Differences In Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

Correlation Between Blood Glucose and Estradiol Levels in Women in Reproductive Age

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood sugar caused by decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and/or impaired insulin function (insulin resistance). This study aimed to determine the specific levels of estradiol hormone in reproductive age women with diabetes mellitus in different age groups. This was an analytical study in September at Royal Prima Hospital, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Twenty women participated in this study after informed consent and were divided into two age groups: 40–45 years old and 46–50 years old. Blood samples were collected after 10-12 hours of fasting to assess blood sugar and estradiol hormone levels. Data were then analyzed using the dependent t-test dependent and compared. No significant difference in blood sugar level was found between the two age groups (p-value=0.113, p-value> 0.05) that there were no significant differences in blood sugar levels between the two age groups. The estradiol hormone level in the age group 40-45 years was lower than in the age group 46–50 years, and the difference was significant (p-value =0.000, p-value<0.05). No significant correlation was seen between type 2 DM and estradiol hormone level in this study. In conclusion, age is not the main contributing factor for the increase and decrease in blood sugar level, and type 2 DM does not correlate with estradiol hormone.

Efektifitas Terapi Murottal Al-Quran Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di RSUD Dr.Rasidin Padang

The condition of high and uncontrolled high blood sugar levels in Diabetes Mellitus patients increases the risk of other diseases, such as; heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney failure, gangrene, and even death. Various studies state that there is a relationship between Murottal Al-Qur'an therapy with the stability of blood sugar. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of Murottal Al-Qur'an on Blood Sugar Levels of Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Rasyidin District Hospital, Padang City in 2019. Interventions were conducted during August until September 2019. The population was inpatients diagnosed with Type 2 DM in RSUD Dr. Rasyidin Padang at the time of the study. A sample of 32 people consisted of a case group (given Murottal Al-Quran therapy) and a control group, each with 16 people. Data collection was carried out through observation and examination of blood sugar before and after the intervention. Data were tested by paired sample T-test. The results showed that there were differences in blood sugar levels at both the case and control groups before and after the intervention. The average blood sugar level of the patient in the case group was more controlled, namely 173.94 mg / dl (GDS <200) compared to the control group, namely 226.69 mg / dl (GDS> 200 mg / dl). Murottal Al-Quran therapy can be used as an alternative to maintain blood sugar stability for people with diabetes.

Empowerment Strategies Through Coaching Interventions on Controlling Blood Sugar Levels the Elderly

The problem of elderly diabetes mellitus is complex and various interventions in the form of education have been carried out in controlling blood sugar levels but the results have not been optimal. Based on this, the researcher wants to know the effect of coaching intervention on controlling blood sugar levels of the elderly with diabetes in Indonesia. The quasi-experimental research design uses a treatment group. Sampling with consecutive sampling in which the intervention group was selected according to purpose, with 38 respondents. Independent t-test was used. The results obtained were significant differences in blood sugar levels after being given an intervention. Coaching interventions affect blood sugar levels of the elderly with diabetes. It was concluded that coaching interventions reduce blood sugar levels and provide opportunities for nurses to develop promotive and preventive efforts.
 Keywords: blood glucose levels, coaching intervention, elderly

Long- and short-term effects of propranolol hydrochloride treatment on very preterm newborns

