Dietary Non-starch Polysaccharides Research Articles

PSII-19 Effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase on growth performance and intestinal measurements in broiler chickens

Abstract Poultry feeds primarily comprise plant ingredients such as cereal grains and cereal by-products that are high in non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). However, poultry has limited digestive enzymes to efficiently utilize NSPs, and therefore, exogenous NSP-degrading enzymes (NSPase) are typically supplemented to poultry diets. Xylanase is the most widely used as NSPase in poultry diets because xylanase degrades arabinoxylans which is in increased amounts in most feed grains like corn and wheat, thereby improving dietary nutrient utilization and subsequent productive performance. β-glucanase is another potential exogenous NSPase used to degrade β-glucans present in plant ingredients. Although the benefits of dietary xylanase are well-documented, limited information regarding effects of dietary xylanase and β-glucanase complex is available. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase on growth performance and intestinal measurements in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred 8-d-old male and female Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 10 replicates. Each replicate had 5 male and 5 female birds. Dietary treatments included a positive control (PC) diet with adequate energy and nutrients, a negative control (NC) diet with high NSP-containing ingredients and less AMEn by 100 kcal/kg than PC diet, and 2 NC-based diets supplemented with 0.1% xylanase (4,000,000 units/kg) or 0.1% xylanase-glucanase complex (4,000,000 units/kg xylanase and 2,000,000 units/kg β-glucanase). The experiment lasted for 28 d. For intestinal measurements including jejunal morphology and ileal digesta viscosity, 1 male chicken per replicate was selected based on the body weight at the end of the experiment. Results indicated that birds fed PC diets had less (P < 0.05) FCR than those fed NC diets (Table 1). Birds fed diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase had also less (P < 0.05) FCR than those fed NC diets. No difference in FCR was observed between birds fed PC diets and those fed diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase. However, dietary treatments had no effects on body weight, body weight gain, and feed intake of broiler chickens. Jejunal villous height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) was greater (P < 0.05) for birds fed PC diets or diets supplemented with combination of xylanase and β-glucanase than those fed NC diets (Table 2). Feeding diets supplemented with xylanase alone or combination of xylanase and β-glucanase decreased (P < 0.05) ileal digesta viscosity as compared with feeding NC diets (Table3). In conclusion, feeding high NSP and low energy diets supplemented with either 0.1% xylanase alone or 0.1% xylanase and β-glucanase complex results in similar productive performance of broiler chickens as compared with feeding typical corn-soybean meal-based diets possibly due to improved intestinal structure and decreased digesta viscosity.

Linking norepinephrine production and performance to diet-induced low-grade, chronic inflammation in the intestine of broilers

Maintenance of intestinal health is critical to successful poultry production and one of the goals of the poultry production industry. For decades the poultry industry has relied upon the inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) to achieve this goal and improve growth performance. With the removal of AGPs, the emergence of chronic, low-level gut inflammation has come to the forefront of concern in the poultry industry with the diet being the primary source of inflammatory triggers. We have developed a dietary model of low-grade, chronic intestinal inflammation in broilers that employs feeding a high nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) diet composed of 30% rice bran to study the effects of this inflammation on bird performance and physiology. For the present studies, we hypothesize that the low-grade chronic inflammation causes neurons in the intestinal enteric nervous system to secrete neurochemicals that activate immune cells that drive the inflammation and negatively affect bird performance. To test our hypothesis, 1-day-old broiler chickens were weighed and divided into 2 dietary regimes: a control corn-soybean diet and a group fed a high NSP diet (30% rice bran). At 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-d posthatch (PH), birds were weighed, fecal material collected, and 5 birds were sacrificed and sections of duodenal and cecal tissues excised, and duodenal and cecal contents collected for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography analyses (UHPLC). UHPLC revealed 1000s-fold increase in the concentration of norepinephrine (NOR) in birds fed the high NSP diet compared to the control fed birds. Further, the fecal concentrations of NOR were also found to be significantly elevated in the birds on the NSP diet throughout all time points. There were no differences in weight gain nor feed conversion from 1 to 14 d PH, but birds fed the high NSP diet had significantly reduced weight gain and feed conversion from 14 to 28 d PH. The results revealed that a dietary-induced low-grade chronic inflammatory response increased NOR production in the gut which negatively affected bird performance. This study suggests that neuroimmune pathways may serve as a mechanistic target for the development of new interventions to decrease the incidence of chronic inflammation and thereby benefit performance.

