Pharmacological and neurobehavioral evaluation of the bifunctional opioid peptide Gluten exorphin B5.

Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida challenge reveals dietary animal protein hydrolysates modulate early immune, oxidative and barrier responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

This study investigated the drivers of dietary protein intake among healthy Danish older adults ( n = 57; aged 65–74). The median estimated protein intake of the participants was 0.75 g/kg adjusted body weight/day, well below the recommended 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day for this age group. Participants were categorized into lower (<0.8 g/kg/day protein) and higher (≥0.8 g/kg/day protein) protein intake groups. Despite the generally low protein intake, all participants reported a low perceived need for dietary improvement. There were no significant differences between the low and high protein groups in either subjective or objective nutrition knowledge, nor in emotional experience during grocery shopping. In contrast, participants in the higher protein intake group showed significantly greater well-being, including greater life satisfaction ( p = 0.035). These findings suggest that emotional and psychological well-being may be more strongly associated with total dietary protein intake than subjective and objective knowledge. Although participants demonstrated some awareness that certain fermented dairy products are high in protein, these products remained underutilized, contributing only modestly to overall intake. We suggest that further research is needed about the effectiveness of healthy aging promotion, which may depend on personalized, emotionally resonant communication strategies, including messaging that emphasizes immediate quality of life. • Most healthy Danish older adults consumed less protein than recommended for their age. • Higher protein intake was associated with greater life satisfaction and well-being. • Subjective and objective nutrition knowledge did not differ between lower- and higher protein intake groups. • Emotional experience during grocery shopping was not related to protein intake. • Fermented dairy products were perceived as protein-rich but contributed modestly to intake.

Integrated lipidomics and transcriptomics reveal different lipid profiles and metabolic pathways in cultured fats from porcine subcutaneous adipocytes and fibro-adipogenic progenitors.

Diet impacts the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although dietary protein can influence physiologic health, its impact on these diseases has not been adequately investigated. Consequently, clinical guidelines on optimal protein intake (i.e. amount and source) to help prevent or treat these conditions are limited. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have examined how modifying dietary protein can impact the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. For example, work in mice reveals that higher protein intake worsens colitis and that different dietary protein sources can exert differential effects on colitis severity. Microbial populations and their metabolism were shown to play an important role in mediating these effects. Studies in humans have shown that high intake of red meat is associated with increased IBD incidence and decreased time to relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis; however, it is unclear which other protein sources may be more beneficial. Although a direct connection between dietary protein and CRC has not been established, multiple preclinical studies have shown that reducing dietary protein exerts anticancer effects, including improved response to therapy across multiple tumor types. These effects were shown to be predominantly mediated by restricting tumors of exogenous growth-promoting amino acids, resulting in tumor stress, and in certain cases, activation of antitumor immunity. As a result of multiple studies, we have gained important insights into the role of dietary protein in mediating colonic inflammation and cancer. This work motivates clinical studies to directly test whether modifying source or amount of protein intake in patients with IBD or CRC will be beneficial for reducing disease severity and improving response to therapy.

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a common form of secondary amenorrhea caused partly by undernutrition relative to demand. To compare the dietary nutritional intake between women with FHA and eumenorrheic controls and evaluate micronutrient profiles. This cross-sectional study included 30 women with FHA and 29 eumenorrheic controls not on hormones. FHA was defined as ≥3 consecutive months of amenorrhea, estradiol of <50 pg/mL, and FSH and LH of <10 mIU/L, excluding other etiologies. A 3-day food diary was collected for dietary analysis, excluding dietary supplements using ESHA Research Food Processor. The mean age of women with FHA and controls was 26.4 years ± 6.2 versus 30.3 years ± 3.7 (p = 0.002), with no differences in BMI (p = 0.16) or the waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.71). Women with FHA and controls consumed comparable median calorie intake (1784 kcal [1465, 2011] vs. 1732 kcal [1578, 1982], p = 0.62), with no differences in self-reported exercise patterns. Women with FHA consumed more dietary protein (84.2g [74, 112] vs. 74 g [59, 92], p = 0.001) and dietary fiber (30.1 g [22, 43] vs. 17.3 g [15, 23], p = 0.02) versus controls, respectively. When expressed as a percentage of estimated average requirements (% estimated average requirement), women with FHA had higher intakes of vitamin A (105% [45, 219] vs. 43% [21, 86], p = 0.005), vitamin C (201% [139, 351] vs. 107% [75, 190], p = 0.004), and iron (169% [146, 220] vs. 120% [99, 192], p = 0.027) compared with controls. Women with FHA had similar caloric intake to eumenorrheic controls but consumed more dietary protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron. Future studies should examine the nutritional profiles of women with FHA in relation to long-term health consequences such as bone and vascular health.

