Dietary Density Research Articles

Social Support, Diet, and Physical Activity among Latina/Hispanic Women Breast Cancer Survivors.

Diet and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivorship are less likely to be followed by populations of minority cancer survivors, such as Latina/Hispanic women, compared to non-Hispanic White women. It is important to understand psychosocial mechanisms that may increase adherence to healthy lifestyle habits, especially in populations at risk for poorer cancer outcomes. This cross-sectional study examined the relationships between overall social support (SS) and SS from three sources (family, friends, and significant other) with diet (fruit and vegetables, fat, energy density, and diet quality), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behaviors in Latina/Hispanic women with a history of breast cancer (n = 85; M age = 55.2; SD = 9.2). Linear regression models and odds ratios were used to examine associations and adjusted for age, income, and acculturation. Family, significant other, and total SS were positively related to total fruit and vegetable intake but SS from friends was not. Higher levels of SS from all sources were each related to a low energy density diet. A higher quality diet was only related to SS from family. SS was not related to fat intake or MVPA. Higher SS from family and a significant other were associated with higher odds of meeting the fruit/vegetable guidelines; (family, OR = 3.72, 95% CI [1.21, 11.39]; significant other, OR = 3.32, 95% CI [1.08, 10.30]). Having more SS from family or a significant other may contribute to Latina/Hispanic women breast cancer survivors meeting national guidelines for a diet high in fruits and vegetables and low in energy density.

Supplementation of protease and different nutrient density diets in growing-finishing pigs.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets in growing-finishing pigs. A total of one hundred-eight crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 × 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces sps; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1, Basal requirement; 2, 0.94%-0.98% higher than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). High nutrient (HN) diets showed higher average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) (p < .0001) compared to basal nutrient (BN) diets during growing periods. Supplementation of protease showed higher BW (p < 0.05) and ADG (p < 0.05) compared to non-supplementation of protease during growing periods. Also, supplementation of protease showed higher ATTD of CP (p < 0.01), ATTD of gross energy (p < 0.05) and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (p = 0.001) compared to non-supplementation of protease during finishing periods. Pigs which fed the protease showed decreased ammonia (NH3) emissions (p < 0.05) during experiment periods and decreased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions (p < 0.01) during finishing periods. Interactions between nutrient density and protease were observed, which decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in HN diets without protease compared to BN diets without protease during weeks 4 to 6. Also, interaction between nutrient density and protease was observed, which resulted in improved ATTD of CP (p < 0.01) in response to PTA supplementation with HN diets during the finishing period. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH3 in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improves growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing periods.

Dietary fat and high energy density diet: Influence on intestinal health, oxidative stressand performance of weaned piglets.

The utilization of dietary components to support gut function and the health of young animals is an important factor for improved performance. The influence of high dietary fat levels in a lowor high energy density diet on the performance of weaned piglets in relation to intestinal absorptive function, amino acid utilization, oxidative stress, and microbial metabolites was assessed in this study. The study examined the effect of two different diets containing either a low energy density/high-fat level or a high energy density/high-fat level. A total of 16 healthy weaners (9.60 ± 0.13 kg) were allocated to one of the two dietary treatments. There were eight weaners per treatment. Results showed that feed intake and body weight gain of weaners were increased by the diet of high energy density/high-fat level (p < 0.05), but the feed efficiency showed an increased tendency of significance (p = 0.05). In the duodenum, the villus height(VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) ratio (VH:CD) were increased by dietary high energy density/high fat. In the jejunum and ileum, the CD was increased by low energy density/high-fat diet, while the goblet cell count and VH:CD were increased by dietary high energy density/high-fat level. Methionine, lysineand phenylalanine concentrations were increased by high energy density/high-fat diet while low energy density/high-fat diet showed an increased tendency to increase citrulline and ornithine concentrations in the piglet. Oxidative stress marker, lactase enzyme activity and serum calcium concentration were increased by a high energy density/high-fat diet. Increased dietary fat in all diets induced diarrhoea in the weaners (p < 0.01). It was concluded that a dietary high energy density/high-fat diet seems to positively modulate gut absorptive function, serum amino acid (methionine and lysine), calcium levels and increased oxidative stress markers in the weaned piglets.