Effect of carbohydrate source, feeding level (restricted vs. satiation) and their combination on nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production and characteristics of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

The effect of carbohydrate source on nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production and characteristics were investigated in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). A starch diet and two non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) diets with different NSP sources were used in this study. A diet containing 12 % gelatinized wheat flour as the starch diet, and two diets with distinct non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) sources: soybean hulls (SH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) at an inclusion level of 10 %, were studied. Each diet was tested in triplicate fish tanks. To determine if feeding level affects diet, restricted and satiation feeding levels were used. After four weeks of restrictive feeding, fish were fed satiation for two weeks. The dietary effect on nutrient digestibility and faecal waste production was dependent on feeding level, whereas the dietary effect on faecal waste characterises was independent of feeding level. SBP diet protein and fat digestibility was highest during restricted and satiation feeding. Satiation feeding reduced nutrient digestibility in all diets, most pronounced in SH and least in SBP. Faecal bile acid loss did not explain fat digestibility differences between the three diets. Both NSP diets increased faecal waste production but decreased bile acid content, resulting in similar bile acid loss to the starch diet. SBP had the highest faecal removal efficiency and the lowest non-removed faeces despite high waste production SH resulted in similar amount of non-removed faeces compared to the starch diet. To conclude, NSP type affected nutrient digestibility, bile acid balance, faecal waste production, and faecal characteristics differently than starch in yellowtail kingfish. Starch resulted in higher FCR and thus lower growth performance in yellowtail kingfish compared to NSP despite higher organic matter digestibility. Adding NSP to their RAS diet may improve faecal integrity without affecting macronutrient digestibility. However, different NSP forms affect nutrient digestion and faeces integrity differently.

Holo-analysis of the effects of xylo-oligosaccharides on broiler chicken performance

ABSTRACT 1. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) stimulate proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. This results in enhanced utilisation of dietary non-starch polysaccharides and increased production of valuable short-chain fatty acids. However, these positive effects do not always translate into improved bird productive performance, with inconsistent performance responses observed between bird trials. 2. A holo-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing XOS into broiler diets on bird feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion and mortality. This was done by comparing the XOS supplemented treatment to the control treatment. A total of 53 studies which met the criteria for inclusion were used in the analysis. 3. The results showed that XOS had a notable positive impact on bird mortality; XOS reduced mortality by 0.69% for every 1% increment in the control group. XOS supplementation induced a positive effect on the feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, the efficacy of XOS at improving FCR was dependent on the efficiency of the control group (performance of the flock), and the concentration of total arabinoxylan, protein and phytase in the diet. There were insufficient data points to predict the effect of XOS on body weight and feed intake. 4. In conclusion, the holo-analysis revealed that supplementing XOS to broiler chicken diets reduces bird mortality. XOS can also improve FCR, but the scale of response is dependent on the diet composition and control flock performance. Additional studies are required to confirm the effects of XOS on body weight and feed intake.

