Dietary Intake Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Dietary intake and plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important for neuronal function and may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated the correlation between dietary intake and plasma concentrations of PUFA and their associations with clinical severity in early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD). In a case–control study with 38 patients with PD and 33 controls, we assessed dietary intake using food frequency questionnaires and simultaneously measured the plasma levels of five PUFA. No differences were observed in dietary total energy and lipid intake, including PUFA, between patients with PD and controls. However, α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) plasma levels were lower in patients with PD. The association between dietary intake and plasma PUFA concentrations was not significant in patients with PD. ALA and LA plasma levels were inversely correlated with motor severity in patients with PD, while docosahexaenoic acid and AA plasma levels were positively correlated with non-motor symptoms after controlling for age and sex.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and plasma fatty acids of school going Indian children - a cross-sectional study

Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an essential role in cognitive and behavioural changes among school going children. This study delineates the dietary omega-3 PUFA [alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA), DHA, and EPA] intake and plasma fatty acids levels among school-going children. This is a cross-sectional study purely observational in nature, wherein 625 apparently healthy boys and girls aged between 7 and 13 years were selected from five different schools of Hyderabad. Dietary information on omega-3 PUFA (ALA, DHA, and EPA) intake was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were measured in 34% of sub-sample using standard gas chromatography. The study revealed that the average dietary intakes of omega-3 PUFA, ALA, DHA, and EPA were 55.46, 15.82, 35.59, 4.06 mg/day, respectively. There was a significant difference in mean DHA intake among gender and age group [girls (38.64±1.45 mg/day), boys (31.80±1.38 mg/day) p < 0.001] and [7–10 years (31.75±1.38 mg/day), 11–13 years (38.07±1.40 mg/day) p < 0.01]. The mean plasma DHA and DPA levels of overall subjects were 0.98 nmol% and 0.18nmol% respectively which was comparable among different gender, age and BMI-for age groups. There was a positive correlation between dietary DHA intake and plasma DHA level [ρ=0.376 (p < 0.001)]. The current study demonstrated that the omega-3 PUFA intake in school going children was less and reinforces the importance of increasing the omega-3 PUFA intake through diet and supplements.

Evaluation of Omega-3 Status in Professional Basketball Players.

Davis, JK, Freese, EC, Wolfe, AS, Basham, SA, and Stein, KMW. Evaluation of omega-3 status in professional basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1794-1799, 2021-Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been shown to promote muscle remodeling, improve immune status, decrease muscle soreness, and help maintain explosive power. Research that has assessed omega-3 blood concentrations with athletes has primarily focused on the college athlete. However, limited work has been conducted with the professional athlete. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the omega-3 PUFA blood concentrations, dietary, and supplement intake of professional basketball players. Blood collection occurred during preseason medical screenings and analyzed for eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, the omega-3 Index (O3i), and various fatty acids using dried blood spot sampling. The mean O3i of 119 professional basketball players was 5.02 + 1.19% (range, 2.84-9.76%). Dietary intake of players showed that 31% of players reported consuming no fish in their diet per week, with 61% of players reported consuming less than 2 servings of fish per week. Only 12 of the 119 players reported supplementing with omega-3 PUFA, which varied widely for dosage and frequency of supplementation. A moderate correlation was shown for O3i and dietary fish consumption per week (r = 0.58; p < 0.01) and fish consumption per month (r = 0.57; p < 0.01). A large number of players reported consuming less than the recommend amount of dietary fish per week and very few players reported supplementing with omega-3 PUFA. The low intake of omega-3 PUFA likely contributed, in part, to the majority of players having an O3i of less than 8%.

Association Between Dietary Fish and PUFA Intake in Midlife and Dementia in Later Life: The JPHC Saku Mental Health Study.

