Difference In Fasting Blood Sugar Research Articles

Assessment of Serum Omentin-1 and Interleukin-6 in the Diagnosis of Early Stages of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Introduction The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy highlights the progression of inflammation and fibrosis from tubular to glomerular damage during the early stages of kidney involvement in diabetic individuals. As urine albumin serves as a marker for glomerular function, its detection indicates a stage of diabetic nephropathy where the glomerulus is already compromised. Consequently, relying solely on urine albumin for diagnosis becomes questionable. In our pursuit of identifying innovative biomarkers for the early detection of diabetic nephropathy, this study was crafted to explore the relationship between chemokines, omentin-1, interleukin-6, and microalbuminuria. Materials and methods Our study cohort comprised 116 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. In our study, participants were stratified into two groups based on their urine albumin levels: Group 1, characterized by urine albumin creatinine ratio <30 mg/gm and estimated glomerular filtration rate >90 ml/min, and Group 2, with urine albumin creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/gm and <300 mg/gm, and estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 ml/min and <90 ml/min.Serum creatinine, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar and post-prandial blood sugar, lipid profile, total protein, albumin, fasting insulin, omentin-1, and interleukin-6 were estimated. Result There was a significant difference in the medians of serum urea, creatinine, omentin-1, interleukin-6, urine albumin creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate levels in the two groups. There was no difference in fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar,HbA1c, serum lipids, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. The receiver operating characteristic curve plotted for the newer biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy showed that there was a significant diagnostic utility in diabetic nephropathy detection of serum omentin (p=0.000), interleukin-6 (p=0.002), and interleukin-6: omentin-1 ratio (p=0.000), which correlated well with the routine test that is urine microalbumin estimation. Risk assessment demonstrated that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with an interleukin-6: omentin-1 ratio ≥0.26 had significantly higher odds, with an odds ratio of 3.97, for developing diabetic nephropathy, which was statistically significant. Conversely, a ratio of ≤0.26 was associated with kidney protection among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion Our findings revealed decreased levels of omentin-1 and increased levels of interleukin-6 in the group with diabetic nephropathy compared to those without diabetic nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interleukin-6: omentin-1ratio of ≤0.26 was associated with kidney protection among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Based on the results obtained from this study, we propose that measuring the serum interleukin-6: omentin-1 ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may assist in identifying the early stages of diabetic nephropathy before the onset of microalbuminuria. Timely intervention in these patients predisposed to diabetic nephropathy can aid in better treatment outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Comparison of Fasting Blood Sugar Levels and Ureum Levels In Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Diabetic Nephropathy Patients

General Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Specific Background: A severe complication of DM is diabetic nephropathy, marked by progressive kidney function decline. Blood sugar and urea levels serve as crucial indicators in diagnosing DM and its complications. Knowledge Gap: Limited comparative studies exist on fasting blood sugar and urea levels between diabetes mellitus patients and diabetic nephropathy patients. Aims: This study aims to compare fasting blood sugar levels and urea levels in diabetes mellitus patients and diabetic nephropathy patients. Results: Conducted from April to June 2024, this quantitative, laboratory experimental study sampled 30 diabetes mellitus patients and 30 diabetic nephropathy patients from RSUD dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo, Mojokerto City. Using the SPSS Mann-Whitney test, the study found significant differences (p=0.000) in fasting blood sugar levels (125.20±20.348 mg/dL vs. 221.07±65.545 mg/dL) and urea levels (13.30±2.059 mg/dL vs. 54.10±26.699 mg/dL) between the two patient groups. Novelty: This study provides novel insights into the metabolic differences between diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy patients, emphasizing the progressive impact of high blood sugar on kidney function. Implications: The findings underscore the importance of early intervention and continuous monitoring of blood sugar and urea levels to prevent or mitigate diabetic nephropathy in DM patients. Highlights : Significant Differences: The study found significant differences in fasting blood sugar and urea levels between diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy patients. Metabolic Insights: Provides insights into the metabolic impact of high blood sugar on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy patients. Clinical Implications: Highlights the need for early intervention and continuous monitoring to prevent or mitigate diabetic nephropathy in DM patients. Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Nephropathy, Fasting Blood Sugar Levels, Urea Levels, Kidney Function

