Diet Of Common Carp Research Articles

Dietary Chlorella vulgaris mitigated the adverse effects of Imidacloprid on the growth performance, antioxidant, and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract The use of pesticides to eliminate pests and weeds has raised concerns about water pollution and adverse effects on aquatic organisms, so many efforts have been made to increase the resistance of fish to these pesticides by using a proper nutrition strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the growth performance, antioxidant, and immune responses of fish exposed to Imidacloprid insecticide (C9H10ClN5O2) by different doses of Chlorella vulgaris dry powder to the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In this study, 600 common carp with a medium weight (18.10±0.2 g; mean ± SE) were prepared and after adaptation and determination of lethal concentration of Imidacloprid, for 56 days in 6 treatments and each with 3 replications were classified and tested (Control (T1), 5% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder and no pollution (T2), 10% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder and no pollution (T3), No Chlorella vulgaris dry powder and 12.5% LC50 Imidacloprid (T4), 5% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder plus 12.5% LC50 Imidacloprid (T5) and 10% Chlorella vulgaris dry powder plus 12.5% LC50 Imidacloprid (T6)). After 96 hours of exposure to distinct concentrations of the insecticide, the total mortality was measured and the Imidacloprid median lethal concentration (LC50) over 96 hours was calculated (266.2 mg/l) using Probit analysis. According to the result, common carp fed T2 had the highest final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the groups (P<0.05). Fish in the T2 group had the highest total proteins, albumin and globulin (P<0.05). Fish in the group T4 had the highest cortisol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the blood, while fish fed T2 and T3 had low values (P<0.05). The alternative complement pathway (ACH50) was significantly higher in T2 and T3 than other groups (P<0.05). Blood total immunoglobulin (Ig) and lysozyme activity were high in T2 and T3 groups, and had the lowest values in the T4 group (P<0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) showed the highest activities in T2 (P<0.05). T4 group had the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) level, while T2 and T3 groups had the lowest MDA level (P<0.05). The highest amylase, protease and lipase were in the T2 group, while the lowest values were in the T4 group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary Chlorella vulgaris protects common carp from Imidacloprid insecticide, since it improved growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses of fish.

Effect of Beneficial Colonization of Bacillus coagulans NRS 609 on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

This study is aimed at exploring the effects of Bacillus coagulans NRS 609 on the growth performance, intestinal health, antioxidant activity, and immune response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by colonizing the intestinal tract with the beneficial strain. Gavage B. coagulans with GFP-tag at 109 CFU/mL into common carp for 7 days. Results indicated that B. coagulans were maintained in the intestine for at least 14 days. Four groups fed B. coagulans at different levels of inclusion, including 0 (CK), 1 × 10 7 (A), 1 × 10 8 (B), and 1 × 10 9 (C) CFU/g of feed for 8 weeks. Experimental groups showed significantly better growth performance than the control ( P < 0.05 ). The treatment groups had higher digestive enzyme activity, villus height, and muscle thickness than the control ( P < 0.05 ). Supplementation with B. coagulans also altered the composition of the intestinal flora. In addition, an enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme and a reduction of malondialdehyde in the liver were observed with the addition of B. coagulans ( P < 0.05 ). Moreover, the cytokines of IL-1β and IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-β, significant upregulation in experimental groups ( P < 0.05 ). Based on the results, the optimal level of B. coagulans was 107 CFU/g in diets for common carp.

Protective effect of dietary dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) extract on common carp under acute ammonia stress

This study examined the remedial effect of dandelion extract (DE) on acute ammonia stress in common carp. The experiment involved supplementing the common carp diet with five DE dozes, including 0 (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% DE to the basic feed for 56 days. Then, all the fish were exposed to semile thal ammonia stress (1.65 mg/L) for 96 h, followed by detections the indexes of mortality, blood biochemistry, antioxidation, immunity, stress, and inflammation. The results showed that dietary DE increased the serum protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity of common carp ( P < 0.05). However, DE did not significantly affect the contents of stress hormone, HSP70 and HSP90 (p > 0.05). Exposure to ammonia significantly decreased the activities of immune and antioxidant enzymes in the control group. The serum protein content and immune enzyme activity of each DE group were significantly higher than the control group. After ammonia exposure, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ activities in DE groups were significantly lower then the Ctrl group，and IL-10 and antioxidant enzyme activities in 4% DE, 6% DE, and 8% DE groups was significantly higher compared to the Ctrl ( P < 0.05). Ammonia stress caused pathological damage to the liver tissue in control, 2% DE, 4% DE, and 8% DE groups, but the liver tissue of the 6% DE group showed normal tissue characteristics. Therefore, DE has a protective effect on common carp under acute ammonia exposure. Optimal doses of DE can improve the survival rate, antioxidant capacity, and nonspecific immunity, while can reduce the stress and inflammatory reaction of common carp caused by acute ammonia exposure. The second-order multiple regression analysis of TP, COR, LZM, T-AOC, mortality, and immune protection after ammonia stress showed 4.62–6.82% as the optimal level of dietary DE supplementation for carp under acute ammonia stress.