The relationship between midlife dietary habits and risk of dementia remains unclear. To investigate the association between dietary fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption in midlife and risk of dementia in later life. This population-based cohort study assessed food frequency (average intake in 1995 and 2000) and cognition (2014-2015) in 1,127 participants (aged 45-64 in 1995). We used logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnoses for consumption quartiles of fish, PUFA-rich fish, total n-3 PUFAs, total n-6 PUFAs, types of PUFAs, and n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio. Estimated ORs were adjusted for age; sex; education; smoking status; alcohol consumption frequency; physical activity; histories of cancer, myocardial infarction, and diabetes mellitus; and depression. Significantly reduced risks of dementia over non-dementia (MCI plus cognitively normal) were observed in the second (OR = 0.43 (95% CI = 0.20-0.93)), third (OR = 0.22 (95% CI = 0.09-0.54)), and highest quartiles (OR = 0.39 (95% CI = 0.18-0.86)) for fish; the third (OR = 0.39 (95% CI = 0.16-0.92)) and highest quartiles (OR = 0.44 (95% CI = 0.19-0.98)) for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); the second (OR = 0.39 (95% CI = 0.18-0.84)), third (OR = 0.30 (95% CI = 0.13-0.70)), and highest quartiles (OR = 0.28 (95% CI = 0.12-0.66)) for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); and the third (OR = 0.36 (95% CI = 0.16-0.85)) and highest quartiles (OR = 0.42 (95% CI = 0.19-0.95)) for docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). High intake of fish in midlife might aid in preventing dementia.

The effect of a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner on lipid profile and blood concentrations of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

Duodenal-jejunal bypass liners (DJBLs) prevent absorption in the proximal small intestine, the site of fatty acid absorption. We sought to investigate the effects of a DJBL on blood concentrations of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Sub-study of a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial with two treatment groups. Patients aged 18-65 years with type-2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index 30-50kg/m2 were randomised to receive a DJBL for 12 months or best medical therapy, diet and exercise. Whole plasma PUFA concentrations were determined at baseline, 10 days, 6 and 11.5 months; data were available for n=70 patients per group. Weight loss was significantly greater in the DJBL group compared to controls after 11.5 months: total body weight loss 11.3±5.3% versus 6.0±5.7% (mean difference [95% CI]=5.27% [3.75, 6.80], p<0.001). Absolute concentrations of both EFAs, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their bioactive derivatives, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were significantly lower in the DJBL group than in the control group at 6 and 11.5 months follow-up. Total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were also significantly lower in the DJBL group. One year of DJBL therapy is associated with superior weight loss and greater reductions in total serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, but also depletion of EFAs and their longer chain derivatives. DJBL therapy may need to be offset by maintaining an adequate dietary intake of PUFAs or by supplementation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02459561.

Investigation of the effect of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on trauma-induced white matter injury with quantitative diffusion MRI in mice.

Previous studies suggest that long‐term supplementation and dietary intake of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have neuroprotective effects following brain injury. The objective of this study was to investigate potential neuroprotective effects of omega‐3 PUFAs on white matter following closed‐head trauma. The closed‐head injury model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA) produces a reproducible injury in the optic tract and brachium of the superior colliculus in mice. Damage is detectable using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics, particularly fractional anisotropy (FA), with sensitivity comparable to histology. We acquired in vivo (n = 38) and ex vivo (n = 41) DTI data in mice divided into sham and CHIMERA groups with two dietary groups: one deficient in omega‐3 PUFAs and one adequate in omega‐3 PUFAs. We examined injury effects (reduction in FA) and neuroprotection (FA reduction modulated by diet) in the optic tract and brachium. We verified that diet did not affect FA in sham animals. In injured animals, we found significantly reduced FA in the optic tract and brachium (~10% reduction, p < 0.001), and Bayes factor analysis showed strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis. However, Bayes factor analysis showed substantial evidence to accept the null hypothesis of no diet‐related FA differences in injured animals in the in vivo and ex vivo samples. Our results indicate no neuroprotective effect from adequate dietary omega‐3 PUFA intake on white matter damage following traumatic brain injury. Since damage from CHIMERA mainly affects white matter, our results do not necessarily contradict previous findings showing omega‐3 PUFA‐mediated neuroprotection in gray matter.

Increased adiposity in children with obesity is associated with low red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid status and inadequate polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake.