305 Dietary Carbohydrase Mixture Supplementation and Fiber Levels on Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients in Diets for Gestating Sows

Abstract Supplementation of multi-carbohydrase enzyme cocktails can increase nutrient digestibility of fibrous diets in grower pigs, particularly acting on dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Although NSP degrading enzymes are extensively used in sow diets, there is little data characterizing the NSP enzyme effects. Our previous work demonstrated a 10% increase in nutrient digestibility in diets fed to gestating sows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a carbohydrase mixture (CM) and dietary fiber level on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of protein and amino acids (AA) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of NSP in gestation diets fed to pregnant sows. Ileal cannulas were placed in 12 gestating sows (Parity 0 to 2) who were allowed to recover for 1 week, then assigned to either a high (HF; 17.5% NDF) or low fiber (LF; 10% NDF) diet with one of 3 levels of CM supplementation (‘0’, ‘0.08’, and ‘0.10’%) or a nitrogen-free diet to determine ileal endogenous AA losses. Diets were corn-soybean meal based with soyhulls and corn DDGS as fiber sources and formulated to reflect industry-relevant diets. Thus, oil was included at 3% in HF to maintain similar formulated metabolizable energy content. Sows were fed once daily at 2.2 kg/d. Ileal digesta samples were collected for 12 h on 2 successive days following a 7-day adaptation period. At the end of digesta collection, sows were assigned a different diet in a new adaptation/digesta collection period. There were 5 collection periods for a total of 8 observations/diet. Digesta was analyzed for crude protein, amino acids, NSP, and titanium as the indigestible marker to determine AID and SID. There was no interaction between diet fiber level and CM supplementation. Carbohydrase mixture supplementation to gestating sow diets did not impact SID of crude protein and AA regardless of dietary fiber level. The SID of His, Ile, Lys, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val were 3 to 6% lower (P < 0.09) in HF than LF independent of CM. There was no impact of fiber level on the average SID of amino acids in gestating sow diets which was 83.5%. Supplementation of CM did not impact AID of NSP components, but sows fed HF had greater AID of arabinose (LF: 26.5% vs HF: 40.6%), xylose (LF: 3.5% vs HF: 40.9%), and total NSP (LF: 25.9% vs HF: 40.0%) compared with sows fed LF (P < 0.05). Inclusion of CM in high fibrous gestating sow diets did not increase the SID of AA or AID of NSP, but a high fiber gestation diet reduced SID of AA. As such, differences in SID of AA should be considered when formulating high fibrous diets for gestating sows.

Digestion and utilization of plant-based diets by transgenic pigs secreting β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase in their salivary glands.

Novel transgenic (TG) pigs co-expressing three microbial enzymes, β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase, in their salivary glands were previously generated, which exhibited reduced phosphorus and nitrogen emissions and improved growth performances. In the present study, we attempted to explore the age-related change of the TG enzymic activity, the residual activity of the enzymes in the simulated gastrointestinal tract, and the effect of the transgenes on the digestion of nitrogen and phosphorus content in the fiber-rich, plant-based diets. Results showed that all the three enzymes were stably expressed over the growing and finishing periods in the F2 generation TG pigs. In simulated gastric juice, all the three enzymes exhibited excellent gastrointestinal environment adaptability. The apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus was increased by 69.05% and 499.64%, while fecal phosphate outputs were decreased by 56.66% and 37.32%, in the TG pigs compared with the wild-type littermates fed with low non-starch polysaccharides diets and high fiber diets, respectively. Over half of available phosphorus and water-soluble phosphorus in fecal phosphorus were reduced. We also found the performance of phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen retention rates were significantly improved, resulting in faster growth performance in TG pigs. The results indicate that TG pigs can effectively digest the high-fiber diets and exhibit good growth performance compared with wild type pigs.

Effects of arabinoxylan and chlorogenic acid on the intestinal microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice.