Valorization of chick feather wastes by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS41 to enhance the growth of Vigna unguiculata plant and Cyprinus carpio fish.

Chicken feather meal has had a significant biofertilizer approach in recent years. The current study aims to assess feather biodegradation to promote plant and fish growth. The Geobacillus thermodenitrificans PS41 strain was more efficient in feather degradation. Feather residues were separated after degradation and evaluated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect bacterial colonization on feather degradation. It was observed that the rachi and barbules were entirely degraded. The complete degradation by PS41 suggests a relatively more efficient feather degradation strain. According to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies, PS41 biodegraded feathers contain the functional groups of aromatic, amine, and nitro compounds. The present study suggested that biologically degraded feather meal improved plant growth. The feather meal combined with nitrogen-fixing bacterial strain showed the highest efficiency. The biologically degraded feather meal and Rhizobium combination induced physical and chemical changes in the soil. It is directly involved in soil amelioration, plant growth substance, and soil fertility, enhancing a healthy crop environment. The feather meal 4 and 5% was used as a feed diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to increase growth performances and feed utilization parameters. In hematological and histological studies of formulated diets, significantly no toxic effects occurred in fish blood, gut, or fimbriae.

Effects of Replacement Cold Press Poppy Seed (Papaver somniferum) Oil to Fish Oil at Different Proportions on the Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, and Digestive Tracks Histopathology in Juvenile Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The major goal of the study is to determine the potential use of poppy seed oil as a main lipid source in common carp diets. To investigate this, five different experimental diets (PO0, PO25, PO50, PO75, and PO100) with various proportions of fish oil and poppy seed oil blended as oil sources were provided and supplied to common carp for 90 days. In triplicate groups of 60 fish, 300 common carp weighing 1.15 ± 0.06 g were randomly placed in 100 L aquariums. At the end of the feeding trial, blood and tissue samples were collected from the fish after gravimetric measurements of the fish. The growth and feed utilization performance of the fish were calculated by gravimetric measurements, and tissue samples were examined by hematological, micromorphometric, and histopathological methods. According to the results, poppy seed oil enhanced the quantity of linoleic acid (18 : 2 ω−6) in the diet, and fish fed with the diet consisting completely of poppy seed oil (PO100) had the significantly greatest growth and feed utilization performance ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Furthermore, no significant differences in hematological or liver pathology were detected between all groups that were fed with experimental diets ( P &gt; 0.05 ). However, as compared to the control group, the digestive system micromorphometry and histomorphometric measurements of the fish fed with PO100 group diets showed a significant increase ( P &lt; 0.05 ). In conclusion, it was determined that the carp fed with feeds produced by using only poppy oil as the main fat source improved their digestive system, growth, and feed utilization performance without any negative effects.

Single or combined consumption of resveratrol and the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuate the effects of crowding stress on growth, immune characteristics, and antioxidant defense in the common carp, (Cyprinus carpio)