The association between total dietary fat intake and measures of body fatness in children with obesity remains inconsistent. This study aimed to determine whether dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and LCPUFA status relate to body composition in children with obesity. Children (n = 63, 9.0 ± 0.2 year, BMI Z-score 3.1 ± 0.2) were divided into tertiles of percentage body fat assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Diet was assessed 3-days food diaries. Fatty acid proportions in red blood cells (RBC) were measured by gas chromatography. Data stratified by sex and Tanner stages were compared with a MIXED model ANOVA. Associations between RBC fatty acid status and dietary intakes were examined with Spearman correlation. Moderate correlations were observed between RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions, dietary EPA and DHA (r = 0.39, P < .05) as well as fish servings (r = 0.33, P < .05). Dietary LCPUFA did not differ among tertiles. Children in tertile 3 had lower RBC α-linolenic acid (-40%) and EPA + DHA (-15%) proportions adjusted for age, Tanner stages and race compared with tertile 1. The lower omega-3 LCPUFA status in children with greater adiposity is consistent with suboptimal intakes of omega-3 LCPUFA and fish in the diet.

Maternal ω3 docosapentaenoic acid inhibits infant allergic dermatitis through TRAIL-expressing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in mice.

BackgroundMaternal dietary exposures are considered to influence the development of infant allergies through changes in the composition of breast milk. Cohort studies have shown that ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast milk may have a beneficial effect on the preventing of allergies in infants; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated. We investigated how the maternal intake of dietary ω3 PUFAs affects fatty acid profiles in the breast milk and their pups and reduced the incidence of allergic diseases in the pups.MethodsContact hypersensitivity (CHS) induced by 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and fluorescein isothiocyanate was applied to the skin in pups reared by mother maintained with diets mainly containing ω3 or ω6 PUFAs. Skin inflammation, immune cell populations, and expression levels of immunomodulatory molecules in pups and/or human cell line were investigated by using flow cytometric, immunohistologic, and quantitative RT‐PCR analyses. ω3 PUFA metabolites in breast milk and infant's serum were evaluated by lipidomics analysis using LC‐MS/MS.ResultsWe show that maternal intake of linseed oil, containing abundant ω3 α‐linolenic acid, resulted in the increased levels of ω3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and its 14‐lipoxygenation products in the breast milk of mouse dams; these metabolites increased the expression of TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in their pups and thus inhibited infant CHS. Indeed, the administration of DPA‐derived 14‐lipoxygenation products to mouse pups ameliorated their DNFB CHS.ConclusionThese findings suggest that an inhibitory mechanism in infant skin allergy is induced through maternal metabolism of dietary ω3 PUFAs in mice.

Beneficial potency of algae-based polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for cancer therapy

Algae species is a promising sustainable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the marine ecosystem. The composition of the essential fatty acids is varied between the algae species. Most of the algal species are rich in EPA except for Chlorophyta and Heterokontophyta that are rich in DHA. The dietary intake of PUFAs, such as EPA and DHA, could prevent the inflammation by limiting the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory mediator associated with cancer development. This review highlights the importance and function of algae-based PUFAs as the inflammatory inhibitor furthermore as a potential pharmaceutical for cancer therapy.

Depressive-like phenotype evoked by lifelong nutritional omega-3 deficiency in female rats: Crosstalk among kynurenine, Toll-like receptors and amyloid beta oligomers

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in women is almost twice compared to men, although the reasons of this gender difference are not fully understood yet. Recently, soluble amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42 peptide has been receiving great importance in the development of depression, also considering that depression is highly comorbid with Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses. The central role played by Aβ in the development of depressive-like symptoms in rodents has been evidenced in environmental rodent model of depression. Indeed, we have previously found that lifelong exposure to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) deficient diet in female rats at 8 weeks of life leads to depressive like- symptoms and higher susceptibility to stress associated with increased Aβ levels. In order to understand if such effects were maintained over time, rats were exposed to the same diet regimen until 6 or 21 weeks of life. We found that both timepoints of exposure to n-3 PUFA deficient diet lead to depressive-like phenotype. Furthermore, a significant alteration in brain neurochemistry was retrieved. In particular, in hippocampal area a significant reduction in serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) content was evidenced. Considering the prominent role of NA in counterbalancing neuroinflammatory state, we quantified in the same brain area kynurenine levels, a metabolite of tryptophan implicated in inflammatory state and brought to the fore for its implication in depression. Interestingly, kynurenine levels were significantly increased in hippocampus (HIPP) of female rats exposed to such diet. In addition, lifelong deficiency in n-3 PUFA dietary intake led to systemic increase of corticosterone, hence hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivation, and higher proinflammatory cytokine production. Increased production of kynurenine, along with HPA axis hyperactivation, have been associated with immune system modulation, particularly through Toll-like receptor type 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR4) involvement. In addition, it has been shown that soluble forms of Aβ1-42 can induced depressive like-phenotype in consequence to a crosstalk between TLR4 and 5-HTergic system. Thus, considering that in this model we have previously reported increased plasma Aβ1-42 level, we quantified TRL2 and 4 expression in HIPP of treated rats. We found that chronic exposure to a diet characterized by very low n-3 PUFA content led to higher expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in HIPP of female treated rats, indicating an activation of the immune system and was accompanied by increased expression of oligomeric Aβ.Taken together, our data indicate that the pro-depressive effects induced by a diet poor in n-3 PUFA can be attributable to a shift of hippocampal tryptophan metabolism toward inflammatory metabolite ultimately corresponding to altered immune response and increased Aβ oligomerization.

