Mondia whitei is used traditionally for treating hypertension and erectile dysfunction; however, the toxicological profile of its fruit has not been fully established. This study evaluated the toxicological effect of the aqueous extract of Mondia whitei fruit (AEMWF) in Wistar rats. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose (5000 mg/kg) of AEMWF was administered orally to rats. In the sub-acute toxicity test, rats were administered AEMWF orally at 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. Behavioural and physiological parameters were recorded weekly. After sacrificing the rats via anaesthesia (diethyl ether), blood and vital organs were obtained for haematological, biochemical, and histological assessments. No signs of toxicity were observed in the acute toxicity study. In the sub-acute toxicity study, no significant changes were observed in the body weight of rats, except for 750 mg/kg AEMWF administered male rats, where a significant (p < 0.05) increase was observed at week 3 compared to the control. No significant difference was observed in the haematopoietic system, serum liver and kidney function markers, and tissue oxidative stress biomarkers. However, results showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in urea level in female rats administered 500 mg/kg AEMWF, and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in albumin level in rats administered 1000 mg/kg AEMWF, when compared with the control. Histological changes were only noted at 1000 mg/kg AEMWF. The AEMWF at 500 and 750 mg/kg could be considered safe for consumption. Hence, this study recommends chronic toxicological testing for future studies.

Applicability of MTBE-based lipid extraction methods assisted by microwave in food analysis. Statistical comparison and greenness evaluation with Soxhlet and Matyash.

Integrated experimental and simulation analysis of LPG-fuelled HCCI engines with diethyl ether and EGR for combustion phasing and emission control

Chemical changes in the volatile composition associated to the anoxic and oxidative storages of red wines.

Design, synthesis, and applications of Naphthalimide-based Mechanofluorophores for multimodal security encryption and anti-counterfeiting technologies.

Zea mays L (Family-Poaceae),used locally in ethnomedicine as a remedy for malaria, diabetes and fever among others, was evaluated for possible effect on hematological indices, liver and kidney functions as well as lipid profile and organs histologies of male Wistar rats following chronic administration of the husk extract. The husk extract (187, 374 and 561 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male Wistar rats daily for 100 days and the rats were sacrificed under light diethyl ether anesthesia at the completion of the administration. Chronic administration of Zea mays husk extract resulted in insignificant (p>0.05) decrease/increase in body weights of rats without any significant (p>0.05) effect on the organs weights relativeto control. The husk extract treatment did not alter any blood indices of the malerats significantly (p>0.05) except significant (p<0.001) reduction of clotting time of male rats at all doses. The husk extract did not cause any significant (p>0.05) effect on liver function parameters (total protein, albumin, AST,ALT, ALP, GGT, total and combined bilirubin)and kidney function indices ( urea, creatinine, bicarbonate, potassium, sodium and chloride) of male rats. The extract did not alter the lipid profile of treated maleratsexcept significant (p<0.01) increase in VLDL of male rats at high dose (561 mg/kg) when compared to control.The husk extract exerted mild to moderate effect on the histologies of brains, hearts, livers and kidneys ofthe malerats. No pathological effect was observed on testis and sperm morphology. The extract should be taken with caution and high dose should be avoided.

The stereoselective synthesis of glycosidic bonds can be promoted by the addition of stereodirecting solvents. In particular, nitrile and ether based solvents are known to promote the selective production of β- or α-glycosides, respectively. Even though the application of co-solvents in glycosylation protocols is well-established, the understanding of their impact on the glycosylation mechanism as well as the reaction intermediates formed upon their addition, remains incomplete. As the exact mechanism of solvent stereo direction remains debated, this limits the ability to develop stereoselective glycosylation methods. Herein, we report the application of relaxation and exchange NMR techniques to establish that acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran form covalent glycosyl-nitrilium and glycosyl-oxonium ions, respectively. In contrast, other ethereal solvents such as diethyl ether and 1,4-dioxane were not able to do so. This work highlights the potential of exchange NMR to study reaction mechanisms, provides evidence for the formation of glycosyl-solvent adducts despite their very low populations, and improves our ability to develop better stereoselective glycosylation protocols.

Ixora coccinea, commonly called Jungle Germanium, is a flowering plant species in the family Rubiaceae of Order Gentianales with native range in Western and Southern India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh to Indochina. This paper investigates solvent efficiency for paper chromatography of Ixora coccinea leaves and provides a comparative analysis of leaf pigments in young versus old leaves. Four solvent systems were evaluated: diethyl ether, methanol:acetic acid (7:3), ethanol:water (8:2), and petroleum ether:acetone (9:1). Results demonstrate that leaf aging significantly affects photosynthetic pigment composition, with old leaves showing degraded chlorophyll and prominent anthocyanin retention. Among the tested solvents, petroleum ether:acetone (9:1) provided the most effective separation with distinct pigment bands and optimal Rf values. The study confirms that unsuitable developing solvent choice critically alters chromatographic outcomes and demonstrates the importance of solvent polarity in achieving clear pigment separation.