Effect of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase and a carbohydrase-protease cocktail derived from Bacillus spp. on performance, digestibility, bone mineralization and gut morphology in broilers fed different nutrient density diets.

Enzyme combinations, particularly phytase (PHY) with various carbohydrases and proteases, are utilized in commercial broiler production to enhance nutrient and energy bioavailability. A feeding study was undertaken to determine whether the efficiency of an Escherichia coli-derived PHY and a feed enzyme complex (FEC) derived from Bacillus spp. containing carbohydrase and protease as main activities in broiler chickens is dependent on diet quality. A total of 900 male one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to a 2×3 factorial arrangement of the treatments with 2 different nutrient density diets, standard nutrient diet (SN diet) and a low-nutrient diet (LN diet; -100kcal/kg for AMEn and -5% for crude protein [CP] and limiting amino acids), and 3 enzyme treatments (control [no enzymes], PHY and PHY+FEC). Each treatment group was composed of 6 replicates of 25 birds each. The LN diet caused a decrease in performance index, tibia length and diameter, tibia calcium content and jejunal villus surface area (VSA). The interaction effects between diet and enzyme supplementation were observed (p<0.05) on overall average daily gain (ADG), performance index, tibia ash content and jejunal villus height (VH) and VSA, with the favourable benefits of PHY+FEC treatment being more pronounced in the LN diets. Regardless of dietary nutrient density, supplementation with PHY alone or combined with FEC enhanced (p<0.05) final body weight, overall ADG and jejunal villus height (VH)/crypt depth, with the highest values observed in the PHY+FEC group. The PHY+FEC treatment also improved (p<0.05) overall feed conversion ratio, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, CP, and energy, and tibia phosphorus content compared to the control treatment. The results indicate that the simultaneous addition of PHY and FEC to the LN diets improved the growth rate, bone mineralization and gut morphology.

Chromium propionate supplementation to energy- and protein-reduced diets reduces feed consumption but improves feed conversion ratio of yellow-feathered male broilers in the early period and improves meat quality

Growth performance and carcass traits may be retarded by low nutrient density diets. Organic chromium propionate (CrProp) can improve growth, carcass traits, and meat quality in farmed lambs, white broilers, and fish. Limited data regarding CrProp's impacts on yellow feathered broilers are available. Eight hundred yellow-feathered male broilers (1-d old) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary groups and reared for 56 d. The trial was a 2 (dietary nutrient density) ×2 (CrProp) factorial arrangement with 4 diets: regular nutrient diet and low nutrient density (LND, reduction in metabolizable energy by 81 kcal and crude protein by 0.43%) diet supplemented with or without 200 mg/kg CrProp. Broilers were euthanized at d 56 after blood collection. The results indicated that the LND diet led to greater average daily feed intake (ADFI) from d 1 to 42 and feed conversion ratio (FCR) from d 22 to 42 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of CrProp improved body weight (BW) from d 1 to 56, average daily gain (ADG), and FCR during d 1 to 42 but reduced ADFI during d 1 to 21, as well as lowered abdominal fat percentage (P < 0.05). Supplementation with CrProp to regular and LND diets reduced ADFI but improved FCR from d 1 to 21 (P < 0.05). The LND diet lowered total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) concentration and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in the jejunal mucosa. CrProp elevated T-AOC levels and glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px, P < 0.05). Dietary CrProp upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of fatty acid transporter (FABP1) gene and peptide transporter (Pept1) gene. CrProp administration increased jejunal FABP1 expression and lowered cooking loss of breast meat (P <0.05) in the LND group while reducing shear force (P = 0.009) of broilers treated by regular diet. In summary, CrProp administration to the LND diet can improve growth performance in the starter period and meat quality on d 56, possibly through upregulated nutrient transporter gene expression in the jejunum and enhanced antioxidant capability.