Levels of Oxidative Stress in Rats Treated with Calorie Restrictive Treatment and 50% Sucrose Solution

This study aims to analyze the level of stress oxidative with treatment calorie restrictions and administration of sucrose solution. This study was a laboratory experimental study with 12 male white rats (Wistar strain) as subjects for caloric restrictive treatment and 12 rats for 50% sucrose solution. Where each group of rats is determined by the dependent and independent variables. Using the pre-posttest control design, the dependent variable of caloric restriction, and the independent variable malondialdehyde. The dependent variables used were body weight using a scale, fasting blood glucose using a glucometer, and MDA using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The independent variable used was the administration of 50% sucrose solution. The data were statistically analyzed by T-test analysis. There was no significant decrease in MDA levels in the caloric restriction treatment rats (p = 0.060), besides that there was a significant difference in body weight in both the control and sucrose groups (p &lt;0.05). There was no significant difference in fasting blood sugar in the control group (p &gt; 0.05) and there was a significant difference in the sucrose group (p &lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum MDA levels in either the control or sucrose groups (p &gt; 0.05). There is an effect of calorie restriction on MDA levels. Also, administration of 50% sucrose solution for 4 weeks had a significant effect on the rats' body weight and blood glucose but did not have a significant effect on serum MDA levels.

Aspartame and diet soda impact on blood sugar and insulin in Wistar rat

Research reports on the safety of Aspartame as a sugar substitute which was intended to reduce the prevalence of metabolic disorders has been inconclusive. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the effects of aspartame and diet soda on body weight, blood sugar and insulin levels. Thirty seven Wistar rats were divided into: Group 1 (5): control group and administered 5ml of distilled water daily. Groups 2 and 3 (8 each) received high and low doses of diet soda respectively. Groups 4 and 5 (8 each) received high (45 mg/ kg b.w) and low (22.5 mg/kg b.w) doses of aspartame respectively. After 10 weeks, the rats were subjected to an overnight fast for the determination of fasting blood sugar test after which they were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected and the pancreas harvested and put in formal saline for histological analysis. Insulin level was measured using ELISA technique. Results show various morphological changes in the pancreas of all experimental groups, including hypoplastic islet, vascular congestion and ulceration, nerve hypertrophy, amongst others. Body weight was significantly increased in groups given high diet soda (114 ± 0.12g) and aspartame (121 ± 0.17g) when compared with the control (85 ± 0.21g). However, there was no significant difference in fasting blood sugar and insulin levels in all treated groups compared to control. In conclusion, this study has shown that chronic consumption of aspartame and diet soda increased body weight, but no effect on blood sugar and insulin levels. The adverse effects on pancreas morphology suggest impending health implications.

Effectiveness of Nurse-led Yoga Intervention on Body Composition and Biochemical Parameters in Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Obesity in children has been on the rise globally, and India is no exception. Rapid urbanisation, changing dietary patterns, and sedentary lifestyles are contributing factors to this alarming trend. Understanding the prevalence and factors associated with childhood obesity in urban areas is crucial for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies. Aim: To investigate the effects of a nurse-led yoga intervention on body composition and biochemical parameters in overweight and obese adolescents (11-13 years) in schools. Materials and Methods: This pilot randomised controlled study used a true experimental study design, specifically the pretest and post-test control group design. Data collection was conducted in schools of Puducherry. A total of 18 overweight and obese adolescents, nine in the experimental group and nine in the control group, were included. The experimental group performed a nurse-led yoga intervention three times a week for 60 minutes for six months from March 2022 to August 2022. Study outcomes on body composition and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, Apolipoprotein A, and Apolipoprotein B were measured at baseline and six months after the nurse-led yoga intervention. Data analysis was performed using Social Sciences Software {Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0}. Both descriptive and inferential statistical tests, such as the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) F-test, repeated measures ANOVA F-test, and paired t-test, were conducted. Results: A significant difference was noted in fat percentage, water, intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and body fat mass index between the pretest and post-test (p&lt;0.05), and no significant difference was observed in Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and fat-free mass index (p&gt;0.05) in the experimental group. The nurse-led yoga intervention significantly improved Lowdensity Lipoproteins (LDL), Apolipoprotein A, and adiponectin levels; however, there were no significant differences in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, High-density Lipoproteins (HDL), Apolipoprotein B, or LDL in the experimental group. The control group showed no significant difference between the pretest and post-test in FBS, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Apolipoprotein A, or Apolipoprotein B (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The nurse-led yoga intervention positively impacted body composition and biochemical indicators in overweight and obese adolescents.