There is a lack of information about the nutritional requirements of European catfish ( Silurus glanis ) for aquaculture. This study aimed to fill this gap using a bioenergetic factorial model. To develop the model, a series of sub-studies were carried out. Accordingly, the growth potential of fish was determined using the data collected in this study and from the literature. The whole-body moisture, protein, lipid, ash, and energy content changes were analyzed to reveal how they vary as size increased up to 4000 g. An experiment was conducted to determine the maintenance requirements and utilization efficiencies for digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE). The maintenance requirements of DP and DE were estimated as 0.163 g/kg 0.7 /day and 16.44 kJ/kg 0.8 /day and their utilization efficiencies were 51.72% and 52.52% respectively. Another sub-model for estimating digestible essential amino acid requirements was also run based on the ideal protein concept (IPC) of the European catfish fillet amino acid profile. Each sub-model was then combined to estimate the daily requirements of DP, DE, DP:DE ratio, and amino acids across different sizes of fish. The estimations of DP:DE ratio requirements were converted to dietary specifications for different stages of fish growing from 10 g to 4000 g using a sequential application of two-breakpoint models, which yielded 5 different diets during the farming period of European catfish. The whole model suggested that European catfish require high dietary protein during the early stages, which can be reduced over the culture period by increasing DE. Based on the IPC, dietary digestible essential amino acid requirements were estimated depending on the sizes and diet specifications. This study provides valuable information about dietary DP, DE, DP/DE ratio, and digestible amino acid requirements of European catfish, which requires future validation through controlled feeding trials.

Effects of protease-hydrolyzed cottonseed protein on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and bacterial diversity in broilers.

Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue that plays a central role in overall health. The dynamic balance between muscle protein synthesis and breakdown governs skeletal muscle mass maintenance. Increased loading and hyperaminoacidemia (via protein ingestion) are positive drivers of skeletal muscle protein accretion, which, when combined, drive a hypertrophic phenotypic adaptation. In contrast, unloading (disuse) results in skeletal muscle atrophy and metabolic dysregulation. Hypertrophy enhances metabolic health and functional capacity, underscoring the importance of understanding the mechanisms that regulate this process. External variables, such as resistance exercise and dietary protein, influence hypertrophy; however, resistance exercise is the primary driver, with protein playing a minor supporting role. Signals from external input loading (resistance exercise) and nutritional manipulation (protein ingestion) are sensed and transduced into intracellular pathways that promote muscle protein synthesis, yet the precise mechanisms underlying their integration remain incompletely understood. This review summarizes current knowledge on how resistance exercise and dietary protein converge on the intracellular level to regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy in humans.

Hull-less Barley (HB) is a staple crop cultivated on the Tibetan Plateau with a history of over 3500 years. It contains abundant nutrients and active components, including dietary fiber, proteins, starch, polyphenols, and γ-aminobutyric acid, exhibiting diverse physiological activities including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Among these, β-glucan and polyphenols are the most valuable bioactive components, contributing to the three most prominent functions of HB: hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and antioxidant activities. Nowadays, the application of HB in developing novel value-added products has been impeded by the incomplete understanding of its phytochemistry, bioactivity, and pharmacology. In light of the potential benefits of HB, we systematically summarized up-to-date information on the nutrients and functional active ingredients in HB and focused on introducing their pharmacological characteristics as well as the specific biological effects. This review will promote the comprehensive utilization of HB to develop healthcare products to support the improvement of human well-being.

Effects of dietary corn-fermented protein as a sustainable ingredient on growth performance, immune response, and disease resilience in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, gonadal development, ovarian amino acid composition and reproductive performance in GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Deep learning and hyperspectral imaging for non-destructive amino acid detection in live carp fillets.