PSV-15 Effects of Supplementation of Protease to Different Nutrient Density of Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profile, Gas Emission, Fecal Microflora in Growing-Finishing Pig

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protease supplementation and different nutrient density of diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, gas emissions, and fecal microflora in growing-finishing pigs. Crossbred growing pigs (n = 180; [Landrace × Yorkshire] x Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW; 18.74 ± 3.46 kg) were used for 15 weeks. Pigs were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 3 pigs per pen in a 3 ⅹ 2 factorial through the following arrangement: Three groups of protease (1, Basal diets; 2, Protease A: 125 mg/kg protease derived from Streptomyces spp; 3, Protease B: 100 mg/kg protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis) at two different nutrient density diets (1; Basal requirement 2; 0.94-0.98% greater than requirement in dietary protein and 50 kcal/kg in energy). Supplementation of protease significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) BW at weeks 4 and 6. Also, supplementation of protease increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG at grower periods and weeks 13 to 15. In addition, improvement (P &amp;lt; 0.05) of ADG was observed in pigs fed a high nutrient density diet (HN) compared with basal nutrient density diet (BN) at grower periods and weeks 13 to 15. In apparent total track digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP), there was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in supplementation of protease at weeks 6 and 13. The HN showed increased (P &amp;lt; .0001) ATTD of CP at 6 weeks. BN increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) ATTD of CP at week 13. Also, there was interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between nutrient density of diets and supplementation of protease. In ATTD of gross energy, supplementation of protease showed increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) at week 13. The supplementation of protease in diets decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at week 13. The supplementation of protease in diets decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the emission of NH3 at weeks 6 and 13. Also, H2S was decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) due to supplementation of Protease A in diets. At weeks 6 to 9, average daily feed intake showed a tendency to increase (P &amp;lt; 0.10) when the BN diets were fed. Also, during the entire period, feed conversion ratio tended to increase (P &amp;lt; 0.10) when the BN diets were fed. In conclusion, supplementation of protease reduces NH3 in feces and BUN in whole blood by increasing the digestibility of CP and improved growth performance. Also, diets with high nutrient density improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility in grower periods.

The effect of diet density on allometry in pullet growth and early egg production

Understanding the effect of nutrition on pullet growth curves and body composition may help to design new feeding strategies that influence body composition and (long-term) laying performance. Therefore, this study examined the effect of nutrient density (low, medium or high metabolizable energy and essential amino acids), fed in the rearing phase until 17 wk of age, on Hy-Line white W80 pullet growth, body composition development and egg production performance until wk 35. Data were subjected to mixed model analyses. To determine a multiphasic allometric relationship between body components, an overall growth curve was established and inflection points were determined. The linear higher BW at the end of the rearing phase, due to increased diet density, was maintained during the peak production phase until wk 35. Egg production parameters were not affected by rearing diet density. Breast and body crude protein percentages were not influenced by dietary treatments, whereas body crude fat and abdominal fat pad percentages were linearly increased with diet density from early age onward. Body crude protein was initially deposited at the same rate as body dry matter. In a second phase of growth from wk 12 onward, crude protein deposition was lower than body dry matter deposition, but was not influenced by rearing diet. Body crude fat, on the other hand, initially grew at a lower rate than body dry matter, but increased in deposition rate during a second phase of growth starting at wk 2 to 5. Pullets fed the high density diet showed higher deposition of crude fat vs. dry matter as compared to pullets fed the medium density diets in the first phase until wk 2, but exhibited lower crude fat deposition in the second phase until wk 8. These results indicate that until approximately wk 12, crude protein deposition was mainly driving growth and was not influenced by diet density. From wk 5 to 6 onward, crude fat deposition relative to protein deposition increased and this was influenced by diet density from an early age.

Effects of feed energy density, daily milking frequency, and a single injection of cabergoline on behavior and welfare in dairy cows at dry-off