PUFAs supplementation affects the renal expression of pannexin 1 and connexins in diabetic kidney of rats.

In diabetic nephropathy (DN), intercellular communication is disrupted. Connexins (Cx) have a crucial role in that process. Dietary ratios and supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can alleviate diabetic complications and cause alterations in Cx levels. Although pannexins (Panx) share similarities with members of the Cx family, their function in diabetic nephropathy has still not been fully determined. We studied the influence of PUFA supplementation on the immunoexpression of Px1 and Cx family members in diabetic kidneys of rats. Four groups of rats in experimental DM1 model were supplemented with different dietary n-6/n-3 ratios; ≈7 in control (C) and diabetic groups (STZ), ≈ 60 in the STZ + N6 group and ≈ 1 (containing 16% EPA and 19% DHA) in the STZ + N3 group. Immunoexpression of Cx40, Cx43, Cx45 and Panx1 was evaluated in the renal tissue of diabetic rats using immunohistochemistry. Diabetes significantly decreased the protein expression of Cx40 and Cx43 and increased Panx1 protein expression in the renal cortex (p < 0.05-p < 0.01). There was a significant impact of diet on Cx and Panx1 immunoexpression. Dietary supplementation with a high n-6/n-3 ratio downregulated the protein expression of Cx45 and Panx1 in diabetic rats (p < 0.05-p < 0.01), while Cx43 immunoexpression was increased in diabetic rats fed with high and low n-6/n-3 ratios (p < 0.01-p < 0.001). Hyperglycaemic conditions in DN interfere with cell-to-cell communication and disturb the connection between cells and their immediate environment due to variations in connexin and pannexin immunoexpression. These variations can be regulated by PUFA dietary intake, suggesting their beneficial effect and possible therapeutic option.

Characterization of Lipid Profiles after Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Using Integrated Untargeted and Targeted Lipidomics.

Illuminating the comprehensive lipid profiles after dietary supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is crucial to revealing the tissue distribution of PUFAs in living organisms, as well as to providing novel insights into lipid metabolism. Here, we performed lipidomic analyses on mouse plasma and nine tissues, including the liver, kidney, brain, white adipose, heart, lung, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and spleen, with the dietary intake conditions of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as the ethyl ester form. We incorporated targeted and untargeted approaches for profiling oxylipins and complex lipids such as glycerol (phospho) lipids, sphingolipids, and sterols, respectively, which led to the characterization of 1026 lipid molecules from the mouse tissues. The lipidomic analysis indicated that the intake of PUFAs strongly impacted the lipid profiles of metabolic organs such as the liver and kidney, while causing less impact on the brain. Moreover, we revealed a unique lipid modulation in most tissues, where phospholipids containing linoleic acid were significantly decreased in mice on the ARA-supplemented diet, and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) selectively incorporated DHA over ARA and EPA. We comprehensively studied the lipid profiles after dietary intake of PUFAs, which gives insight into lipid metabolism and nutrition research on PUFA supplementation.