Background: While propranolol hydrochloride (PH) is being more widely used in adult patients, its administration in the neonatal period as well is progressively on the rise in our time. With the increasing use of PH in the neonatal age period, worries resulting from the potential adverse effects of the agent on vital organs, such as brain, in particular, have come to the fore. Such concerns increase even more when PH is used in treating preterm infants. Our study, aiming to clarify these increasing concerns, is the first clinical one of its kind in the literature, conducted on very preterm infants, the patient group most vulnerable to PH treatment. Aims: To investigate possible short- and long-term side effects of using PH during the neonatal period and to provide information to clinicians regarding such side effects. Study Design: Case–control study. Materials and Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial. In the study, we included 36 very preterm infants subjected to PH treatment (0.5 mg/kg/6 h) initiated in the first postnatal month and lasting for approximately 1 month (PH group [PHG]) and 40 very preterm infants who received distilled water in place of PH (control group [CG]). The gestational age of all infants in the study was below 31+6 weeks, and their birth weight was under 1500 g. The patients' vital functions and physical development were monitored and recorded in patient follow-up forms. At approximately 1 year of age (CG: 9.73 ± 4.56 months and PHG: 10.8 ± 5.73 months), the Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory (ADSI) and the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II) were used to assess the mental development of the children. Results: In the PHG patients, PH treatment was initiated at 27.0 ± 2.7 days of life and lasted for 26.5 ± 8.7 days. The newborns in the CG received distilled water for similar durations. A statistically significant difference in blood sugar levels was detected between CG (78.4 ± 12.5) and PHG (65.6 ± 7.5) (P = 0.006). However, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of physical and mental development (ADSI and DDST-II) of the children at the end of the study (P > 0.05). Conclusions: When used on very preterm infants, PH may have some temporary effects on the patients' vital functions in the short term; however, no serious side effects were detected that may affect the physical and mental development in the long run.

A randomized controlled study to evaluate the effect of meditation, diet, and exercise in type-2 diabetic patients

Background: Raja-Yoga meditation (RM) is a behavioral intervention which is practiced in India and worldwide. It appears to be the easy, practicable method of meditation, which one can follow on the day-to-day basis. Materials and Methods: Interventional, randomized, pre- and post-study. All diabetic patients in the age group of 30–60 years including both sexes and taking treatment since 5–10 years. Results: Pre- and post-mean difference in blood sugar levels showed a significant mean difference in Group A which was 34.82 ± 50.53. Multiple comparisons of fasting blood sugar in the three groups using Tukey test. The finding between Group A and Group C was found to be significant which means that the effect of Group A is better than Group C. Post meal finding between and within groups using one-way anova test. The F value was 8.24 and P value was 0.001 which is a significant finding. In Group C, the mean difference of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) level was 0.86 ± 1.48 and P value was 0.048, which is a significant finding. Conclusion: The effect of RM as a complementary intervention is better than other groups in improving glycemic control. In addition, all the three interventions namely meditation, diet, and exercise favorably affect HbA1C level.

PENGARUH TERAPI MINUM AIR PUTIH TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH SEWAKTU (GDS) PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE II

Diabetes Mellitus adalah gangguan metabolik dengankarakteristik peningkatan kadar glukosa dalam darah. Terapi air putih merupakan metode perawatan danpenyembuhan dalam penanganan penyakit terutama untuk Diabetes Mellitus.Tujuan PenelitianUntuk Mengetahui Apakah Ada Pengaruh Terapi Minum Air Putih Terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu Pada PenderitaDiabetes Mellitus Tipe II Di Desa Bumiayu Keacamatan Wonomulyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar.Metode Penelitian ini adalahadalah Eksperiment denganpendekatan desain One Group Pre-Test dan Post-Test Design, jumlah sampel 20orang dengan penentuan sampel menggunakanPurposive Sampling. Data diperoleh dengan cara wawancara menggunakan Uji Repeadte Anova, dengan tingkat kemaknaan p<0,005.Beradasarkan hasil uji statistik menggunakan Uji repeated Anova diperoleh P value= 0,000 (α=0,05), sedangkan Hasil uji analisis Post Hoc Paired Wise Comparison (Bonferroni) menunjukkan ada perbedaan bermakna kadar gula darah sewaktu anatarapre test dan Post test H-14. Dengan kata lain Ho ditolak dan Ha diterimakarena ada pengaruh terapi minum air putih terhadap kadar gula darah sewaktu pada pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II di Desa Bumiayu Kecamatan Wonomulyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diharapkan penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II hendaknya rutin memeriksa kadar gula darah sewaktu dan rutin melakukan terapi minum air putih.