Drying off dairy cows may challenge animal welfare due to high milk yields. A total of 111 loose-housed Holstein cows yielding >15 kg/d of milk were included in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design during dry-off to investigate the effects of reduced feeding level (normal vs. reduced energy density), reduced milking frequency (twice vs. once daily), and administration of a dopamine agonist (saline i.m. injection vs. cabergoline i.m. injection) on behavior in the home pen. During the 7 d before dry-off, cows were fed and milked according to 1 of the 4 feeding level and milking frequency combinations. Within 3 h after the last milking, cows were injected i.m. with 5 mL of either saline or a dopamine agonist (5.6 mg of cabergoline; Velactis, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France; labeled for use only with abrupt dry-off, i.e., no preceding reduction in feeding level or milking frequency before last milking). Cows' behavior during d -1, 0, and +1 relative to the last milking was recorded via video and leg-attached sensors. Cows on the reduced energy density diet spent more time feeding and showed more attempts to feed from other cows' bins on d -1. Throughout the period of observations, cows on the reduced diet spent a lower percentage of lying time with their head raised, a higher percentage of lying time with their legs bent, and less time standing in a vigilant posture than did cows on the normal lactation diet. Reducing the daily milking frequency from 2 to 1 did not result in any clear behavioral signs of discomfort. On d 0, cows injected with cabergoline lay down longer but had their head raised for a shorter percentage of time while lying, compared with cows injected with saline. Cows injected with cabergoline also spent less time feeding than cows injected with saline on d 0, and reduced the time spent drinking from d -1 to d 0. Finally, fewer cabergoline-injected cows used the brush for self-grooming, and, among cows that did use the brush, the cows injected with cabergoline reduced the time spent using the brush from d -1 to d 0. In conclusion, cows injected with cabergoline showed several behavioral changes compared with control cows injected with saline. The behavioral changes shown by cows injected with cabergoline may be indicative of malaise during the first 24 h after injection, raising concern for animal welfare. No behavioral evidence for reduced udder pain in cows injected with cabergoline compared with control cows injected with saline was found. Drying off by reducing the energy density of the diet caused behavioral changes indicative of hunger before dry-off, whereas reducing the milking frequency had no clear effects on behavior.

Is the Association Between Fruits and Vegetables and Preeclampsia Due to Higher Dietary Vitamin C and Carotenoid Intakes?

BackgroundDiets dense in fruits and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia, but pathways underlying this relationship are unclear. Dietary antioxidants may contribute to the protective effect. ObjectiveWe determined the extent to which the effect of dietary fruit and vegetable density on preeclampsia is because of high intakes of dietary vitamin C and carotenoids. Methods: We used data from 7572 participants in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be (8 United States medical centers, 2010‒2013). Usual daily periconceptional intake of total fruits and total vegetables was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. We estimated the indirect effect of ≥2.5 cups/1000 kcal of fruits and vegetables through vitamin C and carotenoid on the risk of preeclampsia. We estimated these effects using targeted maximum likelihood estimation and an ensemble of machine learning algorithms, adjusting for confounders, including other dietary components, health behaviors, and psychological, neighborhood, and sociodemographic factors. ResultsParticipants who consumed ≥2.5 cups of fruits and vegetables per 1000 kcal were less likely than those who consumed <2.5 cups/1000 kcal to develop preeclampsia (6.4% compared with 8.6%). After confounder adjustment, we observed that higher fruit and vegetable density was associated with 2 fewer cases of preeclampsia (risk difference: –2.0; 95% CI: –3.9, –0.1)/100 pregnancies compared with lower density diets. High dietary vitamin C and carotenoid intake was not associated with preeclampsia. The protective effect of high fruit and vegetable density on the risk of preeclampsia and late-onset preeclampsia was not mediated through dietary vitamin C and carotenoids. ConclusionsEvaluating other nutrients and bioactives in fruits and vegetables and their synergy is worthwhile, along with characterizing the effect of individual fruits or vegetables on preeclampsia risk.

Ascites in Broiler: Updates

In recent years, intensive selection has resulted in the development of metabolic diseases, including ascites, in chickens as a consequence of their genetic potential to grow rapidly. Many factors interact to cause ascites, including management practices, environmental conditions, and genetic makeup. In the modern broiler industry, ascites syndrome (AS), also called pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), is regarded as the main reason for morbidity and mortality. Current meat chicken lines have a faster metabolic process, which requires a greater amount of oxygen, particularly when they are fed high nutrient density diets or when they are kept in cold environments, Due to their underdeveloped cardiorespiratory systems, broilers cannot get enough oxygen to meet their requirements and suffer from hypoxemia, which in turn leads to pulmonary hypertension syndrome. A wide range of management practices as controlled feeding protocols, and limited lighting periods, besides adding antioxidants to feed, are outlined for reducing ascites incidence in broiler chickens. Also, the use of higher levels of dietary vitamins such as C and E, besides selenium, is believed to help lower the incidence of ascites. The improvement of low-temperature environmental shelter conditions appears to reduce the prevalence of PHS. Molecular genetics employed to diagnose and select against susceptible broilers' grandparents is being employed to eliminate involved genes.

