Histopathological Differences Research Articles

The histopathologic checkpoints for thyroid core needle biopsy compared with resection sections.

The nuclear features that are thought to be classic indicators of thyroid nodules are not fully observed in core needle biopsies (CNB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological differences between CNB samples and resection sections. The haematoxylin and eosin-stained CNB and resection sections of thyroid nodules were retrospectively re-evaluated in terms of nuclear and architectural parameters. The evaluations were conducted by 2 pathologists. Statistical analysis was applied in 80 selected cases diagnosed as benign (n = 37) and papillary carcinoma/suspicious for papillary carcinoma (n = 43). The nuclear findings in the CNB were more subtle than in the resection sections. The nuclei were smaller (measurements of the nuclear areas, major axes, and minor axes in CNB and resection sections were 52.62 µm2, 9.89 µm, 6.75 µm, 129.18 µm2, 14.53 µm, and 10.79 µm, respectively). Hypochromia was detected in 46.5% of the papillary carcinoma cases. Grooves and pseudoinclusions were the other nuclear features that could be detected. However, nuclear contour irregularity was the most reliable finding that could predict papillary carcinoma diagnosis in the CNB sections (v: 0.82, p < 0.001). We believe that the histopathological differences we found have an important place in diagnostics and should be emphasized, and new diagnostic algorithms should be developed.

The Predictive Value of CA-125 and Hb for Ocular Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

To explore the risk factors of ocular metastasis (OM) in patients with hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) by analyzing the demographic characteristics and serum markers. From July 2002 to December 2012, 1064 HCC patients were included in our study. The chi-squared test and Student's t-test were used to assess the difference between OM and any other metastasis (NOM). Receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to analyze the diagnostic value of serum biomarkers in HCC patients with OM. The incidence of OM in HCC patients was 1.88% in our research. There are no significant differences in age, gender, or histopathology in the OM group and the group without any metastasis. Binary logistic regression analysis presented that compared with the patients without cancer metastasis, carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA-125) and hemoglobin (Hb) were risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with OM (P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the CA-125, Hb, and CA125+Hb curves were 0.877, 0.554, and 0.431, and the cutoff values of CA-125 and Hb each were 115.78 u/mL and 120.50 g/L. Our data suggest that CA-125 and Hb are risk indicators in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with OM, and that CA-125+Hb has potentially greater utility in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma.

Major basic protein deposited at intra mucosal epithelium with probable eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.

BackgroundEosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is diagnosed by Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) scoring system and histopathological eosinophil counts of dissected nasal polyps. Patients with low JESREC score and small number of tissue eosinophils are diagnosed with non-ECRS (NECRS). Due to the 2 parameters of this diagnostic system, chronic rhinosinusitis is to be divided to 4 groups and some patients fall into the 2 groups other than ECRS and NECRS: probable ECRS (pECRS) and probable non-ECRS (pNECRS). We attempted to clarify clinical and histopathological similarities and differences, especially concerning major basic protein (MBP), among those groups.MethodsOne hundred twenty-eight patients treated by endoscopic sinus surgery was included. Clinical characteristics were compared among each group, and immunohistological analysis for MBP was performed to 35 randomly selected patients. MBP deposition at intra mucosal epithelium was evaluated by semiquantificational approach.ResultsECRS patients showed significantly higher comorbidity rate with allergic rhinitis (36 patients, 78.3%), asthma (36 patients, 78.3%) compared with other groups. Also, percentage of the patients complaining olfactory dysfunction (42 patients, 91.3%) was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Lund-Mackay score (mean, 14.5; 6–24) and recurrence rate (27 patients, 61.4%) was the highest in ECRS patients. Regarding pECRS, the number of patients with olfactory dysfunction (5 patients, 55.6%) was higher than pNECRS and NECRS groups. Also, comorbidity of asthma and percentage of blood eosinophils tended to be higher than those 2 groups. MBP score of pECRS group was significantly higher than NECRS (p < 0.05), despite of smaller tissue eosinophil counts.ConclusionpECRS might share some characteristics with ECRS although tissue eosinophil count was significantly smaller compared with ECRS. The results of this study have shown that MBP score in pECRS nasal polyps was significantly higher than NECRS patients and close to ECRS. That might suggest that eosinophils have existed in the nasal polyps of pPECRS patients at some point before surgery.

Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of extract from Etlingera pavieana rhizomes

In Southeast Asia, the rhizome of Etlingera pavieana is commonly consumed and parts of the rhizomes have been used as a medicine for the treatment of several disorders. Its pharmacological effects have previously been reported. However, its potential toxicity has not been described. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo toxicity of E. pavieana rhizome extract (EPE) in Sprague Dawley rats. Acute toxicity testing of EPE at a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg produced no toxic effects in female rats after 14 days of treatment. Subchronic toxicity testing showed that all doses of EPE (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day) produced no sign of toxicity during 90 days of treatment. All biochemical and hematological values were within normal ranges. There were no significant histopathological differences in the internal organs among the tested groups. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of EPE was 2,000 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats, thereby confirming the safety of EPE for use in traditional medicines.

Histopathological Study of Streptozotocin Induced Liver Regeneration of Wistar Mice after Administration of Pumpkin Leaf Ethanol Extract

This study aims to prove that the ethanol extract of pumpkin leaf can improve the liver histological structure of Wistar rats streptozotocin and find out the effective dose in regenerating the liver cells of Wistar rats. Wistar rats were divided into six groups so that each group has five replications. The control group was not given the extract, and the treatment group was administered the extract with three doses of 125 mg/kg BW, 150 mg/kg BW, and 175 mg/kg BW which were carried out for three weeks. Rats were then sacrificed and the liver organs were taken for the histopathology preparations with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining (HE). The results showed fatty degeneration and necrosis of the livers. The results of the Mann-Withney test analysis showed that there was a significant difference in liver histopathology scoring from each treatment group. Ethanol extract of pumpkin leaves at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW gave an effect on the regeneration of liver cells of Wistar rats with a damage score of 1.4 and had no effective dose

Analysis of Interleukin-6 level in Serum and Histopathology Changes of Cardiovascular Tissue on Male Wistar Rat with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic hepatopathy and a global health issue. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in liver pathology is very complex, and its participation in the development of NAFLD remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between NAFLD and IL-6 as one of inflammaging biomarkers along with CVD histopathology.Methods: This study used a post-test control group design. The subject of this study was 14 male Wistar rats and divided into two groups. The control group was given standard diet and the NAFLD-modelling group was given 8 weeks high-fat-high-fructose diet. Both groups will be terminated at the 8th week for organ histopathological examination.Results: The IL-6 levels in NAFLD rats (16.14±6.46ng/ml) and non-NAFLD rats (11.28±3.49ng/ml). The blood vessel wall thickness of NAFLD (1.47±0.33 µm) and non-NAFLD rats (1.70±0.28 µm). The diameter of the blood vessels of NAFLD rats (14.06±3.30 m) and non-NAFLD rats (15.66±1.02 m). It was found that there were differences in cardiac histopathology (hemorrhagic (p:0.003), degenerated (p:0.036), and hyperemic(p:0.003)) between NAFLD and non-NAFLD modeling rats. As for IL-6 levels, blood vessel wall thickness, diameter, and heart histopathology (necrosis) there was no difference between NAFLD and non-NAFLD modeling rats (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion: It has shown that NAFLD rats significantly caused cardiac histopathological changes. The levels of IL-6 tend to be higher in NAFLD rats but not significant, as well as the diameter of coronary artery shows a small tendency in NAFLD rats.

Neurologic Effects of Gadolinium Retention in the Brain after Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent Administration.