Pengaruh Puasa Ramadhan terhadap Kadar Gula Darah pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II

The purpose of this research is to know the influence of Ramadan Fasting towards blood sugar levels in diabetics in the health center in West Java of Purwakarta. The design of this research uses quasi experiment of pre and post test with the control group, the method uses Purposive sampling done by the sum of 36 samples of respondents. The results of this research are using Independent T-test fast differences in blood sugar levels after fasting Ramadaan in the control group and the intervention group obtained the value of p = 0.039 < α = 0.05. Conclusion the results of this study showed the presence of the influence of fasting of Ramadan towards blood sugar levels in type II diabetes mellitus patients in Healty Center of Purwakarta. It can be concluded that fasting during Ramadan can be used as an alternative diet method that has positive benefits if it is run by type II diabetes mellitus patients which can reduce blood sugar to be more stable.
 Keywords: Ramadhan Fasting, Blood Glukose Level, Diabetic Mellitus Type II

Efektivitas Pemberian Air Rebusan Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera) terhadap Kadar Gula Darah pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe II

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of giving aloe vera boiled water to decrease blood sugar levels in type II Diabetes Mellitus patients at Batunyala Community Health Center, Central Praya District, Central Lombok Regency, NTB. The research design used in this study is a quasi-experimental design pre and post with control group. Respondents were patients who had been treated at Batunyala Health Center, Praya Tengah District, Central Lombok Regency, NTB and diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus. The total sample in this study was 22 samples with 11 respondents in the intervention group and 11 respondents in the control group using porposivesampling technique. The results of the Dependent t test in getting the results of the average blood sugar level before intervention was 178.73 and after the intervention was 172.18 with an average decrease of 2.258. The results of the Dependent T test obtained P value (0.016) <(0.05) and t count (2.899)> t table (1,812) then Ho was rejected meaning that there were differences in blood sugar levels before and after the intervention giving aloe vera water.
 
 Key words : Aloe Vera, Blood Sugar Levels, Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Effects of Bean Ethanol Extract (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Wistar Mice (Micetus Norvegicus) Hyperglycemia

Background: Aloxan tetrahyd micee causes free radicals and higher reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, being able to lead to reduce insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and receptor sensitivity in insulin-receptor cells resulting in hyperglycemia conditions. Bean extract ethanol can reduce oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to determine bean’s ethanol extract effectiveness in lowering blood sugar levels and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme. Subjects and Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study. The samples were mice ( Micetus norvegicus ) of wistar strains randomized in five groups: P1-negative control, positive P2-control, P-3 ethanol extract group of 200mg / kgBW, P4-group 400mg / kgBW, P5-group 600 mg / kgBW. Dependent variables are blood sugar (mg/ dL) and superoxide dismutase enzymes. The independent variable is the bean extract of ethanol. Differences in blood sugar levels and superoxide enzyme levels of intergroup dismutase were tested by Anova test, followed by post hoc test, to determine the effectiveness of bean extract ethanol. Results: This study showed a statistically significant decrease in blood glucose levels after ethanol extract of green beans 600 mg / kg BW from day 14 to day 28 (p 0.05). Giving ethanol extract of green beans did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme (p = 0.830). Conclusion: Giving ethanol extract of green beans 600 mg / kgBW effectively decrease blood sugar in male wistar mice ( Micetus norvegicus ) from day 14 to day 28. Giving ethanol extract of green beans 200 mg/ kgBW, 400 mg / kgBW, and 600 mg / kgBW, is not effective to increase the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme. Keywords: Phaseolus Vulgaris L., blood sugar level, superoxide dismutase enzyme Correspondence: Ade Putra Fratama Sinaga. Masters Program on Biomedics, Faculty of Medicine, North Sumatra University. Email: adeputra535@ymail.com. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2017), 2(2): 139-145 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2017.02.02.08