Effect of a Combination of Lysolecithin, Synthetic Emulsifier and Monoglycerides on the Apparent Ileal Digestibility, Metabolizable Energy and Growth Performance of Growing Pigs.

Two studies were conducted to determine the impact of an absorption enhancer containing a combination of lysophospholipids, monoglycerides and synthetic emulsifiers (LEX) on apparent ileal digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), and growth performance of growing pigs. In the digestibility study, 12 male crossbred [Duroc x (Large White x Landrace)] pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 30 kg were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments: (1) a positive control (PC) receiving standard diets formulated to 3100 kcal ME/kg, and (2) a negative control formulated with −100 kcal ME/kg and −2.5% AA content vs. PC and supplemented with LEX at 500 g/t. Apparent ileal digestibility of essential AA was significantly increased for lysine, methionine, threonine, histidine, isoleucine and phenylalanine in the LEX treatment (p < 0.05). Average uplift in AA digestibility as a percent of the PC was +1.88%; with greatest improvement for histidine (+4.22%). LEX supplementation effectively compensated energy deficiency of low-density diet and provided additional ME improvement compared to the PC diet (p < 0.05). A second study was conducted to evaluate LEX dose response on the growth performance of pigs fed a low nutrient density diet. Total 450 cross-bred pigs (240 males (castrated) and 210 females) [Duroc x (Large White x Landrace)] with an average initial BW of 7.19 kg were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments: (1) a positive control (PC) formulated with standard specifications, (2) a negative control formulated with −100 kcal ME/kg and −2.5% AA content vs. the PC (NC), (3) NC + LEX at 250 g/t (NC + 250) and (4) NC + LEX at 500 g/t (NC + 500). Results showed significant improvement with LEX supplementation on the final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs of >50 kg body weight. Across the study, NC + 500 significantly increased ADG vs. PC and NC, and significantly reduced FCR compared to all other treatments. FCR of negative control diets improved by 9 and 15 points with the supplementation of 250 g/t and 500 g/t of LEX, respectively (p < 0.05). FCR in the NC + 250 diet was statistically similar vs. PC, which was significantly reduced compared to the NC. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the addition of an absorption enhancer containing a combination of lysophospholipids, monoglycerides and synthetic emulsifiers can improve growth performance in growing pigs, driven by increased nutrient digestibility and retention.

Characterization of growth patterns and carcass characteristics of male and female broilers from four commercial strains fed high or low density diets

Over the last few decades, the poultry industry has seen the emergence of various market segments that are beneficial for rearing various flock sizes. Two concurrent experiments consisting of 1,200 broilers each were conducted to evaluate the effects of broiler size and diet on the performance of four commercially available broiler strains, including 2 standard yielding (SY) and 2 high yielding (HY) strains. Within each experiment (Experiment 1: males, Experiment 2: females), a small bird (38 and 40 d processing) and big bird (47 and 54 d processing) debone market were targeted to give variable carcass size. Two polyphasic diets were fed based on varying of amino acid densities. The low-density diet (L) consisted of 1.20, 1.10, 1.00, and 0.96% digestible Lys and the high-density diet (H) consisted of 1.32, 1.21, 1.10, and 1.06% across the 4-phases, respectively, with similar essential amino acid to digestible Lys ratios between the L and H diets in each phase. Weekly BW, BW gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were assessed, as well as processing yields during both experiments. Broilers fed the H diets responded better than those fed the L diets, regardless of sex, with increased BW and decreased FCR (P < 0.05). Male HY strains provided the highest carcass yields (P < 0.05) compared to SY strains, with no differences observed in females (P > 0.05). High density diets (Diet H) also produced increases in carcass, breast, and tender yield (P < 0.05) for males, but that trend was not present in carcass yield for females (P < 0.05). Overall, strain impacted performance traits and carcass yields. Therefore, the use of specific strains and amino acid density for various market segments is beneficial for integrators to maximize return.