Abstract 639: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and pancreatic cancer risk in understudied populations

Abstract Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. Lab based research suggests that two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 and n-6 PUFA, may have opposing effects on PC carcinogenesis. However, human evidence on the role of dietary PUFA intake in PC risk is inconsistent. Previous epidemiological studies on this topic were conducted primarily among Whites and included few individuals from low socioeconomic status (SES). The exposure patterns of n-3 and n-6 PUFA differ across racial groups, with African Americans (AAs) in the high end and Asians in the low end of range. To better characterize the associations of PUFA with PC risk, we conducted a nested case-control study focusing on understudied Asians and low SES AAs and Whites. Methods: We performed a nested case-control study within three population-based prospective cohort studies: the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS), Shanghai Men’s Health Study (SMHS), and Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Dietary PUFA intakes and other variables were collected from the baseline dietary and other questionnaires. Participants were followed up through annual linkage to cancer registries. Controls were matched to cases on age, sex, and blood sample availability in SWHS/SMHS, and age, sex, race, and enrollment location in SCCS, using incidence density sampling (case-to-control ratio:1:4). Included in the study are 244 cases and 973 controls of Asian females in SWHS, 189 cases and 755 controls of Asian males in SMHS, and 307 cases and 1,228 controls in SCCS (including 219 cases and 876 controls of AAs). The PUFA intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the association of PC risk with dietary PUFA consumption after adjusting for potential covariates. Results: The average dietary intake (mean ± SD; g/day) of n-3 and n-6 PUFA were 1.0 ± 0.5 and 6.3 ± 3.1, 1.1 ± 0.5 and 7.2 ± 3.0, and 2.0 ± 1.2 and 19.3 ± 11.7 in the controls of SWHS, SMHS and SCCS, respectively. We observed that in Chinese men, high intakes of certain n-3 PUFA were significantly associated with increased PC risk. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) comparing the highest versus lowest quartile of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was 1.79 (1.10-2.93), with a p for trend across quartiles of 0.02. For docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the OR 4th vs. 1st quartile (95% CI) = 1.71 (1.06-2.78) (p for trend = 0.04). For marine n-3 PUFA, the OR 4th vs. 1st quartile (95% CI) = 1.69 (1.03-2.76) (p for trend = 0.04). There was no significant association for n-6 PUFA. No significant association was observed for n-3 or n-6 PUFA with PC risk in SWHS or SCCS. Conclusions: In a nested case-control study, we observed that in Chinese men, the dietary intake of overall marine n-3 PUFA, DPA, and DHA were positively associated with PC risk. Such associations were not observed in Chinese women or low SES AAs/Whites. Citation Format: Lang Wu, Wei Zheng, William J. Blot, Mark D. Steinwandel, Wanqing Wen, Yong-Bing Xiang, Yu-Tang Gao, Hong-Lan Li, Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon, Harvey J. Murff, Xiao-Ou Shu. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and pancreatic cancer risk in understudied populations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 639.

Dietary Inflammatory Index Was Higher in Patients with Schizophrenia (P12-042-19)

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to compare dietary intakes and dietary inflammatory index (DII) between normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia. MethodsTotal 306 subjects (139 controls and 167 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder) were participated in this analysis. Dietary intakes of nutrients were analyzed from responses of a 76-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire using CAN-Pro 5.0 software, and DII scores were estimated based on the analyzed results of dietary intakes. The total DII scores were calculated from dietary intakes of nutrients unadjusted or adjusted by energy contents. Then, dietary habit, nutritional intakes, and the DII score were compared between controls and schizophrenia group. Odds ratios (ORs) for schizophrenia and correlation between DII and related clinical data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation test, respectively. ResultsThere was a significant difference in body mass index between controls (22.49 ± 3.07 kg/m2) and schizophrenia subjects (24.27 ± 5.18 kg/m2) (P = 0.001). Schizophrenia group had remarkably higher energy intake and lower dietary intakes in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acids, niacin, and vitamin E compared with control group (P < 0.05). And, dietary intakes of PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid, and niacin in male schizophrenia subjects were significantly lower than those in male controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with the female controls, dietary intakes of folate, vitamin A, Fe, and Zn were significantly lower in the female schizophrenia group (P < 0.05). The total DII scores adjusted by energy contents were significantly higher in schizophrenia group compared with control group (P = 0.002). The subjects in high DII category had a significantly higher ORs for schizophrenia compared with those in low DII category in total (OR 1.945, 95% CI: 1.232–3.070, P = 0.004) and in male subjects (OR 2.929, 95% CI: 1.528–5.621, P = 0.001). ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that subjects with schizophrenia had higher DII scores, suggesting the possible link between dietary inflammation and schizophrenia. Funding Sources-