Dietary non-starch polysaccharides and phenolics are usually ingested at the same time. They are both regarded as prebiotics, and they regulate the intestinal microbiota through various mechanisms. Notably, however, reports of their combined or synergistic effects are rare. Arabinoxylan (AX), a polysaccharide, and chlorogenic acid (CA), a polyphenol, are widely consumed, and their effects on the microbiota have previously been discussed. In the present study, they were given to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice, separately and together, and the intestinal microbiota were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. The data showed that CA attenuated body weight loss, colon shortening, and histological damage in DSS-treated mice, while neither AX nor the AX+CA combination exhibited any ameliorating potential. AX+CA had less of a modulating effect on intestinal microbiota profiles than did CA. AX+CA administration increased the relative abundance of Flavonifractor, Coprobacillus, and Clostridium_XlVa, and decreased the abundance of Robinsoniella and Lactobacillus. Compared to AX and CA, AX+CA contributed to a more complicated shift in the biological functions of the intestinal microbiotaAX seemed to weaken the beneficial effects of CA, at least in the present experimental model of DSS-induced colitis. The combined effects and mechanisms of dietary polysaccharides and phenolic compounds on the intestinal microbiota and on overall health still need to be further investigated.

Feeding Rainbow Trout with Different Types of Non-Starch Polysaccharides: Impacts on Serum Metabolome and Gut Microbiota.

A 70-day feeding trial investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of different types of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on gut microbiota and serum metabolome of rainbow trout. Four practical feeds (42% crude protein, 17% crude lipid) were prepared with 8% insoluble NSP (INSP, cellulose), 16.8% soluble NSP (SNSP, composed of 1.12% β-glucan, 1.28% mannan, 4.8% arabinoxylan, and 9.6% pectin), 24.8% NSPs (8% INSP + 16.8% SNSP), or no NSPs inclusion, respectively. Dietary NSPs inclusion had no significant influence on the Shannon, Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices of gut microbiota but induced a significant increase in the abundance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Photobacterium kishitanii, and a decrease in Firmicutes and Alistipes finegoldii. Besides, dietary SNSP upregulated the carnitine synthesis metabolic pathway. Our data suggest that dietary NSPs are detrimental to gut microbiota homeostasis and the health of rainbow trout, and dietary SNSP exhibit a stronger ability to interfere with physiological metabolism of rainbow trout than INSP. Therefore, the physiological effects of dietary NSPs, especially SNSP, should be carefully considered when designing the commercial feed formulations of rainbow trout.

Dietary Nonstarch Polysaccharide Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: Findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study.

Non-starch polysaccharides may be beneficial for colorectal cancer primary prevention.

High dietary non-starch polysaccharides detrimental to nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, growth performance, and intestinal morphology in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

An 8-weeks feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary non-starch polysaccharide on the growth, apparent nutrient digestibility, intestinal development, and morphology of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Seven isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated (crude protein 47.00%, crude lipid 12.50%), containing 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18% non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) (named Control, NSPs3, NSPs6, NSPs9, NSPs12, NSPs15, and NSPs18), respectively. Dietary inclusion of NSPs below 9% showed no negative impacts on fish growth and feed utilization efficiency, whereas dietary NSPs inclusion level above 9% decreased weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency, protein deposition rate, apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein, and were accompanied by a reduction in intestinal protease, Na+/K+-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activity and an increase in feed intake and feed coefficient. The activity of lipase was significantly decreased when dietary inclusion of 15 and 18% NSPs. Moreover, the lipid deposition rate and the apparent digestibility of lipids were significantly decreased since dietary inclusion of 9% NSPs. Dietary inclusion of NSPs above 12% significantly up-regulated intestinal GLP-2 gene's expression, and was accompanied by significant changes in hindgut morphology, including increases in villus length and width, muscularis thickness and number of goblet cell, as well as a decrease in crypt depth. Additionally, dietary inclusion of NSPs above 3% significantly increased intestinal length index, and the viserosomatic index was significantly increased when dietary NSPs exceeded 15%. The linear regression analysis based on weight gain rate and feed coefficient showed that the appropriate dietary NSPs level of juvenile largemouth bass should not above 5.51%. In conclusion, high dietary NSPs adversely affects digestive enzyme activity and intestinal morphology, which in turn reduced the apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients and growth of juvenile largemouth bass.

Different Types of Non-Starch Polysaccharides Alter the Growth, Intestinal Flora and Serum Metabolite Profile of Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella.

Dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) broadly influence fish intestinal flora and physiological metabolism, but limited information is available on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). This study investigated the effects of different types of NSPs on the growth, nutrient metabolism status, gut microbiota, and serum metabolome of grass carp. Fish were fed with diets containing 4.4% insoluble NSPs (INSP), 9.24% soluble NSPs (SNSP), 13.64% NSPs (4.4% INSP + 9.24% SNSP, NSP) and non NSPs (FM), respectively, for 9 weeks. Results showed that dietary SNSP decreased protein efficiency ratio and serum protein content, but increased feed coefficient ratio, feed intake, plasma blood urea nitrogen content, and plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST); conversely, dietary INSP decreased plasma AST activity. Dietary INSP and SNSP increased serum free cholesterol content. Dietary NSPs altered the abundance of dominant bacteria and serum metabolite profiles. The differential metabolites between groups were significantly enriched in amino acid synthesis and metabolic pathways. In conclusion, dietary INSP exhibited a growth-promoting effect compared to SNSP. Dietary INSP is beneficial for improving nutrient metabolism and intestinal health. Moreover, dietary NSPs may regulate the physiological metabolism and feeding behavior of grass carp by altering amino acid synthesis and metabolism.

A new monocomponent xylanase improves performance, ileal digestibility of energy and nutrients, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in young broilers

Supplementation of feed enzymes such as xylanases has been shown to lower intestinal digesta viscosity and improve nutrient digestion thereby resulting in better gut health due to the reduced availability of undigested nutrients for the growth of harmful bacteria. Oligosaccharides produced by xylanase in situ from dietary non-starch polysaccharides with potential prebiotic effects could modulate the gut microbiome. This paper reports the positive effects of a new monocomponent xylanase in improving performance and nutrient digestion and modulating the intestinal microbiota of broilers. A corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diet was formulated and used to develop three dietary treatments using different doses (0, 45,000 U/kg and 90,000 U/kg) of the xylanase. A total of 288, one-day-old male broiler (Ross 308) chicks were allocated to 36 cages (12 replicates per treatment and 8 chicks per cage) and offered the experimental diets from d 0 to 21 post-hatch. The data were subjected to ANOVA using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS. The results confirm that supplemental xylanase at both dose levels improved (P < 0.05) broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. Xylanase supplementation had significant (P < 0.05) effects in modulating the intestinal microbiota with a higher relative abundance of commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus and a lower abundance of potentially non-beneficial bacteria such as E. shigella indicating a prebiotic mode of action.

Novel model for chronic intestinal inflammation in chickens: (2) Immunologic mechanism behind the inflammatory response

Intestinal inflammation in poultry is a complex response that involves immune and intestinal cells which is still not fully understood. Thus, to better understand the mechanisms that drive the chronic intestinal inflammation in fowl we conducted an experiment applying a previously established nutritional model of low-grade chronic intestinal inflammation to evaluate cytokine and chemokine profiles in the chicken intestine. For this, we placed 90 one-day chickens into two treatments: (1) a control group (CNT) fed a corn-soybean diet, and (2) a group fed a diet high in non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). At days 14, 22, 28 and 36 of age, 6 birds from each treatment were euthanized, jejunal and ileal samples were collected for histological examination and cytokine measurements. The cytokines interferon-alpha (IFN-α), IFN-γ, interleukin-16 (IL-16), IL-10, IL-21, IL-6, macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), chemokine C–C motif ligand 20 (CCL20), CCL4, CCL5 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were quantified in the intestinal tissue. Histologically, both jejunum and ileum of broilers fed NSP diet showed marked infiltration of mononuclear immune cells into the villi. Further, these birds exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in CCL20 concentration in the jejunum at 14d, but a dramatic reduction of M-CSF at 14 and 21d. Later at 28d and 36d, birds fed the NSP diet exhibited increased IL-16 concentration in the jejunum. Since M-CSF is a monocyte stimulatory cytokine and CCL20 a chemokine of T-cells, the reduced M-CSF and increased production of CCL20 may indicate the involvement of the adaptive immune response, specifically driven by T-cells, occurring around the third week of age in the NSP model. Lastly, as a result of the mononuclear cell infiltration and activation of T-cells, IL-16, a pro-inflammatory T-cell cytokine, increased. Therefore, the current work indicates the importance of adaptive immune cells, especially T-cells, in the chronic intestinal inflammation in broiler chicken.