Effectivity of Dry and Liquid BS4 Enzymes in Improving Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Different Nutrient Density Diet

Supplementation of enzymes in feed is now commonly practiced to increase the nutrient availability of feed and the performance of poultry. A new enzyme called BS4 was produced by cultivating Eupenicilium javanicum. It is necessary to test the efficacy of this enzyme since the effectiveness of enzyme supplementation depends on many factors. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary BS4 enzyme supplementation in improving the performance of broiler chickens. A number of 300 broilers DOC was distributed into 30 pens and reared until 35 d. Six experimental diets i.e., factorial of 2 (Standard diet, and low nutrient density diet) X 3 (Control, BS4 liquid enzyme, and BS4 powder enzyme) were formulated with 5 replications. The performance (feed intake, body weight, FCR, and survival rates) were observed during the starter (1-21 d) and whole (1-35 d) periods. At the end of the trial, measurements were also made on the carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, and gizzard weights. Results showed that performances of broilers from 1-35 d were not significantly affected by interaction between nutrient density and enzyme supplement. The nutrient density also did not affect performances of broilers. However, dietary enzyme supplementation significantly reduced feed intake and improved FCR of broilers as compared to the control. Supplementation of BS4 in liquid or powder form, reduced feed intake by 3.6%. Supplementation of liquid and powder BS4 enzymes improved FCR by 6.4% and 8.9%, respectively, but no different effect between liquid and powder BS4 enzymes on performance of broilers. Nutrient density, enzyme supplementation, and interactions between the two factors did not significantly influence carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, and gizzard relative weights of broilers.

Feed Composition and Isolate of Histomonas meleagridis Alter Horizontal Transmission of Histomonosis in Turkeys. Proof of Concept

Outbreaks of histomonosis in turkeys are typically initiated by the ingestion of contaminated embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum, potentially present in earthworms and mechanical vectors. Once an outbreak is started, infected turkeys can transmit the disease by horizontal transmission. Factors influencing horizontal transmission of histomonosis are poorly understood. Replication of horizontal transmission in experimental conditions has not been consistent, presenting an obstacle in searching for alternatives to prevent or treat the disease. Two pilot experiments and three validation experiments were conducted in the present study. In pilot experiment 1, one isolate of Histomonas meleagridis (named Buford) was used. Turkeys were fed a low-nutrient density diet corn-soy based (LOW-CS) and raised in floor pens. In pilot experiment 2, another isolate of H. meleagridis was used (named PHL). Turkeys were fed a low-nutrient density diet with the addition of wheat middlings (LOW-WM) and raised in floor pens. In experiment 3, conducted on floor pens, both isolates and diets were used in different groups. In experiment 4, turkeys were raised on battery cages and only the PHL isolate was used. Both diets (LOW-WM and LOW-CS) were used, in addition to a diet surpassing the nutritional needs of young poults (turkey starter, TS). In experiment 5, conducted in battery cages, only the PHL isolate was used, and the LOW-WM and TS diets were in different groups. The horizontal transmission was achieved only with the PHL isolate from all experiments. The transmission rate varied among experimental diets, with the TS diet having the lowest transmission rate in experiments 4 and 5. Variation was observed between experiments and within experimental groups.

Exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme combination improves growth performance of the young broiler chickens fed low energy diets containing vegetable oil

ObjectiveThe present study examined the effects of exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme supplementation into a low energy density diet on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from hatch to 21 days.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-eight one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to 24 pens and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments to give six replications with seven chickens in a cage. Dietary treatments were: i) positive control with standard energy level (PC); ii) negative control with 100 kcal/kg lower energy of the standard level (NC); iii) NC diet supplemented 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate as an emulsifier (NC+E); and iv) NC diet supplemented with both 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate and 0.05% multi-enzyme (NC+E+M). Corn and soybean meal-based control diets containing vegetable oil were formulated to meet the Ross 308 nutrition specification. Chickens were fed ad-libitum with the treatment diets and sampling was conducted on day 21.ResultsOur results revealed that emulsifier and multi-enzyme supplementation into NC diets improved (p<0.05) feed efficiency of the broiler chickens compared to the broiler chickens fed NC diets from hatch to 21 days. Supplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme into NC diet improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens. However, emulsifier and multi-enzymesupplementation into diet did not influence (p>0.05) visceral organ weight, blood metabolites, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed NC diets.ConclusionSupplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in the NC diet would support improving growth performance in young broiler chickens with improved feed efficiency and increased nutrient digestibility thereby curtailing the negative impact of energy reduction in the diets.