In the present study, dietary resveratrol (RE) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAB) were individually or combined added to the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to protect against crowding stress. Fish (30.16 ± 0.7; Mean ± SE) were randomly allocated to seven groups in three replicates, as follows: T1: basic food as control, T2: LAB with a concentration of 1.5 × 107 CFU/g, T3: LAB with a concentration of 3 × 107 CFU/g, T4: 300 mg resveratrol/kg, T5: 600 mg resveratrol/kg, and T6: 1.5 × 107 CFU/g + 300 mg resveratrol/kg and T7: 3 × 107 CFU/g + 600 mg resveratrol/kg. After 60 days feeding, the supplemented fish had the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The activities of amylase, protease and lipase were noticed markedly higher in fish supplemented with 1.5 × 107 CFU/g + 300 mg resveratrol/kg and 1.5 × 107 CFU/g diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Generally, fish in supplemented diets, particularly T2 and T6 groups, had the highest lysozyme, alternative complement activity (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (Ig), nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), complement component 3 (C3), complement component 4 (C4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, cortisol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) when were compared with the control before crowding stress (P < 0.05). After crowding stress challenge, fish in the supplemented groups, particularly T2 and T6, generally showed significantly higher values of lysozyme, ACH50, total Ig, NBT, MPO, C3, C4, SOD, CAT, GPx and lower levels of MDA, glucose, cortisol, ALT, ALP, LDH when compared with the control (P < 0.05). Also, recovered fish in the control group demonstrated significantly declined levels of lysozyme, ACH50, total Ig, NBT, MPO, C3, C4, SOD, CAT, GPx and higher levels of MDA, glucose, cortisol, ALT, ALP, LDH as compared to other group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a combined administration of RE and LAB effectively improved growth performance and health status as well as protected common carp against crowding stress.

Impact of varying amounts of Moringa oleifera seed powder in the diet on a few aspects of common carp growth L. Cyprinus carpio

The current study was conducted in experimental cages in a mud pond, First Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to determine the effect of different levels of Moringa oleifera seed powder on the diets of common carp. A total of 75 common carp fish with an average weight of 65.08±0.42 g were used; it was randomly distributed to 5 treatments with three replicates (5 fish for each replicate). The fish that were fed on experimental diets was divided into five equal therapies in terms of protein percentages, different in the proportions of adding Moringa seed powder; the rate of seeds added to the treatments was 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%, respectively, the fish were fed on the experimental diets at 5% of the live weight, divided into four meals a day. The results showed a significant superiority of T2 and T3 treatments compared with other therapies on growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, specific and relative), and give the best feed conversion ratio, the highest food conversion and protein efficiency ratio. Indicates that adding Moringa seed powder to diets at rates of 0.5 and 1% led to fish growth promotion and increased utilization of feed intake. Keywords: Moringa oleifera, growth parameters, common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Assessment of Thepax and Bio Boost for promoting microbial growth in common carp intestines Cyprinus carpio.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Thepax and BioBoost as food additives on the microorganisms in the intestines of fish. From March 4 to October 22, the total number of common carp was 900 fish with an average weight of 163.41 ±10.16 g and a density of 100 fish/cage; three replicates were used for each treatment. The fish were fed three times daily. The included T1(0%additive), T2(1g/kgThepax)and T3 (1 g/kgBioBoost). The highest final weight value is Thepax treatment (2209.34 g), followed by Bio Boost and control. Microorganisms showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in T2 for Lactobacillus sp. (10² x 65 CFU/ml) followed by T3 (10² x 55 CFU/ml) and control T1 (10² x 23 CFU/ml), also for Cellulomonas sp. in T2 (10² x 54 CFU/ml) followed by T3 (10² x 39 CFU/ml) and control T1 (10² x 7 CFU/ml). At the same time, Aeromonas sp. bacteria was higher in T1 (10² x 34 CFU/ml) over the treatments of T2 and T3 (10² x 2 CFU/ml) for both. We concluded the best additive was 1 g of Thepax / kg of feed in the recommended diets for common carp. Keywords: Thepax; Additives; Microorganisms; Intestines; Bacteria; Lactobacillus; Endo Bio Boost

Effects of Tomato Paste By-Product Extract on Growth Performance and Blood Parameters in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).

This research examined different growth performances and blood parameters of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) consuming diets supplemented with tomato paste by-product extract (TPE). Five diets with different concentrations of TPEs, 0% (TPE0) 0.5% (TPE0.5), 1% (TPE1), 2% (TPE2), and 5% (TPE5) were supplied to 300 common carp (8.38 ± 0.18 g) (60 fish per group) each day during the 60-day feeding trial. The relative and specific growth rates of fish-fed supplemental diets increased significantly, while the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased (p < 0.05). TPE considerably increased the erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin content (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) (p < 0.05), according to hematological analyses of blood samples collected after the feeding experiment. The blood biochemical findings indicate that using 1% or more extracts considerably reduced the serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride ratios while significantly increasing the total protein, albumin, and globulin ratios in common carp (p < 0.05). Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the 2% extract generated from tomato paste by-products in common carp diets could be utilized as a growth-promoting product without any negative effects on blood parameters linked to feeding in carp.