Decoding skatole: A comprehensive review on biosynthesis, metabolism, and mitigation in livestock production.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Nutritional counseling is a key component of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) but often faces challenges in patients' adherence, particularly in low-resource settings. To evaluate the adherence to nutritional recommendations among patients enrolled in a CR program and to assess the impact of individualized nutritional counseling on dietary intake. Randomized controlled clinical trial. Outpatient CR clinic at the Hospital das clinicas of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. A total of 98 adults (mean age 60.4 ± 10.9 y; 57.1% male) with diagnosed cardiovascular conditions referred to CR randomly assigned to intervention (n = 46) or control (n = 52) groups. The intervention group received individualized dietary plans and monthly nutritional counseling over 4 mo, while the control group received standard care without nutritional guidance during the study period. The primary outcome was the adherence to nutritional recommendations based on analysis of 3-d dietary records (caloric intake, macronutrients, sodium, fiber). Adherence was defined as meeting or improving toward dietary recommendations. At baseline, sodium intake showed the highest adherence (89.8%), and fiber intake the lowest (8.2%). After 4 mo, the intervention group had a significant increase in protein intake (P < 0.05) and a 27.5% higher adherence to protein recommendations compared to the control group (P = 0.008). No significant differences were observed for other nutrients. Individualized nutritional counseling within CR programs improves adherence to dietary protein recommendations, emphasizing its importance in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Integrating structured nutritional strategies into CR may enhance clinical outcomes and support comprehensive care.

Childhood growth restriction can lead to lasting developmental changes, increasing susceptibility to chronic diseases and neurodegenerative conditions in adulthood. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) elevates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels more effectively than moderate-intensity continuous exercise, supporting neuroplasticity. Building on these findings, this study aimed to determine whether HIIT could enhance neuroplasticity-related protein expression in the brains of postnatally growth-restricted (PNGR) mice. Friend leukemia virus B mouse pups born to normal-protein and low-protein-fed dams were cross-fostered at postnatal day (PN) 1 to establish two groups: PNGR mice and control mice (CON). At PN 21, all pups were weaned onto a normal-protein diet and assigned to either a HIIT group (training group [TRD]) or a sedentary group (SED). At PN 45, a maximal exercise performance test was conducted to determine HIIT intensities. Based on these results, mice performed treadmill HIIT 5 d·wk -1 for 4 wk, with alternating intervals of 8 min at 85% and 2 min at 50% of maximal exercise capacity, totaling 60 min per session. At PN 73, all mice were euthanized, and cerebrum tissue was collected for Western blot analysis of BDNF, tropomyosin receptor kinase B, growth-associated protein 43, and synaptophysin protein expression. Despite significant body mass reductions observed in both CON and PNGR groups after HIIT, neuroplasticity-related protein expression did not increase in PNGR mice. The PNGR group exhibited consistently lower tropomyosin receptor kinase B and reduced BDNF and growth-associated protein 43 levels compared with CON mice, indicating a limited neuroplastic response to exercise. Contrary to expectations, HIIT did not elevate neuroplasticity markers in PNGR mice, highlighting the lasting impact of early-life growth restriction on brain plasticity and suggesting the need for alternative interventions.

Amelioration of hepatic steatosis in male obese rats by high-protein diet is dependent upon protein source.

Effects of increasing doses of a phytogenic product based on condensed tannins and spices on production performance and rumen microbiome of lactating dairy cows fed a low-protein diet.

Converting greenhouse gas methane to microbial Protein: The state-of-the-art and future prospects.

The present study investigated the role of different processing techniques, namely soaking, roasting, blanching and germination, in modifying the techno-functional properties of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) flour. Kodo millet, an underutilised yet nutritionally rich minor cereal, has gained attention because of its high dietary fibre and protein contents, bioactive compounds and low glycaemic index. However, its utilisation in food systems is limited by the presence of anti-nutritional factors and suboptimal functional properties. In this study, the impact of processing on flowability (bulk density, tapped bulk density, Hausner ratio and Carr index) and hydration-related properties (water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and swelling capacity) was evaluated. The results revealed that processing treatments did not significantly influence flowability parameters (p &gt; 0.05), indicating stable powder packing behaviour across treatments. In contrast, hydration properties were significantly affected, with water absorption capacity (p = 0.0001) and swelling capacity (p = 0.0001) showing notable variation among treatments, whereas oil absorption capacity remained statistically unchanged (p &gt; 0.05). Roasting and blanching enhanced water absorption because of structural disruption of starch-protein matrices, whereas germination significantly improved swelling behaviour through enzymatic hydrolysis and matrix loosening. Overall, processing treatments primarily enhanced hydration functionality rather than flowability, thereby improving the techno-functional performance of kodo millet flour. These modifications indicate the potential use of processed kodo millet flour in bakery products, gluten-free formulations and extruded food systems.