Effect of dietary NSP level and bile acid supplementation on nutrient digestibility and the bile acid metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effects of dietary bile acid supplementation (BAS) on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) and the bile acid metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated for diets differing in non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) level. Four experimental diets were formulated according to an 2 by 2 factorial design. A low-NSP and High-NSP diet (0 vs. 160 g kg−1 inclusion of an NSP-rich ingredient mixture) were first formulated. The aim of this was to create differences in the amount of faecal waste produced, and consequently as previously shown in rainbow, the amount of faecal bile acid loss (FBAL). Both NSP-level diets were tested with 0% and 0.3% BAS (0 vs. 3 g kg−1 inclusion of a bile acid mixture). The bile acid mixture contained taurocholic acid (T-CA) and glycocholic acid (G-CA) in a 2:1 ratio. Glycocholic acid does not naturally occur in trout and was used as marker to see if supplemented bile acids are efficiently absorbed and enter enterohepatic circulation (EHC). Fish were fed to apparent satiation for 42 days. Dietary NSP level did not enhance FBAL. BAS was beneficial for fat ADC, but not for the ADC of protein and carbohydrates. BAS improved fat ADC regardless of NSP level, which suggests that bile acids are a limiting factor for fat digestion in rainbow trout. Total bile acid synthesis was a 4-fold lower in fish fed the 0.3% BAS diets compared to the 0% BAS diets. Lower bile acid synthesis with BAS occurred alongside enlarged body and liver + gallbladder bile acid pools and a higher content of bile acids in the chyme. These higher bile acid levels most likely caused a negative feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis. Negative synthesis rates of G-CA were found when feeding the 0.3% BAS diets, which suggests that this bile acid is catabolised or converted into other bile acid types in rainbow trout. The enlarged pool of T-CA, but especially of the body foreign G-CA, with BAS in both the body and liver + gallbladder shows that dietary bile acids are effectively taking part in EHC. The relative absorption of T-CA and G-CA over the different intestinal compartments was comparable, which shows that EHC does not differentiate between T-CA and G-CA. While relative absorption of bile acids was highest between the distal intestine and the faeces, the absolute decrease in chyme bile acid content was highest between the pyloric region and the mid intestine. The latter shows that significant bile acid absorption occurs more proximal in the intestine of rainbow trout than previously thought.

Responses of Combined Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzymes and Protease on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Nutrient Digestibility of Yellow-Feathered Broilers Fed With Diets With Different Crude Protein Levels.

The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes and protease combination on growth performance, meat quality, and nutrients digestibility of yellow-feathered broilers fed with corn-soybean meal basal diets with normal and subnormal crude protein (CP) levels. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including six replicates of 20 birds per pen. Two basal diets were formulated with normal CP level as positive control (PC) and subnormal CP level without extra essential amino acid (AA) supplementation as negative control (NC). The basal diets were supplemented without or with NSP enzymes and protease. Broilers fed with the NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) final body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADG) on days 1–21, 22–56 and 1–56 and higher (P < 0.05) feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) on day 22–56 than those fed with PC diet. The broilers fed with the NC diet had higher (P < 0.05) L* and b* values in thigh muscle, crypt depth in the duodenum, and dry matter (DM) digestibility as well as lower (P < 0.05) villus height, musculature thicknesses, and villus height: crypt depth in the duodenum than those fed with the PC diet. Dietary NSP enzymes and protease combination increased (P < 0.05) the ADG and F/G of the broilers on days 1–56, and pH values in breast and thigh muscles as well as the digestibility of DM, gross energy (GE), CP and most AAs of the broilers on day 56. Compared with the PC diet, the combination of NSP enzymes and protease exhibited greater (P < 0.05) improvements in the digestibility of DM, CP, and some AAs (Asp, Ile, and Leu) in the broilers fed with the NC diet. In conclusion, reducing CP diet without essential AA supplementation impaired the growth performance and meat color of the thigh muscles of the broilers. The combination of NSP enzymes and protease effectively improved the growth performance, meat quality, and nutritional values of the broilers. In terms of the digestibility of DM, CP, and some AAs, the magnitude of response to the addition of NSP enzymes and protease was greater in the low nutritional-quality diet with a subnormal CP level.

Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Non-Starch Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Flora of Juvenile Genetic of Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated, including the FM diet (0% NSPs, FM), INSP diet (5.8% insoluble NSPs, INSP), SNSP diet (12.2% soluble NSPs, SNSP), and NSP diet (5.8% INSP and 12.2% SNSP, NSPs). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish (2.14 ± 0.04 g) per repetition for 10 weeks. Results showed that dietary supplementation with different types of NSPs significantly affected the digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora of juvenile GIFT tilapia. Specifically, dietary supplementation with INSP significantly increased pepsin and intestinal lipase activity, while dietary supplementation with SNSP significantly decreased intestinal lipase activity and resulted in a significant decrease in plasma catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity activity. Meanwhile, dietary supplementation with SNSP significantly increased the concentration of urea nitrogen and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma and alanine aminotransferase activity in plasma and hepatic. Moreover, LEfSe analysis showed that dietary supplementation with SNSP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidales, Bacteroidia, and Cellulosilyticum, while dietary supplementation with NSPs significantly decreased the abundance of Mycobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium_neoaurum, Corynebacteriales, and Mycobacterium. These results suggest that dietary INSP is an inert ingredient with limited effect, while dietary SNSP inhabited antioxidant capacity, induced liver damage, and altered the abundance of anaerobic/aerobic bacteria in the intestine of GIFT tilapia.

Effects of dietary non-starch polysaccharides level on the growth, intestinal flora and intestinal health of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary non-starch polysaccharide (NSPs) inclusion on the growth performance, intestinal flora and intestinal health of juvenile largemouth bass (6.00 ± 0.01 g) in quadruplicate. Seven isoproteic and isolipidic diets (crude protein 47.0%, crude lipid 12.5%) were formulated to contain 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15% and 18% NSPs (each 100 g contains 32.26 g cellulose, 19.35 g arabinoxylan, 4.52 g β-glucan, 5.16 g mannan and 38.71 g pectin; named N0, N3, N6, N9, N12, N15 and N18), respectively. Weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, protein and lipid deposition rate in the N12, N15 and N18 groups were significantly lower than in the N0 group. Plasma diamine oxidase activity and lipopolysaccharide and endothelin-1 concentration in the N15 and N18 groups were significantly higher than in the N0 group. Intestinal occludin, caludin-1, caludin-4, zonulaoccludens-1, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-xl and Bcl-2-associated athanogene expression levels and intestinal peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the N15 and N18 groups were significantly lower than in the N0 group, while interleukin-8, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, caspase3, Bcl-2-assoxicated x protein and Bcl-2-associated death protein genes expression levels showed opposite trends. Moreover, the Shannon, Simpson, Chao and Ace indices and the abundance of Plesiomonas shigelloides, [Clostridium] dakarense and Romboutsia ilealis in the N18 group were significantly lower than in the N0 group, in contrast to the abundance of Paraclostridium bifermentans, Mycoplasma moatsii. Propionate, butyrate, valerate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) contents in digesta of the N6 group were significantly higher than in the N0 group, while acetate, butyrate, valerate, caproate and total SCFA in digesta of the N18 group were significantly lower than in the N0 group. Results suggest that high NSPs diets increased intestinal permeability and abundance of pathogenic microorganisms, induced intestinal inflammation and intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, but decreased intestinal flora α-diversity and SCFA contents, and ultimately impaired growth performance and intestinal health of juvenile largemouth bass. Conversely, low-dose NSPs inclusion had no negative effect on growth and improves intestinal health in juvenile largemouth bass, showing potential as prebiotics in aquafeed.