Abstract Despite its declining use as an anesthetic, diethyl ether remains a hazardous solvent that requires sensitive and selective detection methods. This study reports a mesoporous, flower-like MoS2-based cataluminescence (CTL) sensor for diethyl ether monitoring, with high selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and a rapid response. Under optimized conditions (carrier gas flow rate 100 mL/min, operating temperature 207 °C, detection wavelength 440 nm), the mesoporous MoS2 sensor was tested against a panel of common volatile organic compounds: 2-butanol, n-hexane, methyl acetate, dimethylamine, styrene, propionic acid, ethanol, formaldehyde solution, acetone, and benzene. Only 2-butanol produced a weak luminescence response (6.8% of the diethyl ether signal), none of the other compounds produced measurable luminescence. Within the concentration range 0.100-20.0 mg/L, the CTL signal showed a strong linear relationship with diethyl ether concentration (R2 = 0.998), and the limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 0.03 mg/L. In analyses of three representative interfering samples, the relative standard deviation (n = 7) for diethyl ether ranged from 3.5% to 8.7%, and recoveries were 91.5%–109%. These results indicate that the mesoporous MoS2 CTL sensor is suitable for determination of diethyl ether in real samples, and suggest its promise for environmental monitoring of diethyl ether.

Research on tannin-based foams has shown promising results. However, all developments in this field have not been addressed from different perspectives, in a systematic way, and with an emphasis on sustainability. This work discusses different formulations, emphasizing their bio-based components and how modifications influence key properties. It examines life cycle assessment (LCA) studies through a sustainability lens and identifies major commercial phenolic products to highlight the practical use of tannin foams for thermal insulation. The type of tannins, as well as their sources, influences the key properties of these foams. The replacement of formaldehyde, a crosslinking agent known for its health risks, is possible, particularly through more sustainable alternatives that allow for foams with better properties than those obtained with formaldehyde. Substitution of diethyl ether with less hazardous alternatives results in foams with improved thermal and mechanical performance. The elimination of the blowing agent—the green alternative—also leads to foams with good performance. The presence of additives (surfactants, plasticizers, and fillers), some of which are sustainable, improves the mechanical properties of the foams. The performance in fire-related applications, already promising, is also enhanced by the presence of additives. An increase in understanding, combined with the sustainable nature of the various alternatives, makes tannin-based foams promising candidates for next-generation insulation and structural materials in construction.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the therapeutic potential of various extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus (Oued Souf region) for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant activities. The ethyl acetate extract showed the strongest antioxidant effect in DPPH and FRAP assays, while the diethyl ether extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity. The butanol extract demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity (anti-albumin denaturation) and strong analgesic effects, achieving 84.55% inhibition in the writhing test. In the hot plate test, the diethyl ether extract yielded the longest reaction time (26.3 s). Antidepressant activity was confirmed via behavioral models: the diethyl ether extract significantly reduced immobility time in the forced swim test (10.51 s), and the butanol extract showed highest efficacy in the tail suspension test (18.52 s). These findings support the multifunctional therapeutic potential of A. leucotrichus extracts.

Development of sulfuric acid-modified alumina-pillared bentonite for enhanced catalytic conversion of ethanol into diethyl ether

The chemical investigation on the diethyl ether extract of soft coral Sinularia sp. collected from the South China Sea has led to the isolation and characterization of two new steroids (1 and 2) and two new α-tocopherylquinones (3 and 4), along with four known related analogs (5-8). The structure of new compounds 1-4 was determined by the combination of extensive spectroscopic data analyses, chemical conversion, and comparison of the spectral data with those of corresponding reported compounds in the literature. In bioassays, compound 6 displayed moderate cytotoxic effects against MV-4-11, MDA-MB-231, and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 19.47±0.33, 15.5±0.46, and 12.26±0.19µM, respectively. In addition, compound 1 exhibits cytotoxic effects against Hep3B cells with IC50 values of 26.45±0.92µM and compound 3 shows cytotoxicity against MV-4-11 cells with IC50 values of 37.63±0.53µM.