Background Concerns over the neurotoxic potential of retained gadolinium in brain tissues after intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration have led to pronounced worldwide use changes, yet the clinical sequelae of gadolinium retention remain undefined. Purpose To assess clinical and neurologic effects and potential neurotoxicity of gadolinium retention in rats after administration of various GBCAs. Materials and Methods From March 2017 through July 2018, 183 male Wistar rats received 20 intravenous injections of 2.5 mmol per kilogram of body weight (80 human equivalent doses) of various GBCAs (gadodiamide, gadobenate, gadopentetate, gadoxetate, gadobutrol, gadoterate, and gadoteridol) or saline over 4 weeks. Rats were evaluated 6 and 34 weeks after injection with five behavioral tests, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and histopathology were performed on urine, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), basal ganglia, dentate nucleus, and kidney samples. Dunnett post hoc test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to compare differences between treatment groups. Results No evidence of differences in any behavioral test was observed between GBCA-exposed rats and control animals at either 6 or 34 weeks (P = .08 to P = .99). Gadolinium concentrations in both neuroanatomic locations were higher in linear GBCA-exposed rats than macrocyclic GBCA-exposed rats at 6 and 34 weeks (P < .001). Gadolinium clearance over time varied among GBCAs, with gadobutrol having the largest clearance (median: 62% for basal ganglia, 70% for dentate) and gadodiamide having no substantial clearance. At 34 weeks, gadolinium was largely cleared from the CSF and serum of gadodiamide-, gadobenate-, gadoterate-, and gadobutrol-exposed rats, especially for the macrocyclic agents (range: 70%-98% removal for CSF, 34%-94% removal for serum), and was nearly completely removed from urine (range: 96%-99% removal). Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect gadolinium foci in linear GBCA-exposed brain tissue, but no histopathologic differences were observed for any GBCA. Conclusion In this rat model, no clinical evidence of neurotoxicity was observed after exposure to linear and macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents at supradiagnostic doses. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Histological changes in the gills, livers and muscles of Oreochromis niloticus fed with steriod, natural hormone and pawpaw seed based diets

This study was conducted to evaluate the histological changes of 17αmethyl-testosterone (MT), wet testes of bull (Bos indicus), boar (Sus domesticus), bull/mud catfish testes (B. indicus/C. gariepinus) and pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed powder-based diet on the Nile tilapia fry in an indoor experimental pond. Histological changes and efficacies in producing monosex males were determined after four months. Fifty-five fry were assigned randomly to three experimental ponds in triplicates. Five experimental feeds composed of soya-bean, fish meal, wheat bran, cassava flour were formulated by adding 0.06g of 17α- methyl-testosterone, 17.47g of bull wet testes, 25.59g of boar wet testes, 20.48g of bull/catfish and 20g of pawpaw seed powder per kg of feed to group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively. Obtained results from the morphological examination revealed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in phenotypic males of the Nile tilapia fry fed with the experimental diets. The highest indistinct percentage was recorded in the 17αmethyl-testosterone-treated diet while the lowest was recorded in diets 3 and 4 with no significant differences. All the groups showed histopathological differences in the livers, gills, and muscles. However, the liver histology of groups 1 and 5 showed central vessels that are mildly congested with abundant glycogen vacuolation and somewhat fat infiltration, while the histology of the muscles of group 5 showed pathological lesions including moderate to severe necrosis. These alterations can be considered an indication of the performance and health of fish in monosex culture medium indicating effects of plant extract and MT.

The Contribution of Sex Difference on Different Liver Histopathology Between Male and Female Mice After Oral Administration of Caffeine

Background: There are several studies reporting the effect of caffeine on liver histopathology, but it remains controversy. The laboratory animal used in those studies were predominantly male, whereas there is contribution of sex difference on different liver reaction to xenobiotic between male and female subject. Objective: It is necessary to conduct a study to explore the differences between the liver histopathology of male and female mice after oral administration of caffeine. Methods: This study used 36 mice (Mus musculus) that were divided into 4 groups: male &amp; female untreated groups and male &amp; female treated groups which were orally administered with caffeine 0.4 mg / 20 gramBW daily for 30 days. At the end of treatment, mice were euthanized and dissected. Histopathological examination was done to determine the percentage of liver cell death of each group. Results: The percentage of liver cell deathin female treated group was higher than male treated group (p = 0.0001). But there was no significant difference of liver cells death between male control and treated group and between female control and treated group. Conclusion: There was significant difference in liver histopathology between male and female mice after oral administration of caffeine.

Proliferation, apoptosis and their regulatory protein expression in colorectal adenomas and serrated lesions