Evaluation of DDGS as a Low-Cost Feed Ingredient for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linneus) Cultivated in a Semi-Intensive System.

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a coproduct from the ethanol production industry, is successfully used as an ingredient in feeding cattle and pigs due to its relatively high protein and nutrient content and low price compared to cereals. The aim of this study was to establish the optimal DDGS concentration that can be included in the diet of common carp. A seven-week experiment was performed on common carp with an initial weight of 86 g feed with three experimental diets D0 (DDGS 0%), D1 (DDGS 25%) and D2 (DDGS 35%). The chemical composition of DDGS analyzed by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy showed a protein content of 27.56% and oil at 6.75%. Diets with DDGS did not produce significant changes in growth parameters, flesh quality, and blood biochemical profile. Regarding the oxidative status in the muscle tissue, D1 and D2 significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the specific activity of SOD and GSH, while CAT and GPX were left unaffected. In the liver tissue, CAT, GSH, MDA and carbonylated proteins were reduced in the DDGS diets. The microbiological analysis of the intestinal contents revealed a variation in microbial density depending on the diet used. The total number of aerobic germs was between 224.2 × 104 and 69.84 × 106 (D2 > D1 > D0) and the total number of anaerobic germs was between 15.2 × 102 and 28.2 × 102 (D2 > D0 > D1).

Dandelion extract on growth performance, immunity, stress and infection resistance in common carp

In the present study, the effect of supplementation with dandelion extract (DE) in common carp feed. Seven levels of DE supplementation to the basal diet were evaluated, i.e., 0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2 %, 4 %, 7 %, and 10 % (50 % polysaccharide content), for a feeding period of 56 days. The addition of DE to the diet increased weight gain rate, specific growth rate,and protein efficiency ratio of common carp in DE2, DE3, DE4, DE5 and DE6 group. In contrast, it significantly reduced feed conversion ratio. Interestingly, DE supplementation did not have a significant effect on survival rate, condition factor, viscerosomatic index, and hepatosomatic index (P > 0.05). Moreover, DE supplementation improved the content of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) hormones in common carp serum, which was correlated with upregulation of genes coding for these two hormones in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). Furthermore, DE supplementation increased the contents of total protein, albumin, and globulin in common carp, whilst reduced the contents of cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea nitrogen. Supplementation with DE promoted an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol contents. DE supplementation increased the activities of alysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity, and the levels of complement 3 and complement 4. Furthermore, the activities of AST and ALT, and the contents of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species were reduced. In bacterial challenge tests with Aeromonas hydrophila, the mortality rate of common carp receiving supplementation with DE was lower. Collectively, DE supplementation improve growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and the ability to withstand A. hydrophila infection in common carp. The recommended dosage of DE supplementation for the common carp diet is within the range of 5.42 %.

Effect of Adding L-carnitine to High-Fat/Low-Protein Diets of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the Mechanism of Regulation of Fat and Protein Metabolism.

L-carnitine is a low molecular weight amino acid that plays an essential role in the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. The regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of L-carnitine on fat and protein metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated in this study. Common carp (n = 270) were randomly divided into three groups and fed either (1) common carp diet, (2) high-fat/low-protein diet, or (3) L-carnitine-high-fat/low-protein diet. Growth performance, plasma biochemistry, muscle composition, and ammonia excretion rate were all examined after 8 weeks. Additionally, each group's hepatopancreas was subjected to transcriptome analysis. The results showed that decreasing the feed protein/fat ratio resulted in a considerable increase in feed conversion ratio and a significant decrease in common carp-specific growth rate to 1.19 ± 0.02 (P < 0.05). Similarly, total plasma cholesterol sharply increased to 10.15 ± 2.07, while plasma urea nitrogen, muscle protein, and ammonia excretion levels dropped (P < 0.05). After adding L-carnitine to the high-fat/low-protein diet, it was found that the specific growth rate and protein content of the dorsal muscle increased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, the plasma total cholesterol and ammonia excretion rate decreased considerably at most time points after feeding (P < 0.05). The expression of genes in the hepatopancreas differed substantially between the different groups. Through GO analysis, it was demonstrated that L-carnitine increased the ability of fat decomposition by up-regulating the expression of cpt1 in the hepatopancreas and decreased the expression of fasn and elovl6 to reduce the production and extension of lipids. Simultaneously, mtor was more abundant in the hepatopancreas, implying that L-carnitine can increase protein synthesis. According to the findings, adding L-carnitine to high-fat/low-protein diets can stimulate growth by enhancing lipolysis and protein synthesis.