There is a critical need for robust and reliable preclinical models for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to better understand pathophysiological mechanisms and support the development of novel treatments. The single prolonged stress (SPS) model has been previously utilized to investigate various acute behavioral effects and stress hormone changes in rodents. This study paired anxiety-like and social behavioral evaluations with corticosterone assessment as a complementary physiological biomarker to determine the presence of robust and intervenable phenotypes following SPS. Sprague Dawley rats (N = 36, 30 male and 6 female) received SPS model induction (e.g., restraint with odorant, forced-swim, diethyl ether exposure, and isolation) or control handling. Serum corticosterone and behavioral assessments, including the open field test (OFT) and a social motivation test (SMT), were investigated at 1 and 2 weeks following SPS induction. This SPS model did not induce anxiety-like or locomotive differences assessed in the OFT (p's > 0.05). Similarly, SPS did not appear to alter social preference or avoidance in the SMT (p's > 0.05), as groups had similar novel social and novel object interaction levels. SPS-paired cue re-exposure did not unmask group differences in these behaviors. Corticosterone levels were also unaltered between groups in the weeks following SPS (p = 0.178). In the absence of other stressors or modifications, the null behavioral and corticosterone findings in the weeks following SPS suggest that this SPS protocol may not reliably produce adequately robust or intervenable phenotypes.

In this study, we report a reproducible in situ photochemical method for the simultaneous synthesis of metallic and hybrid metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) within a UV-curable polymer matrix. A series of epoxy diacrylate-based formulations (BEA) was prepared, consisting of Epoxy diacrylate, Di(Ethylene glycol)ethyl ether acrylate (DEGEEA), and Phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO), which served as a Type I photoinitiator. These formulations were designed to enable the simultaneous photopolymerization and photoreduction of metal precursors at various Ag+/Co2+ ratios, resulting in nanocomposites containing in situ-formed Ag NPs, cobalt oxide NPs, and hybrid Ag-Co3O4 nanostructures. The photochemical, magnetic, and dielectric properties of the resulting nanocomposites were evaluated in comparison with those of the pure polymer using UV-Vis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Photo-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Photo-DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Impedance Analysis, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). Photo-DSC studies revealed that the highest conversion values were obtained for the BEA-Ag1Co1, BEA-Co, and BEA-Ag1Co2 samples, demonstrating that the presence of Co3O4 NPs enhances polymerization efficiency because of cobalt species participating in redox-assisted radical generation under UV irradiation, increasing the number of initiating radicals and leading to faster curing and higher final conversion. On the other hand, the Ag NPs, due to the SPR band formation at around 400 nm, compete with photoinitiator absorbance and result in a gradual decrease in conversion values. Crystal structures of the NPs were confirmed by XRD analyses. The dielectric and magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposites suggest potential applicability in energy-storage systems, electromagnetic interference mitigation, radar-absorbing materials, and related multifunctional electronic applications.

The present study was intended to identify better Germplasm from different seed sources and to assess the variability of morphometric, oil and germination characters of Germplasm from different seed sources for future improvement work. The study was also intended to assess the changes in oil content, germination and seedling characters with storage and identify the best storage condition. The fruits were collected from 21 CPTs from Calophyllum inophyllum L. seed sources present in coastal district Puri, Odisha, India. The solvent used for extraction of oil from a seed sample was first standardised with maximum oil extracted by Diethyl ether (57.49%). The seeds collected were recorded for morphometric characters, oil content and seedling characters where different range of variation was observed in different characters. Oil content, seed weight, kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width and fruit weight found to have high heritability and high-moderate genetic gain, whereas, for Progeny testing higher heritability and genetic gain were observed in germination percentage, fresh seedling biomass, vigour index and seedling height. These characters can be taken into consideration for selection of plant material for future genetic improvement. The maximum oil content was observed in ODCPT-17 (70.05%). The correlation among the all fruit characters revealed that oil content has no significant correlation with morphometric characters of fruit /seeds, germination characters and seedling characters. The interaction effect of storage conditions and storage durations expressed that oil content, germination percentage, Seedling height and seedling Vigour in all storage conditions decreased continuously till 90 days of storage and maximum oil extracted in seed stored under CPD (Closed Polythene bag Kept in Dark). The effect of storage condition irrespective of storage duration revealed germination and seedling characters are found to be maximum in seeds stored under CPD. Similarly, the effect of storage duration irrespective of storage condition revealed that the germination and seedling characters maximum at the time of initial storage and decreased to minimum after 90 days of storage. The oil content and germination drop over 90 days storage were from 57.60% to 40.18% and 75.2% to 44.0% respectively. Storage study found that the oil content of stored seed was highly positively correlated with the germination percentage, seedling shoot height and seedling shoot vigour index.