Effect of exogenous leptin on serum levels of lipids, glucose, renal and hepatic variables in both genders of obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Leptin exerts various effects on appetite and body weight. Disruption of the obesity gene is precedent to fatness. Insulin or glucose elevates leptin, but streptozotocin reduces it. However, controversial data exist for the effects of leptin on diabetes and leptin level in each gender. Leptin can damage the kidney function but little evidence exists for its hepatic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable sex-dependent differences in blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and renal and hepatic biochemical factors in the obesity and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after leptin administration. Wistar rats of both sexes were randomly divided into two groups, namely obese and diabetic rats. Each group was further divided into male and female subgroups. Extra fat and carbohydrate was added to the diet to induce obesity. Furthermore, streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, IP) was injected to induce diabetes. The treatment groups received leptin (0.1 mg/kg SC) for 10 days, and then, blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus for laboratory evaluations. Leptin resulted in a significant weight loss in both sexes (P<0.001), food intake reduction in male rats (P<0.05), LDL reduction in female rats (obese (P<0.05) and diabetic (P<0.001)), and glucose level decline in the female diabetic rats (P<0.001). However, total protein concentration, LFT (liver function tests), urea and creatinin concentrations among different groups did not show any significant changes. Leptin caused some discrepant results, especially regarding the LDL and glucose levels in diabetic female rats.

PENGARUH KONSUMSI KULIT MANGGIS TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS DI DESA METESEH BOJA KENDAL TAHUN 2013

Abstract Background. Prevalensidiabetes mellitus in Indonesia potentially increased dramatically from 8.4 million people in 2000 to 21.3 million people in 2030. Diabetes mellitus may develop so bad with various complicated, diabetus mellitus of year to year growing a wide range of treatment options including non- medicinal chemistry ( Hebal ) . One type of therapy is continuously studied using mangosteen peel efectivitness. Research Objectives. Knowing the effect of the consumption of mangosteen rind to decrease blood sugar in the Village District of Boja Meteseh Kendal This is a research Methods. Quasi experiment with pre- post design eksperimental.Responden study are all patients with diabetes mellitus in the village of Boja Meteseh many as 17 people , as many as 16 samples taken. Sampling technic used was simple random sampling . Data obtained by the method of observation of assessing the results of measurements of blood sugar levels before and after taking of mangosteen skin . The data were processed with pairet t - test ( p = 0.05 ) using SPSS 18 . Results : ( 1 ) blood sugar levels before taking mangosteen peel at the most in the range of 301-400 mg / dL with a percentage of 43.75 % , the lowest blood sugar levels in the category of 501-600 mg / dL , with a percentage of 12.5 % , with an average value of 392.63 . ( 2 ) Blood sugar levels after consumption of mangosteen peel at the most in the range of 200-300 mg / dL , the percentage of blood sugar levels are the lowest in the category of 501-600 mg / dL , with a percentage of 12.5 % , with an average value of 371.31 mg / dL ( 3 ) There are significant differences in blood sugar levels before and after consuming mangosteen peel with a value of 0.001 t - Test Conclusion : Consumption of mangosteen peel significant effect on lowering blood sugar levels by t - test results of 5 % ( 0.05), obtained P value of 0.001. Keywords: Blood Sugar Levels, Skin Mangosteen, Diabetes Mellitus

Comparison of morphine and fentanyl in attenuation of Intra operative stress response under general anesthesia: A randomized double blinded study