Association of Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Depression in Korean Adults (P14-009-19)

Abstract Objectives Several epidemiological studies have suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a preventive effect on depression, but these findings are inconsistent. This study was aimed to investigate the association of PUFA intake with depression among Korean adults based on the national survey data. Methods Using data from the 2014–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 9201 adults (3719 men and 8482 women) aged ≥19 years were involved in this study. Dietary intakes of PUFAs including n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratio, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were estimated by a 24-h dietary recall. The presence of depression was diagnosed with a validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale. The odds ratios (OR) for the presence of depression according to the quartile of PUFAs intakes were calculated using a multiple logistic regression model. Results The prevalence of depression among the participants was 6.35%.The mean intake of n-3 PUFA was 1.64 g/day for the study participants, which was higher in participants without depression (1.65 g/day) than those with depression (1.43 g/day). A higher intake of n-3 PUFA (both % energy and energy-adjusted intake) was associated with a decreased prevalence of depression (OR of the highest quartile vs lowest quartile of the % E from n-3 PUFA, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44–0.87; P for trend = 0.0241 and OR of the highest quartile vs lowest quartile of energy-adjusted n-3 PUFA, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46–0.86; P for trend = 0.0124). There was no significant sex difference between dietary n-3 PUFA and depression. However, the associations between the intakes of n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratio, EPA, and DHA and the prevalence of depression were not significant. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a higher intake of dietary n-3 PUFA might be associated with a lower risk of depression in adults of Korean population. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate underlying mechanism of n-3 PUFA to prevent depression. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (No. 21B20151213037). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Dietary N-3 PUFA deficiency affects sleep-wake activity in basal condition and in response to an inflammatory challenge in mice

Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from the n-3 and n-6 series constitute the building blocks of brain cell membranes where they regulate most aspects of cell physiology. They are either biosynthesized from their dietary precursors or can be directly sourced from the diet. An overall increase in the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, as observed in the Western diet, leads to reduced n-3 PUFAs in tissues that include the brain. Some clinical studies have shown a positive correlation between dietary n-3 PUFA intake and sleep quantity, yet evidence is still sparse. We here used a preclinical model of dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency to assess the precise relationship between dietary PUFA intake and sleep/wake activity. Using electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) recordings on n-3 PUFA deficient or sufficient mice, we showed that dietary PUFA deficiency affects the architecture of sleep-wake activity and the oscillatory activity of cortical neurons during sleep. In a second part of the study, and since PUFAs are a potent modulator of inflammation, we assessed the effect of dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency on the sleep response to an inflammatory stimulus known to modulate sleep/wake activity. We injected mice with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and quantified the sleep response across the following 12 h. Our results revealed that n-3 PUFA deficiency affects the sleep response in basal condition and after a peripheral immune challenge. More studies are now required aimed at deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the intimate relationship between n-3 PUFAs and sleep/wake activity.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and child neurodevelopment among a population exposed to DDT: a cohort study

BackgroundChild neurodevelopment has been positively linked to maternal intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during pregnancy; however, it is unknown if that relationship persists among populations exposed to environmental neurotoxicants.ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to assess whether maternal dietary intake of PUFAs during pregnancy is positively associated with child neurodevelopment, whose mothers were environmentally exposed to 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT).MethodsA prospective cohort study with 276 mother–child pairs was performed in Mexico. Neurodevelopment was assessed by Bayley Scales II from children age 1 to 30 months. Dietary PUFAs intake was estimated by Food Frequency Questionnaire at 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene, the main metabolite of DDT) maternal serum levels were determined by electron capture gas chromatography. Longitudinal multivariate linear mixed-effects analysis, which combines mental (MDI) and motor (PDI) Bayley scales in a single model, were performed.ResultsOur results show that in a sample environmentally exposed to DDT, maternal ingestion of DPA during the first trimester of pregnancy was positively associated with MDI (β = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02, 0.18) in children from 1 to 30 months. Likewise, our results suggest that dietary ALA may be also related to MDI.ConclusionDPA may benefit neurodevelopment even in populations exposed to DDT. Our results strengthen the importance of PUFAs intake during the prenatal period.