BackgroundAdenomas and serrated lesions represent heterogeneous sets of early precursors in the colorectum with varying malignant potential. They are often distinguished by their histopathologic differences, but little is known about potential differences in regulation of epithelial proliferation and apoptosis.MethodsWe conducted a protein expression analysis using tissue microarrays of 625 colorectal adenomas and 142 serrated lesions to determine potential differences in regulation of epithelial proliferation and apoptosis. We quantitated proliferation with Ki-67; apoptosis with activated caspase-3 (CASP3); up- and down-regulators of proliferation with cyclin D1, p16INK2, and p21Cip1; and apoptosis regulators with BAX, BCL2, and survivin. Linear mixed effects models and circos diagrams were used to determine relationships among expression and lesion characteristics.ResultsAdenomas had a significantly higher CASP-3 labeling index (LI) than serrated lesions, resulting in a lower net growth ratio (Ki-67 LI/activated CASP-3 LI, p-value<0.0001). Cyclin D1 LI, p16 LI and p21 LI were lower in adenomas compared to serrated lesions, while expression of both BCL2 and BAX were higher (p <0.001). Among adenomas, cyclin D1 LI and p16 LI levels increased with greater villous component, and the highest BAX expression was detected in adenomas larger than 2 cm (both p<0.0001). Right-sided adenomas had higher CASP3 LI than left colorectal adenomas (p = 0.008). Significant differences in cyclin D1 LI, p21 LI and survivin LI were also observed across histopathologic subtypes of serrated lesions.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate different patterns of regulatory protein expression in adenomas than serrated lesions, especially involving apoptosis.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00272324

In-depth proteomic profiling captures subtype-specific features of craniopharyngiomas

Craniopharyngiomas are rare epithelial tumors derived from pituitary gland embryonic tissue. This epithelial tumor can be categorized as an adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) or papillary craniopharyngioma (PCP) subtype with histopathological and genetic differences. Genomic and transcriptomic profiles of craniopharyngiomas have been investigated; however, the proteomic profile has yet to be elucidated and added to these profiles. Recent improvements in high-throughput quantitative proteomic approaches have introduced new opportunities for a better understanding of these diseases and the efficient discovery of biomarkers. We aimed to confirm subtype-associated proteomic changes between ACP and PCP specimens. We performed a system-level proteomic study using an integrated approach that combines mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic, statistical, and bioinformatics analyses. The bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins between ACP and PCP were significantly involved in mitochondrial organization, fatty acid metabolic processes, exocytosis, the inflammatory response, the cell cycle, RNA splicing, cell migration, and neuron development. Furthermore, using network analysis, we identified hub proteins that were positively correlated with ACP and PCP phenotypes. Our findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas and provide novel insights that may ultimately translate to the development of craniopharyngioma subtype-specific therapeutics.

Clinicopathological features and BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status in a prospective cohort of young women with breast cancer.

Breast cancer in young women is more likely to have higher risk features and be associated with germline BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. We present the clinicopathologic features of breast cancers in a prospective cohort of young women, and associations between surrogate molecular subtype and BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation status. Histopathological features, biomarker status, tumour stage and BRCA status were collected. Invasive tumours were categorised as luminal A-like (ER + and/or PR + , HER2-, grade 1/2), luminal B-like (ER + and/or PR + , HER2 + , or ER + and/or PR + , HER2-, and grade 3), HER2-enriched (ER/PR-, HER2 + ) or triple-negative. In all, 57.3% (654/1143) of invasive tumours were high grade. In total, 32.9% were luminal A-like, 42.4% luminal B-like, 8.3% HER2-enriched, and 16.4% triple-negative. Among different age groups, there were no differences in molecular phenotype, stage, grade or histopathology. 11% (131) of tumours were from BRCA mutation carriers; 64.1% BRCA1 (63.1% triple-negative), and 35.9% BRCA2 (55.3% luminal B-like). The opportunity to provide comparisons across young age groups, BRCA mutation status, surrogate molecular phenotype, and the identification of more aggressive hormone receptor-positive phenotypes in this population provides direction for future work to further understand and improve disparate outcomes for young women with luminal B-like cancers, particularly BRCA2-associated cancers, with potential implications for tailored prevention and treatment.

Identification of intratumoral fluid-containing area by magnetic resonance imaging to predict prognosis in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after curative resection.