Role of ENPP1 Gene Variants in the Susceptibility to Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Genetic factors are known to play a significant role in the susceptibility of diabetic patients to severe complications such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aimed to evaluate the association between polymorphism of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) variants (rs997509, K121Q, rs1799774, and rs7754561) and DN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total number of 492 patients with T2DM with and without DN were categorized into case and control groups. The extracted DNA samples were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The haplotype analysis among the case and control groups was performed using an expectation-maximization algorithm by the maximum-likelihood method. The analysis of laboratory findings demonstrated significant differences in fasting blood sugar (FBS) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between the case and control groups (P < 0.05). The results showed that K121Q was significantly related to DN under a recessive model of inheritance (P = 0.006); however, rs1799774 and rs7754561 both were protective for DN under a dominant model of inheritance (P = 0.034 and P = 0.010, respectively) among four studied variants. Two haplotypes, including C-C-delT-G with a frequency < 0.02 and T-A-delT-G with a frequency < 0.01, were associated with the increased risk of DN (P < 0.05). The present study demonstrated that K121Q was associated with the susceptibility of DN; however, rs1799774 and rs7754561 were protecrtive variants for DN in patients with T2DM.

Abstract 4368: Symptom network identification from anxious and depressive groups in colorectal cancer patients

Abstract Backgrounds: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, and recently in South Korea, the incidence rates are increasing. CRC patients have a high prevalence of depression and experience various symptoms such as bowel problems. However, previous studies analyzing network analysis has not yet been conducted to understand the association between symptoms with chronic anxiety and depression. Methods: In this study, symptom network and centrality analysis were conducted to confirm the interaction between symptoms and functioning (e.g., pain, fatigue, physical functioning, etc.) of patients diagnosed with CRC according to the higher risk of anxiety and depressive groups ahead of surgical treatment. In this study, symptom and functioning variables in a total of 939 CRC patients were measured using EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-CR29. Network analysis, visualization, and centrality analysis were performed to determine the connectivity between anxiety, depression, and other correlated symptoms amongst CRC patients using the qgraph R package. Results: As a result of confirming the difference in anxiety and depression according to socio-demographic characteristics, there was a significant difference in the education level in the group with anxiety(Ps&amp;lt;0.05). The group with depression showed significant differences in Fasting blood sugar and education level(Ps&amp;lt;0.05). There were significant differences in symptoms according to anxiety and depression, the group with high risk of anxiety showed significant differences in 30 symptoms such as urological frequency and physical function. The group having depression showed significant differences in 26 symptoms such as fatigue and physical function. In the result of performing symptom network analysis and centrality analysis without any stratification of anxiety or depression, fatigue was found to be a central symptom in all patients. In both the anxious and depressed groups, pain was estimated as the central symptom. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study compared and analyzed symptom networks to confirm the interaction between symptoms of CRC patients according to anxiety and depression. The symptom network of CRC patients showed different patterns according to anxiety and depression. Pain appeared as a central symptom in both the anxious and depressed groups. This indicates that pain is a key role because it is related to other symptoms and affects the flow of the symptom network the most. Therefore, intensive pain management is expected to be important in treating CRC patients with anxiety and depression. It is expected that the basis for the management of colorectal cancer patients and survivors can be prepared toward the long term of cancer treatment and survival. Citation Format: Jinah Sim, Ji Won Yu, Nan Song, Ae Sun Shin, Ji Won Park, Seung Yong Jeong. Symptom network identification from anxious and depressive groups in colorectal cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4368.