SUBSTITUTION OF ANIMAL PROTEIN BY DIFFERENT ATION OF DRIED RUMEN MEAL IN COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio DIETS

The study was conducted to show the effect of using dried rumen powder as a source of animal protein in the diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on its performance, in the fish laboratory/College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad/ for a period of 70 d, 70 fingerlings were used with an average starting weight of 30±3 g, with a live mass rate of 202±2 g, randomly distributed among five treatments, two replicates for each treatment and seven fish for each replicate. Five diets of almost identical protein content and different percentages of addition of dried rumen powder were added. 25% was added to treatment T2 and 50% to treatment T3 and 75% of the treatment T4 and 100% of the treatment T5 In addition to the control treatment T1, which was devoid of dried rumen powder, the fish were fed on experimental diets of 4% of their body weight and weighed every 15 d. The results showed that the T2 treatment was one of the best experimental treatments, as it gave the highest levels for most of the studied traits. The results indicated that there were significant differences (p&gt;0.01) and (P &lt; 0.05) between it and the control treatment T1 in growth parameters, which included the final weight average of 715 g and the rate of increase The total weight is 512.50 g, the daily weight gain rate is 12.32 g/d, the relative growth rate is 252.47%, and the specific growth rate is 1.75 g/d. The criteria for evaluating the diet, which included the amount of feed intake 1765.26 g and the amount of protein intake 577.41 g, and the best food conversion ratio of 3.44 and the efficiency of food conversion was 29.03 % and the value of the protein produced is 64.21% and the net exploited protein is 0.73%. We conclude from the current study that the dried rumen powder can be used by 25% in the diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) as a partial substitute for imported animal protein because it contributed to improving production performance. It can also be used Dried rumen powder at rates of 50 and 75%, but did not reach the levels achieved by 25%.

Use of moringa, Moringa oleifera leaf meal as partial replacement of soybean meal in common carp feed

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the replacement of soybean meal with moringa, Moringa oleifera (Author's name and year) leaf meal (MLM) in the formulated diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Eight aquaria, two for each treatment, were used for the current experiment conducted at the Laboratory of Live Food- Aquaculture Unit- Agriculture College. Four treatments which were control (C) (0% MLM), T1 (5% MLM), T2 (10% MLM) and T3 (15% MLM) were used in feeding common carp. This experiment lasted 56 days and fishes were fed six days a week using 5% of fish weights as feeding ratio. Statistical analysis of weight increments and daily growth rate proved that there were significant differences (P≤0.05) between T3 and other treatments, while there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) between C and both T1 &amp; T2. Best feed conversion rate (3.13) achieved by fishes fed on feed with 5% moringa leaf meal (T1), while the worst feed conversion rate (7.50) was achieved by fishes fed on feed with 15% moringa leaf meal (T3). In conclusion that better growth and feed conversion rate achieved by fishes fed on feed with 5% moringa leaf meal and increasing the ratio in the feed will affect adversely the results.

Effect of adding phytase enzyme and formic acid to diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. on coefficient of digestibility and growth rates.