PSVII-6 Effects of Carbohydrase Mixture Supplementation and Fiber Level on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Diets Fed to Gestating Sows

Abstract Supplementation of multi-carbohydrase enzyme cocktails increase nutrient digestibility of fibrous diets in grower pigs, in particular, dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP); while NSP degrading enzymes are extensively used in sow diets there is little data characterizing NSP enzyme effect in sow diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrase mixture (CM) supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients in diets with low or high fiber content fed to pregnant sows. A total of 45 gestating sows (parity 0 to 5; BW 187 ± 28 kg) were blocked by parity in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement to either a high (HF; 17.5% NDF) or low fiber (LF; 13% NDF) diet and 1 of 3 levels of CM supplementation (0, 0.08, and 0.10%). Sows were fed once daily at 2.2 kg/d. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 10-day adaption period. Dietary CM supplementation to gestating sow diets increased ATTD of dry matter, energy, crude fat, and fiber (NDF and ADF; P &amp;lt; 0.05) with tendencies (P &amp;lt; 0.10) for crude fiber. Digestibility of calcium, phosphorus, NSPs along with ME and DE contents of the diets were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Dietary CM supplementation to the LF diet, but not the HF diet, increased the ATTD of NDF (P = 0.02). Inclusion at 0.08% did not differ from the 0.1% inclusion for effects on ATTD (Table 1). Irrespective of CM supplementation, sows fed the HF diet had improved digestibility of total NSP, xylose, glucose, and uronic acids (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with a tendency for galactose (P = 0.08) as well as increased DE and ME content (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Inclusion of CM in high fibrous gestating sow diets can be utilized to increase ATTD of nutrients and energy.

Dietary Intake and Health Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Despite the positive effects of physical activity on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management, the lack of adequate evidence on the effects of dietary intake has raised concerns. This study aimed to assess dietary intake and its effect on glycaemic control among active and inactive patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on patients with T2DM. Dietary food intake and physical activity were assessed using a validated questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. The daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was significantly higher in active patients compared with inactive patients (p = 0.00). Significantly higher daily rice consumption (p = 0.00) and lower dietary non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) intake (p &lt; 0.01) were reported among inactive patients compared with active patients. The results also revealed a significantly higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level (8.37 1.51% vs 8.015 1.50%; p=0.02) and BMI (34.956.06 kg/m2 vs 31.725.62 kg/m2; p = 0.00) among inactive patients compared with active patients. A positive correlation was found between physical activity and NSP intake. The study found that a variety of lifestyle modifications, including increased physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption, could help manage glycaemic control in patients. The study further found that carbohydrate-rich NSPs may help lower BMI levels in patients with T2DM. KEYWORDS Dietary intake, glycaemic control, lifestyle, physical activity

Dietary carbohydrate intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes control: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundFood intake has important implications for patients with type 2 diabetes.ObjectiveSimilarly, in other crop species, this observational study aimed to assess dietary carbohydrate (CHO) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) intake and examine their association with glycemic control among Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).DesignWe investigated dietary intake in 404 patients (207 males and 197 females) with T2DM between November 2018 and March 2019. Dietary intake was assessed by face-to-face interviews using a validated dietary questionnaire.ResultsThe results revealed that dietary CHO intake (67% of energy) exceeded the recommended daily intake, and white rice (Basmati rice) was the major contributor to CHO intake. However, the dietary NSP intake was lower than recommended, and it was negatively associated with HbA1c levels.ConclusionThis cross-sectional study showed that dietary CHO intake was high among Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes, and that their daily intake of NSPs was correlated with a lower level of HbA1c. Dietary advice should be given for patients with diabetes to reduce their intake of starchy food such as rice.