Association of ABCC8 gene variants with response to sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with high blood glucose levels and sulfonylureas (SFUs) are one of the treatment options for DM. SFUs bind to sulfonylurea-1 receptor (SUR1), which is encoded by the ABCC8 gene and leads to blood glucose reduction. Genetic variants like rs757110 and rs1799854 of ABCC8 can influence the response to the drug's efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the ABCC8 rs757110 and rs1799854 genetic variants and response to SFUs treatment. Totally, 61 DM patients with SFUs treatment were included. Baseline characteristics of the patients were recorded and 5 ml of blood was taken from each patient. After DNA extraction, a sequence containing rs757110 and rs1799854 was synthesized by the PCR method, and the PCR products were used for Sanger sequencing. Frequencies of GG, GA, and AA genotypes of rs1799854 variant was 12 (40%), 14 (46.7%), and 4 (13.3%), and the frequencies of CC, AC, and AA genotypes for rs757110 variant was 3 (9.7%), 5 (16.1%) and 23 (74.2%) in, respectively. Patients with different genotypes had the same age, BMI (body mass index), initial FBS (Fasting blood sugar), initial HbA1c, treatment duration, gender and history of smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise. There was no significant difference in FBS and HbA1c changes after SFUs treatment between patients with rs757110 variant (p = 0.39 for FBS and p = 0.76 for HbA1c) and rs1799854 (p = 0.24 for FBS and p = 0.36 for HbA1c). The rs1799854 and rs757110 variants of the ABCC8 gene had no significant influence on response to SFUs treatment.

Effect of repeated transforaminal epidural low-dose dexamethasone injections on glucose profiles of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with low back pain.

We aimed to investigate the effect of repeated transforaminal epidural low-dose dexamethasone injections on glucose profiles and pituitary-adrenal axis functions of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with low back pain. A total of 28 patients (ten diabetic [DM group] and 18 non-diabetic patients [non-DM group]) with low back pain were followed-up. Transforaminal epidural low-dose dexamethasone (1.65mg) injections were repeated every 7-14days for 8weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), morning plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and cortisol levels were measured at baseline and during the 8-week follow-up period. There were no significant changes in FBS and HbA1c levels between baseline and 8-week follow-up period in both DM and non-DM groups (difference in FBS [95% confidence Interval, CI]: -0.6mg/dL [-6.4, 5.1], p = 0.83 in the non-DM group, -0.2mg/dL [-26.2, 25.8], p = 0.99 in the DM group; difference in HbA1c [95% CI] -0.02% [-0.1, 0.1], p = 0.69 in the non-DM group, 0.04% [-0.3, 0.4], p = 0.79 in the DM group). There were no significant longitudinal changes in ACTH and cortisol levels (ACTH, p = 0.38 [baseline vs. 8week], p = 0.58 [non-DM vs. DM]; cortisol, p = 0.52 [baseline vs. 8week], p = 0.90 [non-DM vs. DM]). Repeated transforaminal epidural low-dose dexamethasone injections provided no significant elevations in blood glucose or suppression of the pituitary-adrenal axis for two months from the first injection in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Our results indicate the intermediate-term safety of repeated transforaminal epidural low-dose dexamethasone injections with regard to the effect on glucose profile and pituitary-adrenal axis functions.

Add on Hypoglycemic effect of customized Yoga module in diabetes mellitus

Certain limitations of antidiabetic regimens including adverse reactions etc. have raised the need for a drugless approach to improve the health status of diabetic patients. Yoga can act as advantageous therapy in this regard. An attempt has been made to find out the add-on effectiveness of the Yoga package in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. A 51-year-old male, a known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with complaints of general weakness, burning sensation over soles, thirst, and dryness of mouth was presented in the OPD of Swasthavritta. The patient was on allopathic medication for 10 years. The report showed uncontrolled diabetes mellitus for the past five years. The patient was selected and underwent one-hour preformed Yoga Module that includes Parivritta trikonasana, Paschimottanasana, Shashankasana, Ardhamatsyendrasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana followed by Kapalbhathi, Bhastrika and Nadishodana Pranayama practice for a period of one month without withdrawing the previous medication. The difference in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) before and after the treatment were 26mg/dl and 31.4mg/dl respectively. The severity of general weakness, burning sensation over soles, thirst, and dryness of mouth were also reduced after this intervention inferring its influence on disease management.

Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The worldwide prevalence of obesity is approximately tripled between 1975 and 2016 according to World Health Organization; therefore, obesity is now considered a global pandemic that needs academic and clinical focus. In search of antiobesity agents, Crocus sativus, known widely as saffron, has been praised for its beneficial effects. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to investigate the weight lowering effect of saffron. Following PRISMA guidelines, several medical databases were comprehensively searched for RCTs with a population consisting of obese individuals. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates across studies, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to synthesize quantitative results. Twenty-five RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed a nonsignificant decrease for weight (-0.32 kg; CI: -3.15, 2.51; p=0.82), BMI (-0.06 kg/m2 ;CI:-1.04,0.93; p=.91), waist circumference (-1.23 cm; CI: -4.14, 1.68; p=.41), and hip circumference (-0.38 cm; CI: -5.99, 5.23; p=.89) and a significant decrease of waist-to-hip ratio (SMD=-0.41; CI: -0.73, -0.09; p=.01; I2 = 0%). The mean difference in fasting blood sugar showed a significant reduction in patients with metabolic syndrome (SMD=-0.30; 95% CI: -0.63, 0.03; p=.07; I2 = 0.37%) but a nonsignificant change in the HbA1C level (WMD=0.05; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.41; p=.79). Despite bearing several limitations, mainly as a result of heterogeneity among included studies, the available evidence indicates saffron supplementation shows promising effects on some cardiometabolic factors among overweight to obese patients; however, further investigations and high-quality evidence are required for more generalizable and comprehensive results.

Evaluation of the effects of the national diabetes control and prevention program on a sample of iranian people with type 2 diabetes

Diabetes prevention programs have been developed in the different countries and it is therefore necessary to gain a better understanding of factors affecting the effectiveness of these programs for each society. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the National Diabetes Control and Prevention Program (NDCPP) on the biochemical and anthropometric indices among a sample of Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 384 patients with T2DM from the primary health care system of Tehran and Tabriz cities during January to June 2020, were included in the study. A two-part questionnaire consisting of items related to socio-economic and demographic characteristics was used and biochemical and anthropometric indices were measured at the beginning and the end of the 3-month intervention period. There was a significant difference in fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin glycosides (HbA1 C), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and weight before and after the NDCPP (P &lt; 0.001). Also, there was significant improvement in carbohydrate (P = 0.015) and protein intake (P = 0.027) after the NDCPP compared to before the study. No significant difference was observed in waist circumference (WC) (P = 0.689), body mass index (P = 0.784), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.647), and other dietary nutrient intake before and after the NDCPP. Repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant decrease in FBS (Time effect P = 0.019) and weight (Time effect P = 0.006) after the NDCPP. Also, residing in different cities had a significant effect on FBS (time×city effect P &lt; 0.001), HbA1 C (time×city effect P &lt; 0.001), and SBP (time×city effect P = 0.037) after the NDCPP. The NDCPP resulted in weight loss, improved HbA1 C, and FBS. These findings suggested that NDCPP had a positive effect on controlling T2DM among Iranian population and can be considered as a way to prevent complications of T2DM.