To compare the prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after curative resection according to the type of intratumoral fluid-containing area identified on MRI. This retrospective study included 112 consecutive patients who underwent upfront surgery with margin-negative resection between 2012 and 2019. All patients underwent MRI within 1month before surgery. Three radiologists independently assessed the MRI findings, determined whether intratumoral fluid-containing areas were present, and classified all intratumoral fluid-containing areas by type (i.e., imaging necrosis or neoplastic mucin cysts). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model. Histopathological differences according to the type of intratumoral fluid-containing area were assessed. Of the 112 PDAC patients, intratumoral fluid-containing areas were identified on MRI in 33 (29.5%), among which 18 were classified as imaging necrosis and 15 as neoplastic mucin cysts. PDAC patients with imaging necrosis demonstrated significantly shorter RFS (mean 6.1months versus 47.3months; p < .001) and OS (18.4months versus 55.0months, p = .001) than those with neoplastic mucin cysts. Multivariable analysis showed that only the type of intratumoral fluid-containing area was significantly associated with RFS (hazard ratio, 2.25 and 0.38; p = .009 and p = .046 for imaging necrosis and neoplastic mucin cysts, respectively). PDAC with imaging necrosis had more frequent histological necrosis, more aggressive tumor differentiation, and higher tumor cellularity than PDAC with neoplastic mucin cysts (p ≤ .02). The detection and discrimination of intratumoral fluid-containing areas on preoperative MRI may be useful in predicting the prognosis of PDAC patients after curative resection. • Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients with imaging necrosis demonstrated significantly shorter survival than those with neoplastic mucin cysts after curative resection. • Multivariable analysis showed that only the type of intratumoral fluid-containing area identified on MRI was significantly associated with recurrence-free survival. • PDAC with imaging necrosis had more frequent histological necrosis, more aggressive tumor differentiation, and higher tumor cellularity than PDAC with neoplastic mucin cysts.

Histologic differences between in situ and embolized carotid web thrombi: a case report

BackgroundThe significance of carotid webs (CaWs) in ischemic stroke is becoming acknowledged. Histological features of clot composition in situ and secondary cerebrovascular embolized thrombi caused by CaW have not been described concurrently. Understanding clots’ histological composition is essential for understanding the pathophysiology of clot formation in CaW.Case presentationA 50-year-old male patient with acute ischemic stroke, which was believed to be caused by ipsilateral CaW, was admitted to the hospital. Mechanical thrombectomy was used to retrieve thromboemboli from the middle cerebral artery. One month thereafter, the patient underwent carotid endarterectomy, and in situ CaW thrombi were retrieved. Histological analysis by hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that histopathologic embolized thrombi appeared as typical mixed thrombi, 46.03% fibrin/platelet ratio, 48.12% RBCs, and 5.85% white blood cells. In situ thrombi had a higher fibrin/platelet ratio (68.0%), fewer RBCs (17.2%), and 14.8% white blood cells.ConclusionThe histopathology of large vessel occlusion stroke embolized thrombi by CaW is similar to that of other stroke etiologies. However, the clot composition of embolized thrombi significantly differs from that of in situ thrombi. CaW’s in situ thrombi showed predominantly fibrin, and embolized thrombi had equivalent contents of red blood cells and fibrin/platelets. Histopathological differences between in situ and embolized thrombi suggest new research directions for the etiology of embolization. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Neurofascin-155 Immunoglobulin Subtypes: Clinicopathologic Associations and Neurologic Outcomes.

Background and ObjectiveMultiple studies highlighting the diagnostic utility of neurofascin-155 (NF155)–immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) in chronic demyelinating inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) have been published. However, few studies comprehensively address the long-term outcomes or clinical utility of NF155–immunoglobulin M (IgM) or NF155–immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the absence of NF155-IgG4. We evaluated phenotypic and histopathologic specificity and differences in outcomes between these NF155 antibody isotypes or IgG subclasses. We also compare NF155-IgG4-seropositive cases to other seropositive demyelinating neuropathies.MethodsNeuropathy patient sera at Mayo Clinic were tested for NF155-IgG4, NF155-IgG, and NF155-IgM autoantibodies. Demographic and clinical data of all seropositive cases were reviewed.ResultsWe identified 32 NF155 cases (25 NF155-IgG-positive [20 NF155-IgG4-positive], 7 NF155-IgM-seropositive). NF155-IgG4-seropositive patients clinically presented with distal more than proximal muscle weakness, positive sensory symptoms (prickling, asymmetric paresthesia, neuropathic pain), and gait ataxia. Cranial nerve involvement (11/20 [55%]) and papilledema (4/12 [33%]) occurred in many. Electrodiagnostic testing (EDX) demonstrated demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (19/20 [95%]). Autonomic involvement occurred in 45% (n = 9, median composite autonomic scoring scale score 3.5, range 1–7). Nerve biopsies from the NF155-IgG4 patients (n = 11) demonstrated grouped segmental demyelination (50%), myelin reduplication (45%), and paranodal swellings (50%). Most patients needed second- and third-line immunosuppression but had favorable long-term outcomes (n = 18). Among 14 patients with serial EDX over 2 years, all except one demonstrated improvement after treatment. NF155-IgG-positive, NF155-IgG4-negative (NF155-IgG-positive) and NF155-IgM-positive patients were phenotypically different from NF155-IgG4-seropositive patients. Sensory ataxia, neuropathic pain, cerebellar dysfunction, and root/plexus MRI abnormalities were significantly more common in NF155-IgG4-positive compared to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)–IgM neuropathy. Chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy (CISP)/CISP-plus phenotype was more common among contactin-1 neuropathies compared to NF155-IgG4-positive cases. NF155-IgG4-positive cases responded favorably to immunotherapy compared to MAG-IgM-seropositive cases with distal acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy (p < 0.001) and had better long-term clinical outcomes compared to contactin-1 IgG (p = 0.04).DiscussionWe report long-term follow-up and clinical outcome of NF155-IgG4 cases. NF155-IgG4 but not IgM or IgG cases have unique clinical–electrodiagnostic signature. We demonstrate NF155-IgG4-positive patients, unlike classical CIDP with neuropathic pain and dysautonomia common at presentation. Long-term outcomes were favorable.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that NF155-IgG4-seropositive patients, compared to patients with typical CIDP, present with distal more than proximal muscle weakness, positive sensory symptoms, and gait ataxia.