The Association between Plasma Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio and Anthropometric Traits Differs by Racial/Ethnic Groups and NFKB1 Genotypes in Healthy Young Adults.

Evidence for a relationship between omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and obesity in humans is inconsistent, perhaps due to differences in dietary intake or metabolism of PUFAs between different subsets of the population. Since chronic inflammation is central to obesity and inflammatory pathways are regulated by PUFAs, the objective of this study was to examine whether variants in the NFKB1 gene, an upstream regulator of the inflammatory response, modify the association between the n-6/n-3 ratio (from diet and plasma) and anthropometric traits in a multiethnic/multiracial population of young adults. Participants’ (n = 898) dietary PUFA intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and plasma PUFA concentrations by gas chromatography. Nine tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in NFKB1 were genotyped. Significant interactions were found between racial/ethnic groups and plasma n-6/n-3 ratio for body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.02) and waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.007). Significant interactions were also observed between racial/ethnic groups and three NFKB1 genotypes (rs11722146, rs1609798, and rs230511) for BMI and WC (all p ≤ 0.04). Significant interactions were found between two NFKB1 genotypes and plasma n-6/n-3 ratio for BMI and WC (rs4648090 p = 0.02 and 0.03; rs4648022 p = 0.06 and 0.04, respectively). Our findings suggest that anthropometric traits may be influenced by a unique combination of n-6/n-3 ratio, racial/ethnic background, and NFKB1 genotypes.

Dietary fatty acid intake in hemodialysis patients and associations with circulating fatty acid profiles: A cross-sectional study.

The aims of this study were threefold: first, to assess the dietary fatty acid (FA) intake and blood FA status in Malaysian patients on hemodialysis (HD); second, to examine the association between dietary FA intakes and blood FA profiles in patients on HD; and third, to determine whether blood FAs could serve as a biomarker of dietary fat intake quality in these patients. Using 3 d of dietary records, FA intakes of 333 recruited patients were calculated using a food database built from laboratory analyses of commonly consumed Malaysian foods. Plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and erythrocyte FAs were determined by gas chromatography. High dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) consumption trends were observed. Patients on HD also reported low dietary ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumptions and low levels of TG and erythrocyte FAs. TG and dietary FAs were significantly associated respective to total PUFA, total ω-6 PUFA, 18:2 ω-6, total ω-3 PUFA, 18:3 ω-3, 22:6 ω-3, and trans 18:2 isomers (P < 0.05). Contrarily, only dietary total ω-3 PUFA and 22:6 ω-3 were significantly associated with erythrocyte FAs (P < 0.01). The highest tertile of fish and shellfish consumption reflected a significantly higher proportion of TG 22:6 ω-3. Dietary SFAs were directly associated with TG and erythrocyte MUFA, whereas dietary PUFAs were not. TG and erythrocyte FAs serve as biomarkers of dietary PUFA intake in patients on HD. Elevation of circulating MUFA may be attributed to inadequate intake of PUFAs.

Very low inadequate dietary intakes of essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pregnant and lactating French women: The INCA2 survey

The French National survey INCA2 pointed out that the majority of the French population (children, adolescents, adults and elderly) ingest low quantities of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the form of both precursor (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) and long-chain (mainly docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). However, we don't know whether such inadequate n-3 PUFA consumption is also found again in pregnant and lactating women. Dietary lipid and PUFA intakes were determined from 28 pregnant and 21 lactating French women by using the most recent set of national robust data on food (National Survey INCA2 performed in 2006 and 2007), and compared with that of 742 women of childbearing age. Main results showed that mean daily intakes of n-3 PUFA were very low in this French woman population because no pregnant and lactating women met recommended dietary intakes (RDIs). Moreover, some of them ingested quantities 4 times (ALA) to 10 times (DHA) lower than RDIs. Very similar dietary intakes were observed in women of childbearing age. French pregnant and lactating women did not change their dietary habits to favor ALA and n-3 long-chain PUFA consumption via rich-ALA vegetable oils and fish and oily fish consumption, and have low n-3 PUFA dietary consumption typical of French women of childbearing age. Such PUFA intakes could have adverse impact on long-chain n-3 PUFA incorporation in brain membranes of fetus and infants, but also on cognitive and visual development of infants during the first years of life.