Background: This randomized double blinded study was done to compare the effect of intravenous morphine and fentanyl in attenuation of stress response during surgeries under general anesthesia in adults. The attenuation of stress response was analyzed with changes in serum cortisol and glucose levels one hour after induction of anesthesia. Methods: Fifty consented healthy volunteers in age group 20-50, under ASA I and ASA II posted for elective surgery were included in the study. Two groups of 25 each, group M who received 0.2 mg/kg body weight of morphine and group F who received 2 microgram/kg body weight of fentanyl before anaesthetic induction were compared. The members of two groups were randomly allocated and double blinded using sealed envelope technique. Blood samples were collected for baseline glucose and cortisol in all the subjects. One hour after the administration of study drugs, which was given at the time of induction blood samples were collected for analysis of glucose and cortisol. The changes in blood glucose and serum cortisol levels were compared at the end of the study using independent samples ‘t’ test. Results: There was no significant difference in blood sugar levels in both groups at the end of 1 hour. But there was significant increase in serum cortisol levels in group F compared to group M. Conclusion: This study concludes that morphine is better than fentanyl in attenuation of Intraoperative stress by effectively controlling serum cortisol levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i4.9796 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2014 Vol.5(4); 65-68

Effects of a Walking Program on Self-management and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Korean Adults

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 12-week walking program on increasing an individual’s self-management and decreasing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in the older adult population. [Subjects] A total of 31 older adults participated in this study. Eighteen participants in the experimental group and 13 controls completed the pretest and posttest measures. A walking exercise and health education were provided for the experimental group. Data were analyzed by ANCOVAs to examine group differences. [Results] At the end of the 12-week study period, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in individuals’ ability to self-manage their health compared to the control group. Also, there were significant differences between the two groups in the total numbers of risk factors of metabolic syndrome, systolic blood pressure and BMI. No significant difference in blood sugar levels, HDL-C, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels were found between the experimental and control group. [Conclusion] This study revealed that a combination of health education and for walking exercise can lead to improved lifestyle management and reduce risk factors of metabolic syndrome for the elderly population of Korea.

Investigating the Effect of Phlebotomy on Sexual Satisfaction of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Admitted to Bandar Abbas Gas Condensate Refinery Clinic in 2016

Background: Diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes is a global health challenge and the leading cause of impotence in diabetic patients. Sexual health is an important issue that is often neglected in diabetic patients care. On the other hand, phlebotomy, as a traditional medicine procedure in Iran, has attracted the attention of many scientific circles. This study aimed to investigate the effect of phlebotomy on sexual satisfaction of patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to Bandar Abbas gas condensate refinery clinic in 2016. Methodology: In this quasi-experimental study, based on the statistical estimations, 30 samples were divided into control or intervention groups. Multi-stage sampling method was used. Using convenience sampling method, volunteers were selected through utilizing notification system. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, diabetes questionnaire and Larsson sexual satisfaction questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire and its reliability were measured using content validity and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, respectively. Results: Based on the independent t-test, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age. The mean work experience of patients was 23.13 years in the intervention group and 12.1 years in the control group. Based on the independent t-test, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of work experience. The mean blood sugar levels were 86.211 mg/dl in the intervention group and 92.4 mg/dl in the control group. Based on the non-parametric Wilcoxon test, there was no statistically significant difference in blood sugar levels of patients, before and after performing phlebotomy. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that after conducting training sessions and performing phlebotomy, participants could establish frequent sexual contacts with their spouses and this resulted in their sexual satisfaction.

Effect of loganin on experimental diabetic nephropathy

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Loganin, an iridoid glucoside compound was isolated from Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of loganin on DN and to elucidate the potential mechanism. High glucose (HG) stimulated cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) analyzed CTGF expression by Western blotting and investigated whether extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was involved. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental DN, randomized to receive intragastric (i.g.) of loganin. Renal tissue, blood and urine samples were collected to determine and analyze. In vitro study, loganin reduced CTGF excretion in HG-induced HK-2 cells through the ERK signaling pathway. In vivo study, I.g. of loganin 5mg/kg or 10mg/kg significantly ameliorated renal function and increased body weight. Meanwhile, loganin reduced renal CTGF expression by immunohistochemical staining, reduced serum levels of CTGF. Besides, there were no significant differences in blood sugar levels between the loganin groups compared to the STZ-treated group. Furthermore, loganin ameliorated renal pathology. These results suggested that loganin exerts an early renal protective role to DN. Inhibition of CTGF may be a potential target in DN therapy, which highlights the possibility of using loganin to treat DN.