Comparative pathology of dog and human prostate cancer.

Though relatively rare in dogs, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non‐cutaneous cancer in men. Human and canine prostate glands share many functional, anatomical and physiological features. Due to these similarities, canine PCa has been proposed as a model for PCa in men. PCa is typically androgen‐dependent at diagnosis in men and for this reason, androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) are important treatments for advanced PCa in men. In contrast, there is some evidence that PCa is diagnosed more commonly in castrate dogs, at which point, limited therapeutic options are available. In men, a major limitation of current ADT is that progression to a lethal and incurable form of PCa, termed castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is common. There is, therefore, an urgent need for a better understanding of the mechanism of PCa initiation and progression to CRPC to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on the functional, physiological, endocrine and histopathological similarities and differences in the prostate gland of these species. In particular, we focus on common physiological roles for androgen signalling in the prostate of men and dogs, we review the short‐ and longer‐term effects of castration on PCa incidence and progression in the dog and relate how this knowledge may be relevant to understanding the mechanisms of CRPC in men.

The effect of Curcuminvs. Curcumin combined Antibiotic Ointmentson the Healing of skin wound

Background:Turmeric is typically used as a spicy food preservative and colorant. It has been proved that curcumin has a wide range of biological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and curcumin activity that can improve antibiotic activity on the wounds. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of Curcumin with and without antibiotics on skin wound treatment. Materials and Methods: The protocol was approved by the animal house in medical college / Basra university. This study used nine male rabbits aged about 6 months and an average weight of (1.083 g). Each group consists of 3 rabbits: control group (normal saline) A, topical curcumin in group B, topical curcumin, and tetracycline ointment in group C. Regular treatments were given to rabbits in therapeutic groups. Result: The lowest Mean ± SDof swelling of suturing area was noted in both groups that treated by curcumin alone (9.07 ± 0.97 vs 15±1 mm, p value = 0.002) and that treated with curcumine and antibiotic (9.1±0.9vs 15±1 mm, p value = 0.002) versus the control group ( that treated by normal saline) and the lowest Mean ± SD of elevation of suture line was noted in both group that treated by curcumin alone (2.63 ± 0.06 vs 4.07±0.21 mm, p value &gt;0.001) and that treated with curcumin and antibiotic (2.7 ± 0.2 vs 4.07±0.21 mm, p value =0.001) versus control group. There is no significant statistical difference between the Mean ± SD neither of swelling of suture area nor of elevation of suture lines of groups that treated by curcumin alone and group that treated with curcumin and antibiotic [(9.07 ± 0.97 vs 9.1 ±0.9, p value=0.97),(2.63±0.06 vs 2.7 ± 0.2, p value=0.61) respectively]. The histopathological evaluation is consistent with morphological changes as at day 3 of wound healing in both groups that treated by curcumine with and without antibiotic, there is formation a thin layer of keratin and absence of features that indicate delay wound healing such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltrate of (Neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes) and debris, which are detected in control group. Furthermore, at day 7 of control group, there is decrease of inflammation, presence of gap between the two edgesof the wound but no keratin formation. No clear histopathological difference in wound healing between tested groups that treated by curcumin with and without antibiotic. Conclusion: There issignificant clinical and histological evidences that the curcumin not only prevent delay of wound healing but it is also enhanced wound healing. No significant difference in using curcumin alone or combine it with local antibiotic.