The study aimed to add phytase enzyme and formic acid at different percentages of control (0) and (1, 2, 3)% in the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.to know their effect on the total digestibility coefficient and growth rates of fish.Common carp fish were used at weight rates of 230±1.53 g/fish, which were randomly distributed in (40×60×40) cm3 glass tanks equipped with aeration and air filtration system and in controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) between treatments and there was a decrease in the coefficient of digestion of protein, fat, carbohydrates and ash for the control treatment T1 compared to all experimental treatments and it amounted to (60.54, 70.39, 32.95, 51.84), respectively. The two treatments T2 and T3 excelled in the coefficient of protein digestion, reaching (85.22 and 86.63), respectively, while no significant differences were recorded between treatments T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7 in the coefficient of fat digestion, and the coefficient of carbohydrate digestion increased (71.43, 74.94, 67.23, respectively, and the ash digestibility factor (84.28, 89.63, 79.21), respectively, for each of the treatments T2, T3, T4.The T1 control treatment recorded the lowest results in weight gain rates of 46.71 g, daily growth rate of 0.57 g/day, relative growth rate of 19.36%, specific growth rate of 0.12 g/day, and food conversion efficiency of 21.19% compared to the experimental treatments, and T3 treatment significantly outperformed the rest of the treatments in daily growth rates. 1.73 g/day, and the relative growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were increased for T3 and T4 treatments.We conclude from this research that it is possible to use diets supplemented with phytase enzyme and formic acid with 1%, 2% and 3% acid as a source of animal protein in the diets of common carp without negative effects on digestion and growth rates.

Enhanced growth performance, oxidative capacity and immune responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fed with Artemisia absinthium extract-supplemented diet

In the present study, the effects of Afsanteen (Artemisia absinthium) aqueous extract (AE) were investigated on growth performance, innate immunity, and oxidative status of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Common carp juveniles were fed experimental diets that contained 0, 0.5, 1 or 1.5% of AE for 60 days (75 fish/treatment). Thereafter, the fish growth performance, feed efficiency, serum immune-related, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters were determined. The results showed that diets containing 0.5 and 1% of AE enhanced the growth performance and feed efficiency of the fish. Fish fed with AE supplemented diets (at all concentrations) also displayed higher levels of serum lysozyme, alternative complement, total immunoglobulin, superoxide dismutase, and total protein levels compared to the control diet; the highest levels were observed at 1% AE level. Serum albumin levels of all AE-supplemented treatments were significantly higher than the control treatment. Dietary AE supplementation significantly increased plasma glutathione peroxidase activities; the highest value was related to the fish fed 0.5% AE. All AE treatments showed significantly lower serum catalase activities compared to the control; the lowest value was related to 1.5% AE. 0.5 and 1% AE significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde levels. All AE- treated fish exhibited significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities; the lowest values were observed in 0.5% or 1% AE. In conclusion, dietary inclusions of AE in juvenile common carp increased growth performance and feed efficiency, improved the innate immunity and antioxidant response, and improved hepatic health. AE at 0.5–1% levels is recommended for common carp diet formulation.

Effect of fish meal replacement with lentil seed (Lens culinaris) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) L. diet

The aim of this study was to see how replacing fish meal with lentil seeds (LS) as an alternative plant protein source in diets for common carp Cyprinus carpio affected growth performance, feed consumption, and the composition of the fish's proximate carcass. The fish (100-106 g mean initial weight) were fed 0% (LS0), 5% (LS5), 10% (LS10), 15% (LS15) and 20% (LS20) of Lentil seed protein for 10 weeks. With increasing fishmeal replacement with lentil seed in the fish diet, there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in weight gain, relative and specific growth rate. T5 (20% LS) had a significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio than the other treated groups. There were no significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in the mean values of proximate composition of fish fillets, such as moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash. Finally, no significant differences in muscle ratio (weight without viscera vs. weight without viscera &amp; head) were found. The current study found that lentil seed can replace 20% of dietary fish meal in common carp diets for better growth.Keywords: lentil seed, fish meal, common carp, growth performance and feed utilization.

Tolerance assessment of dietary bile acids in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed a high plant protein diet

