but there was a low significant correlation between public selfconsciousness and cest anxiety (r = .20) All of the samples reported in the literature are either al l male or a mixedsex group. This note reports data for two samples of 30 and 40 female undergraduates. In the first sample, the Self-consciousness Scale and the trait anxiety portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to subjects individually. In the second sample, the Self-consciousness Scale was administered in a group session. The Pearson correlations between the two selfconsciousness scales were higher than those previously 'reported. In the first sample, r28 = .430, two-tailed, p < .05, while in the second sample, 738 = .634, two-tailed, p < .01. In the first sample, both self-consciousness scales were significantly related to trait anxiety. For private self-consciousness, r ? ~ = ,430, two-tailed, p < .05, while for public self-consciousness, me =, ,528, two-tailed, p < .01. Such data suggest private and public self-consciousness are more closely related for females than for males. Furthermore, the correlations between self-consciousness and trait anxiety are moderate and should be explored further with males. In any event, more research is needed on the discriminant validity of the self-consciousness measures. REFERENCES 1. CARVER, C., & GLASS, D. The self-consciousness scale: a discriminant validiry study. Journal o f Personality Assessment, 1976, 40, 169-172. 2. FENIGSTEIN, A., SCHEIER, M., & BUSS, A. Public and private self-consciousness: assessment and theoty. Journal of Conrulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43 , 522-527. 3. TURNER, R., SCHEIER, M., CARVER, C., & ICKES, W. Correlates of self-consciousness. Journal o f Personality Assessment, 1978, 42, 285-289. Acce~ted Fehrvary 18, 1981.

Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.

A scale was constructed to assess individual differences in self-consciou sness. Norms and test-retest reliability are presented. Factor analysis of the scale revealed that self-consciousness has three components: public, private, and social anxiety. The relationships among these three factors are examined. The scale was found useful in research on social behavior, and its implications for research and therapy are discussed. Self Jawareness is a central concept in several divergent approaches to behavior and life. In psychoanalysi s, increased awareness of the self is both a tool and a goal. Self-examination enables the person to recognize his unconscious thoughts, motives, and defenses; one result of the therapy is increased insight, i.e., greater self-awareness. Rogerian therapy, existential analysis, and a variety of other insight therapies have also emphasized the importance of attending to and understanding one's inner thoughts and feelings. Relatively newer traditions, such as transactional analysis, encounter groups, and sensitivity training, have stressed the value of getting in touch with oneself and recognizing how one's behavior affects others. The quest for self-insight may also be seen in the widespread interest in the practice of meditation. Previous interest in self-awarenes s has derived from either a therapeutic orientation or a philosophical approach to life. Recently, self-awareness has been approached from an entirely different perspective—that of social psychology. Argyle (1969) has speculated about the impact of self ^awareness on social interaction, and Duval and Wicklund (1972) have elaborated an entire theory of selfawareness. Laboratory research generated by Duval and Wicklund's theory has examined both the effects of stimuli that direct attention toward the self (mirrors and cameras) Allan Fenigstein is now at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, and Michael F. Scheier is now at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Requests for reprints should be sent to Arnold H. Buss, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.