Periostin expression and its supposed roles in benign and malignant thyroid nodules: an immunohistochemical study of 105 cases

BackgroundThyroid tumors are often difficult to histopathologically diagnose, particularly follicular adenoma (FA) and follicular carcinoma (FC). Papillary carcinoma (PAC) has several histological subtypes. Periostin (PON), which is a non-collagenous extracellular matrix molecule, has been implicated in tumor invasiveness. We herein aimed to elucidate the expression status and localization of PON in thyroid tumors.MethodWe collected 105 cases of thyroid nodules, which included cases of adenomatous goiter, FA, microcarcinoma (MIC), PAC, FC, poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDCa), and undifferentiated carcinoma (UCa), and immunohistochemically examined the PON expression patterns of these lesions.ResultsStromal PON deposition was detected in PAC and MIC, particularly in the solid/sclerosing subtype, whereas FA and FC showed weak deposition on the fibrous capsule. However, the invasive and/or extracapsular regions of microinvasive FC showed quite strong PON expression. Except for it, we could not find any significant histopathological differences between FA and FC. There were no other significant histopathological differences between FA and FC. Although PDCa showed a similar PON expression pattern to PAC, UCa exhibited stromal PON deposition in its invasive portions and cytoplasmic expression in its carcinoma cells. Although there was only one case of UCa, it showed strong PON immunopositivity. PAC and MIC showed similar patterns of stromal PON deposition, particularly at the invasive front.ConclusionsPON may play a role in the invasion of thyroid carcinomas, particularly PAC and UCa, whereas it may act as a barrier to the growth of tumor cells in FA and minimally invasive FC.

Placental Vascular Abnormalities in Association With Prenatal and Long-Term Health Characteristics Among HIV-Exposed Uninfected Adolescents and Young Adults.

HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) individuals are predisposed to adverse health outcomes, which in part may stem from the influence of an altered intrauterine milieu on fetal programming. The placenta serves as a readout for the effects of the maternal environment on the developing fetus and may itself contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. US academic health system. We leveraged a previously established registry-based cohort of HEU adolescents and young adults to identify 26 subjects for whom placental histopathology was available. We further obtained placental tissue from 29 HIV-unexposed pregnancies for comparison. We examined differences in placental histopathology between the groups and related villous vascularity in the HEU group to prenatal maternal characteristics and long-term health outcomes. Placentas from HEU pregnancies demonstrated a higher blood vessel count per villus as compared with controls (5.9 ± 1.0 vs. 5.4 ± 0.8; P = 0.05), which was independent of maternal prenatal age, race, body mass index, smoking status, hemoglobin, and gestational age. Furthermore, within the HEU group, lower CD4+ T-cell count during pregnancy was associated with greater placental vascularity (r = -0.44; P = 0.03). No significant relationships were observed between placental blood vessel count per villus and body mass index z-score or reactive airway disease among HEU individuals later in life. Placentas from HEU pregnancies demonstrated increased villous vascularity compared with HIV-unexposed controls in proportion to the severity of maternal immune dysfunction. Further studies are needed to examine intrauterine exposure to hypoxia as a potential mechanism of fetal programming in HIV.

Does Age Matter in Psoriatic Arthritis? A Narrative Review.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) affects approximately 0.8% of the general population. PsA, together with psoriasis (PsO), constitute psoriatic disease (PsD). Comorbidities play an important role in the clinical expression and treatment of PsD. Aging adds another level of complexity, partly because age directly accrues increasing risk of comorbidities, but also because of its complex interactions with several factors such as depression and social determinants. Aging seems to have a "paradoxical association" with cardiovascular comorbidities, for which the relative risk is more pronounced in younger patients with PsD. It also affects treatment decisions and treatment response in patients with PsD. Finally, there is convincing evidence that there are clinical, genetic, and histopathological differences between early- and late-onset PsA and PsO. Herein, we review the effect of age in patients with PsD, with a focus on PsA, highlighting the need to consider this factor in routine clinical practice as well as in research.