Abstract Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) dissolution in sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) triggers electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution, resulting in capacity decay and safety issues. Lowering the solvation power of electrolyte mitigates SEI dissolution but decreases ionic conductivity. Here, we report a recessive solvent activation strategy, where the recessive solvent 1,2‐epoxy‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropane (TFPO) alone dissolves NaFSI only sparingly, but its solubility is greatly enhanced by the addition of an activating solvent, diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DEE). By harnessing the tunable solvation behavior of the DEE–TFPO system, we designed a weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) containing 24 vol% DEE, far below the bulk‐solvent fractions typical of WSEs, and a high anion‐to‐DEE ratio. This low DEE content mitigates solvent‐induced SEI dissolution, while the high anion‐to‐DEE ratio promotes anion‐dominated solvation structure, forming a robust inorganic‐rich SEI. These effects preserve high ionic conductivity while overcome the challenge of SEI dissolution. The optimized electrolyte enabled hard carbon || NaMn 0.33 Fe 0.33 Ni 0.33 O 2 full cells to retain 80.0% capacity after 500 cycles and 99.5% capacity in 1.0 Ah pouch cells after 230 cycles with suppressed gas release.

Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) dissolution in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) triggers electrolyte decomposition and gas evolution, resulting in capacity decay and safety issues. Lowering the solvation power of electrolyte mitigates SEI dissolution but decreases ionic conductivity. Here, we report a recessive solvent activation strategy, where the recessive solvent 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropane (TFPO) alone dissolves NaFSI only sparingly, but its solubility is greatly enhanced by the addition of an activating solvent, diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DEE). By harnessing the tunable solvation behavior of the DEE-TFPO system, we designed a weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) containing 24 vol% DEE, far below the bulk-solvent fractions typical of WSEs, and a high anion-to-DEE ratio. This low DEE content mitigates solvent-induced SEI dissolution, while the high anion-to-DEE ratio promotes anion-dominated solvation structure, forming a robust inorganic-rich SEI. These effects preserve high ionic conductivity while overcome the challenge of SEI dissolution. The optimized electrolyte enabled hard carbon || NaMn0.33Fe0.33Ni0.33O2 full cells to retain 80.0% capacity after 500 cycles and 99.5% capacity in 1.0 Ah pouch cells after 230 cycles with suppressed gas release.

Rechargeable Li metal batteries offer high energy density due to the high capacity and low reduction potential of Li metal anodes, but their practical application is hindered by dendritic growth that induces significant volume expansion, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and safety risks. To address these challenges, we rationally designed an electrolyte based on a systematic investigation of the effect of anion‐rich environments on interfacial stability. To specifically probe the role of anions, we employed a concentrated electrolyte system. Lithium bis(fluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) was selected as the lithium salt in combination with diethyl ether (DEE), a monodentate ether that reduces steric hindrance and promotes simplified solvation behavior. The optimized 6 m LiFSI‐DEE electrolyte enabled Li symmetric and Li/Cu cells to cycle stably for over 1200 h at 0.5 mA c m −2 and 1 mAh cm −2 , demonstrating superior interfacial stability, a benefit that extended to Li/LFP full cells and Cu/LFP anode‐less cells, both of which showed significantly improved cycling performance. The 6 m electrolyte promotes anion decomposition, forming a LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that stabilizes the interface. In addition, the interfacial morphological evolution was directly visualized by operando optical microscopy and SEM, confirming a more uniform and compact Li deposition. These results highlight that anion concentration effectively modulates the Li + solvation environment and SEI chemistry, providing a robust design strategy for next‐generation Li metal battery electrolytes.

Salt stress is a major agricultural issue. A promising modern agriculture method is the foliar treatment of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). This approach has shown promise in boosting challenged tomato yields, fruit quality, and leaf extract antibacterial activity against pathogens. A greenhouse experiment was conducted. The previously synthesized and characterized ZnONPs were used to alleviate the harmful effects of NaCl stress. Tomato fruit weight from different treatments was determined, and the gas–liquid chromatography device was used to observe the changes in fatty acid production. The antimicrobial activities of the aqueous and diethyl ether extracts from tomato leaves were determined against six bacterial and six fungal strains. The plants that were salinity-stressed and sprayed with 0.075 and 0.15 g/L ZnONPs showed a better improvement compared to the salinity-stressed plants. Also, the sprayed plants that were not stressed at all showed promising results compared to the control and the other different treatments. Through the process of molecular docking, it was shown that caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, and apigenin-7-glucoside are essential chemicals that possess antibacterial and antifungal effects against the DNA Gyrase inhibitor and the sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) enzyme, respectively. It is concluded that salt stress can negatively affect the growth, quality, and variant plant features. However, the foliar application of ZnONPs is able to overcome those adverse effects in the stressed plants, and enhance the non-stressed as well.