This study was conducted to investigate the tolerance dose of bile acids as a feed additive in high plant protein (PP) diets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), by evaluating the responses in growth performance, hepatopancreas and intestinal histology, and glucose and lipid metabolism regulation. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (36% PP and 10% fish meal) were prepared with bile acids supplementation of 0 (B0), 60 (B60), and 600 (B600) mg/kg, in which B600 was assayed as 10-fold the maximum recommended level (60 mg/kg) obtained by a previous efficacy test. Each diet was fed to six replicates of 30 common carps (initial body weight = 13.7 ± 0.01 g). Bile acids supplementation decreased feed conversion rate, hepatopancreas-somatic index, and hepatopancreas lipid content significantly. Dietary bile acids improved histopathological symptoms induced by the high PP diet, accompanied with down-regulated inflammatory responses (tnfα, il1β, il10, and tgfβ1) in distal intestine; and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (il10), but reduced apoptosis response (cleaved caspase3, detected by immunofluorescence staining) in the hepatopancreas. The ameliorated pathological symptoms and liver function in the B60 and B600 groups were closely related to the improved glucose metabolism regulation, with decreased fasting blood glucose and increased gluconeogenesis enzyme activity (G6Pase). Simultaneously, improved lipid metabolism was observed with up-regulated lipolysis (atgl) and bile acids synthesis (cyp7a1 and cyp8b1), but down-regulated cholesterol synthesis (hmgcr) gene-related mRNA, together with enhanced cholesterol transportation and bile acid recirculation to reduce lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was positively regulated by the systematic recovery of metabolic liver disease induced by the high PP diet. In conclusion, addition of 60 mg/kg bile acids is effective in common carp, with a 10-fold safety margin in commercial feed.

Effect of Addition of Lactobacillus reuteri, Inulin and Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) Powder in Diets of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization

The experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect of addition Lactobacillus reuteri with different levels of both inulin, and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) powder in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerling diet, on growth performance and feed utilization: Weight gain (W.G), Daily weight gain (D.W.G), Relative growth rate (R.G.R), Specific growth rate (S.G.R), Feed conversion rate (F.C.R), Feed efficiency rate (F.E.R), and Protein efficiency rate (P.E.R). 60 fish were elected randomly distributed to five treatments, with three replications and 4 fish in each aquarium, per treatment, at a period of 07 days. Fish were fed at 3% of the weight of the biomass, feed prepared by protein ratio 28.95%, the control treatment without additives, 108 cfu/ml (colony formation unit )\\ml were added to the meal provided for the first treatment, adding 2% inulin from the provided meal with 108 cfu/ml bacteria for the second treatment, for the third treatment, the meal containing Jerusalem artichoke powder was provided at 1% from the provided meal with 108 bacteria and the fourth treatment is by 2% Jerusalem artichoke powder from the provided meal, with 108 cfu/ml bacteria. These additions were provided with the nutrition program for research on Mondays and Thursdays of each week, with meals continuing to be given without additions for the rest of the days. The fourth treatment significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded for all growth parameters criteria, It did not differ significantly (P≤0.05) from the third treatment for weight gain criteria over all treatments, the feed utilization criteria, fourth treatment showed significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded over all treatments for all characteristics, it did not differ significantly (P≤0.05) from the third treatment for feed conversion rate and feed efficiency rate criteria.

Evaluation of protein enriched co‐products originating from wheat fermentation in diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio to examine effects on growth response, mineral retention, haematological status and intestinal integrity

Six experimental isonitrogenous (380 g kg-1 crude protein) and isolipidic (80 g kg-1) diets were formulated for juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio. The fish meal protein component of a basal diet (control treatment) was effectively replaced by yeast protein concentrate unrefined (YPCU), yeast protein concentrate refined (YPCR), yeast protein concentrate potable alcohol (YPCPA) at 300 g kg-1 of total dietary protein originating from a novel wheat fermentation process. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at two levels (150 and 300 g kg-1) of dietary protein were also tested separately. After an 8-week feeding trial, carp fed YPCU30 recorded the highest (p ≤ .05) growth performance and feed efficiency. The apparent net protein utilization of phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and chromium for all diets tested showed significant differences of retention efficiencies. The control fed carp had (p < .05) significantly lower phosphorus and magnesium efficiency than the carp fed other diets. Histological examinations showed the density of microvilli in the region of fish fed YPCU30, YPCPA30, DDGS15 and DDGS30 was decreased compared with the control fed fish with no significant differences were found among the treatments (p ≥ .05). Significant differences in the number of hepatocytes were observed between fish fed YPCR30 or YPCPA30 and DDGS30. Furthermore, no significant (p ≥ .05) differences were obtained in the number of hepatocytes in the fish fed YPCU30 and DDGS15 diets with fish fed the control diet. Hepatic structure showed that the liver of the fish fed the control, YPCU and YPCR diets appeared to be healthy with no signs of pathological change. In conclusion, fermented wheat-derived yeast protein concentrate and distillers dried grains with solubles are promising ingredients in carp diets to reduce feed costs and achieve aquaculture sustainability.