Effects of hand massage on anxiety in cataract surgery using local anesthesia

Purpose To evaluate the effects of hand massage on patient anxiety during cataract surgery. Setting Kangnam St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Methods This study comprised 59 patients having cataract surgery from December 11, 1996, to February 12, 1997. The patients were divided into those having a hand massage 5 minutes before surgery (experimental group, n = 29) and those not receiving a hand massage (control group, n = 30). Patients’ anxiety levels were measured using the Visual Analog Scale and by assessing the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate before and after the hand massage and 5 minutes before the end of surgery. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, blood sugar levels, neutrophil, and lymphocyte percentages in white blood cells were also measured. Results After the hand massage, the psychological anxiety levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and pulse rate were significantly lower than before the massage. The hand massage significantly decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in the experimental group. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels increased in the control group. The differences between groups were significant. There were no significant between-group differences in blood sugar levels or neutrophil and lymphocyte percentages in white blood cells. Conclusion The findings indicate that hand massage decreases the psychological and physiological anxiety levels in patients having cataract surgery under local anesthesia.

Risk taking and its influence on metabolic control: a study of adult clients with diabetes

Clients afflicted with diabetes are routinely faced with making decisions about insulin control, diet, exercise and skin care. The specific aims of this study were (a) to determine if clients with controlled blood sugar levels were more likely to have risk-averse information processing styles and, (b) to determine the extent to which the differences in blood sugar levels were attributed to information processing styles, after controlling for knowledge of diabetes, participation in home monitoring, and age. A comparative design utilizing 86 insulin-dependent male and female clients with diabetes was used. Findings indicated that there were no differences in risk scores between uncontrolled and controlled diabetics. Additionally, in this study there were no differences in control between clients who were knowledgeable and those who were not. This study has several implications for nursing practice. As taking risks may not be as dangerous to the diabetic client's wellbeing as many believe, there may be a need to consider this behaviour in developing the client's plan of care. Questions are also raised about the influence of knowledge on control.

DIABETIC TERATOGENESIS: APPLICATION OF ALLOXAN IN THE EARLY STAGE OF PREGNANCY OF MICE

Unpedigreed white virgin mice from a 20 year-old mouse colony were used in the present work. One group of copulated mice was given a single intravenous injection of 60 mg per kg body weight of alloxan on the first day of gestation (the first day group), and other 5 groups of these mice were injected with alloxan of 80 mg per kg body weight on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th clays of pregnancy each (the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th day groups). Pregnant mice were sucrificed on the 19th clay of gestation, and fetuses were examined for externally visible and skeletal deformities.The number of mothers with one or more malformed fetuses was 15 (30%) out of 50 successful pregnancies in the first day group, and those were 14 (28%), 7 (28%), 10 (38.5%), 9 (34.6%), and 7 (28%) in the 4th to 8th day groups, respectively. There were 38 (8.27%) malformed fetuses in the first day group, and 22 (5.30%), 9 (4.43%), 13 (6.81%), 13 (5.68%) and 7 (3.30%) in the 4th to 8th day groups. The frequency of fetuses having defects of the central nervous system fell progressively with later treatments of alloxan during pregnancy except for the first day group, whereas any noticeable relationship was not seen between the frequency of over all deformities and the date of alloxan injection. No appreciable difference in blood sugar levels was observed between mice with and without malformed fetuses. On the other hand, however, fetal defects were found more frequently in mothers with subnormal increase of body weight as compared with mothers showing an well increase during the period of pregnancy.

Effect of glucagon on peripheral utilization of glucose.

Crystalline glucagon or glucose was administered to anesthetized normal and depancreatized dogs. Arteriovenous differences in blood sugar levels during the course of hyperglycemia produced by these substances were compared. Since the data obtained were quite similar, there was no evidence to indicate that glucagon has a direct enhancing effect on the peripheral utilization of glucose.