Effect of Fasting during Ramadan on Inflammatory Markers in Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Studies have recognized an association between inflammation and T2DM and its complications. Fasting is used as a medical treatment for a variety of ailments. For all healthy adult Muslims, fasting throughout Ramadan is a religious obligation.&#x0D; Aims: The goal of this study was to back up a recent discovery about the regulatory effects of Ramadan fasting on inflammation in T2D patients.&#x0D; Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted.&#x0D; Date and Location of Study: The study was conducted in Benghazi Diabetes Center in April 2019, two weeks before the holy Ramadan. Methodology: Blood samples for inflammatory markers (WBC, hs- CRP, Fibrinogen) and glycemic control, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and HbA1C were collected from 72 patients with type 2 diabetes from Benghazi diabetic clinic two weeks before the holy Ramadan fasting.&#x0D; Following up (at least after the first ten days of Ramadan fasting), another sample of the same Laboratory testing was taken. The difference was tested using a paired T-test, with a P- value of less than 0.05 being considered significant. The trial was completed by 58 individuals, and 14 patients were dropped out.&#x0D; Results: Our findings revealed that there was no significant difference in FBS and hs-CRP levels before and during Ramadan fasting, but Fibrinogen levels were significantly different (P = &lt;0.001) before and during Ramadan fasting, with Fibrinogen levels being higher during fasting. Interestingly, WBC levels were lower during than before fasting, with the difference being slightly significant (P = .06). When it comes to differential counts (neutrophils P =.009, lymphocytes P = .746), The hemoglobin (P=&lt; 0.001) and platelets (P=.028) were significantly lower during Ramadan fasting compared to pre-Ramadan level.&#x0D; During Ramadan fasting, the mean value of fasting blood sugar, hs-CRP, and WBC was lower in a group of patients with HbA1C less than 7 compared to a group with HbA1C greater than 7, although the difference was not statistically significant. Fasting blood sugar during Ramadan was strongly connected with hs-CRP (Pearson correlation = 0.289, P =.032), but not with HbA1C, even after adjusting for age, waist circumference, and BMI.&#x0D; The interval of diabetes was not related to any of the inflammatory indicators examined in this investigation.&#x0D; Conclusion: Except for WBC count, fasting Ramadan (first ten days) had no significant effects on most inflammatory indicators.

Different Aspects of Diabetes in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19.

BackgroundThe novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a recent infectious disease that aggravates the underlying pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in diabetic individuals. This study aimed to detect how diabetes mellitus (DM) affected COVID-19 patients’ morbidity and mortality, and the incidence of neonset DM.Patients and MethodsThe present study was a cross-sectional study done at Aswan Isolation Hospitals, Egypt. It comprised 200 individuals who had been tested positive for COVID-19. They were divided into two groups: group 1 (pre-existing diabetes = 143 patients) and group 2 (new-onset diabetes = 57 patients), and all patients were subjected to general examinations, hospital stay duration, and investigations, such as (complete blood count, urea, creatinine, HBA1c, fasting, postprandial, and random blood sugar, D-Dimer, ferritin, C-reactive protein, PCR for SARS COV-2 RNA, and CT chest.ResultsThe current study consisted of 94 males and 106 females. According to disease severity, they were 96 (48.0%) critical cases, 57 (28.5%) severe cases, and 47 (23.5%) non-severe cases. The incidence of new-onset DM in COVID-19 patients was 28.5% (57 new cases), with a mortality rate of 42.0% (84 cases). Regarding glycemic control, we found a significant difference in fasting blood sugar (FBS) between the two groups, with a significant increase of FBS in the dead group than in the survived group. We also found a significant age difference in critical than in severe and non-severe groups, with a high mortality rate in older patients. Inflammatory markers, such as ferritin, CRP, and D-dimer, were higher in critical than in severe and non-severe groups.ConclusionThe prevalence of new-onset DM is significant among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Older patients were more prone to disease severity with high mortality rate. Inflammatory markers such as CRP and ferritin were significantly related to the COVID-19 severity and outcome.

Correlation of serum uric acid with lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with normal creatinine level: Report from a tertiary care hospital in India.

ABSTRACTBackground:Increased serum uric acid (SUA) level is considered a risk factor for kidney diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Deranged lipid profile in T2DM is an overall risk factor for cardiovascular complications.Aim:This study aimed to find the correlation between SUA and serum lipid profile in T2DM patients who had serum creatinine levels within normal limits.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Serum creatinine level was measured first. Then, patients with serum creatinine levels within normal limits were recruited as the final sample. Anthropometric measurements were conducted by an experienced clinician. A 12-h fasting venous blood sample was used to measure serum urea, lipids, sugar, and glycated hemoglobin.Results:A total of 176 (male = 104 [59.1%], female = 72 [40.9%]) T2DM patients with a median age of 46 (Q1–Q3 = 40–55) years participated in the study. There was no gender difference in fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P = 0.57), SUA (P = 0.42), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.17). Females showed higher total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.0001), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.002), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.0002), and very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) (P = 0.01). SUA showed significant positive correlation with TG (rs = 0.65, P < 0.0001) and VLDL-C (rs = 0.63, P < 0.0001) and significant negative correlation with HDL-C (rs = −0.35, P < 0.0001) and FBS (rs = −0.45, P < 0.0001).Conclusions:A higher level of SUA, an indicator for kidney disease in T2DM patients, may be associated with a higher TG and VLDL-C and lower FBS and HDL-C. Thus, SUA should be monitored along with lipid profile for early detection of the risk of kidney diseases.

Effects of dietary advanced glycation end-products restriction on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy; a randomized, double-blind clinical trial

Introduction: It has been proposed that advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are contributory factors in diabetic nephropathy (DN) pathogenesis. Interventions regarding restriction dietary AGEs (dAGEs) intake indicate improvement in clinical outcomes. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the effects of 10-week low AGEs diet (LAGEsd) based on recommended diabetic diet (DD) versus DD alone on glycemic status, lipid profile, serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine albumin to creatinine ratio, eGFR and urine albumin in patients with DN. Patients and Methods: This randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 62 patients with DN. Patients were assigned randomly to LAGEsd (n=31) and DD (n=31) groups for 10 weeks. All patients were prescribed calorie adjusted diet in regards to American Diabetes Association’s recommendation. In addition, patients in the LAGEsd group were instructed how to reduce dAGEs intake based on established guidelines. Demographic data were collected and dietary intakes, physical activity level, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), lipid profile, sCr, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin to creatinine ratio (Alb/Cr), and urine albumin were measured before and after of 10-weeks intervention, and compared between the two groups. Results: The results showed that dAGEs intake decreased significantly in the LAGEsd group compared with the DD group (P&lt;0.001). In the LAGEsd group, eGFR improved significantly compared with the DD group (18.77±20.99 mL/min/1.73 m2 versus 1.57±21.06 mL/min/1.73 m2 , P=0.002); however there were no significant difference in FBS, HbA1c, lipid profile, sCr, BUN, urine Alb/Cr, and urine albumin between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: In sum, dAGEs restriction plus DD is superior to DD alone in improvement of renal function marker in patients with DD. Trial Registration: This study was registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20191004044979N1, https://en.irct.ir/trial/42914, ethical code #IR.SUMS.REC.1398.798).

Correlation of fasting blood sugar at the time of penile prosthesis surgery with the level of glycated hemoglobin and the outcome of surgery

BackgroundThe role of glycemic control in predicting implant infection and other surgical complications is debatable. This study aimed to assess the potential correlation between fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels prior to penile prosthesis surgery (PPS) and the surgical outcomes.MethodsA retrospective study from data collected prospectively in 2015 in a single center. Patients who underwent penile implant procedures were included. Exclusion criteria were if surgery done by low-volume implanter, patients who required revision surgery or not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Management was standardized to all patients.ResultsAll complications whether minor or major were documented up to three years. One year after the surgery a Likert scale questionnaire was completed by the patients. In total, 218 patients completed the study at last follow-up. Complications rate was 6.25%. The rate of infection requiring explantation was 3.8%. 0.9% of patients had a superficial infection managed successfully with conservative management. 0.9% had erosion and 0.9% had mechanical failure. There was no statistically significant difference in FBS or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with postoperative complications compared to patients with satisfactory postoperative course. FBS level on the day of surgery was within 20 mg/dL (1.11 mmol/L) of the expected range based on HbA1c measurement in 62 patients (28.44%), while in 146 patients (66.98%) the FBS was not within 20 mg/dl (1.11 mmol/L) of the expected range based on preoperative HbA1c level.ConclusionFBS levels on the day of surgery are not correlated with HbA1c levels and PPS outcomes.

Effect of implementing a mobile game on improving dietary information in diabetic patients.

Background: Nowadays, digital games are not just entertainment, but beside routine treatments, they are used in patient care, especially in patients with diabetes. Application of digital games in patient’s education can improve self-management of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a mobile game (Amoo) implementation on enhancing dietary information in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A mobile game (called Amoo), which was developed by researchers of this study, was applied to assess the self-education of patients with diabetes. Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes participated in the study. The participants took part in a pre-intervention test to determine their dietary information. The participants were randomly divided into one of two groups, including the intervention group: played the game for 15 minutes daily for 6 weeks, and the control group: did not involve in the game. A post-intervention test was run to show a possible improvement in dietary information. Data were analyzed using paired t test and suitable non-parametric testes including Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed rank tests as well as Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients via IBM SPSS statistics version 21 (SPSS, v 21.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A P-value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant level. Results: The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the pre and post test scores in the intervention group (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in fasting blood sugar (p=0.125). Conclusion: The mobile game (Amoo) could enhance the knowledge of patients with type 2 diabetes about food calories and glycemic index. This means that mobile games may serve as an educational aid to these patients.

Prevalence of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene (G972R) Polymorphism, Insulin Resistance, and Determination of β-Cell Function among Overweight and Obese Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common metabolic disorder and its pathogenesis is characterized by a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretory capacity of pancreatic β cell. Genetic predisposition interacts with environmental factors including diet, physical activity, and age leading to the development of diabetes.ObjectiveTo determine the proportion of overweight and obese persons with type 2 diabetes and to compare the fasting blood sugar, fasting serum insulin, insulin resistance and β-cell function in G972R carrier and non-carrier overweight and obese persons with type 2 diabetes.MethodologyOne hundred overweight and obese patients with T2DM were recruited from persons with diabetes attending the Diabetes Outpatient Department of Yangon General Hospital. History taking and physical examination were done and blood samples were collected. Plasma glucose level was determined by the glucose oxidase method and fasting serum insulin was measured by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit method. Polymerase chain reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism were done for genetic polymorphism.ResultsAmong 100 overweight and obese subjects with T2DM, 81 patients were of homozygous (G/G) genotype, 18 patients were of heterozygous (G/A) and only one patient of homozygous (A/A) genotype. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of genotypes between overweight and obese subjects with T2DM.There was no significant difference in fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting serum insulin, HOMA-IR, β-cell function, lipid parameters between IRS-1 (G972R) carriers and non-carriers. There is significant negative correlation between insulin resistance and TG level (r2=0.0529, p=0.01).ConclusionIt was concluded that IRS-1 G972R polymorphism was not important in insulin resistance, β-cell function and lipid parameters in overweight and obese T2DM. There could be a number of candidate genes in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, genetic sequencing of IRS-1 and other genes in the insulin signaling pathway, and finding out the alteration in their genetic patterns would provide clues for the association of the site-specific polymorphisms of these genes with insulin resistance in T2DM.

Effects of stevia on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a natural and healthy alternative sweetener to sugar and artificial sweeteners, which has become important for human diets and food manufactures. In this study, the effects of stevia or sucralose as tea sweeteners on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients were investigated. A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 34 type 2 diabetic patients. These patients were assigned into two groups of stevia (n=15) (received 1 cup of 2% stevia extract-sweet tea in three meals) and non-stevia (n=19) (received one tablet of sucralose sweetener) daily for eight weeks. Glycemic response and lipid profile of the participants were assessed. Furthermore, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the participants were measured as well as their dietary intakes at the baseline and at the end of the study. Findings showed no significant differences in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels between the base line and after two hours, in participants. Also, no significant differences in insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and lipid levels were found between the two groups. Results of the current study showed that the highlighted doses of stevia in sweetened tea could be an alternative to sucralose in diabetic patients with no effects on blood glucose, HbA1C, insulin and lipid levels.