Effect of prepartum dietary energy density on beef cow energy metabolites, and birth weight and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum diets that differ in energy density on beef cow energy metabolites and birth weight, immunity and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves. On d 0 (approximately 45 d before calving), 90 multiparous Angus cows (BW = 510 ± 16 kg) were randomly allocated into 1 of 9 drylot pens (10 cows/pen). Each pen was randomly assigned to a treatment condition (three pens/treatment), the cows in each treatment were assigned randomly to receive a high-energy (HE) density diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM), medium-energy (ME) density diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM), or low-energy (LE) density diet (NEm = 1.36 Mcal/kg of DM). Blood samples were collected − 45, − 21, − 14, and − 7 d from calving, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, total protein, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were measured. After calving, the birth weights, body height, body length, thoracic girth and umbilical girth of the calves in each group were recorded, and blood samples were collected for analysis of IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and maleic dialdehyde levels. The amounts of feed offered and orts were recorded for individual cows 4 d/wk. The results indicated that although dry matter intake (DMI) levels did not differ among the LE, ME, and or HE groups before parturition, the group that received the HE diet had higher plasma glucose concentrations and lower prepartum blood NEFA concentrations than the other groups. Birth weight, body height, thoracic girth, and levels of IL-2, cortisol, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase were increased in calves of the HE group compared with those of the LE group. The plasma IL-4 and serum IgG concentrations tended to be decreased in the ME group compared with the HE group, and the ME group had lower maleic dialdehyde concentrations; maleic dialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the LE group compared with the HE group. Overall, these results indicate that feeding of a low-energy diet during the last 45 d before parturition has negative effects on the growth, immunity, and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves. Increasing maternal energy density during late gestation may be useful to improve the energy status of cows.

Performances of KUB Chickens Fed Diets with Different Nutrient Densities and BS4 Enzyme Supplementation

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary enzyme supplementation (E) on the performance of KUB chickens fed different nutrient densities (ND). Diets with three densities: 70.7 g crude protein/Mcal or high (H), 66.1 g crude protein/Mcal or medium (M), and 59.3 g crude protein/Mcal or low (L), were formulated and supplemented with or without enzyme. Diets were given in four feeding programs, i.e., H-M-L, H-M-M, M-M-L, and M-L-L during the starter (1–28 d), grower (29–56 d), and finisher (57–84 d) periods, respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times. Bodyweight gain (BWG), feed intake, and FCR were measured each period. At the end of the trial, carcass yield and internal organs were measured. Results of the experiment (1–84 d period) showed that the feed intake was significantly affected by ND. Chickens fed the H-M-L diets have the highest feed intake, while the lowest was found in chickens fed M-M-L diets. A significant interaction was found in the FCR. The best FCR was found in chickens fed the H-M-M diets without enzymes, but the best FCR was found on the M-M-L diets with enzymes. Livability, carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard weights were not affected by the treatments. The jejunum sizes of chickens were significantly longer when fed the low-density diet than those fed the higher nutrient density diet. The ileum sizes of chickens were significantly shorter than chickens fed the diet without enzymes. The highest income over feed cost was achieved when chickens were fed the M-M-L diets supplemented with enzymes. It is concluded that the best performance of growing KUB chickens was obtained when fed M-M-L diets supplemented with BS4 enzymes (30 Units of saccharification/kg diet) and when fed H-M-M diets without enzyme supplementation.

Restricted dietary pattern may contribute to lowering blood pressure in adolescents with obesity: Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents.

Dieting is one of the main target factors for interventions that seek to control and prevent rising blood pressure. This study identified dietary patterns and analyzed their association with adolescents' blood pressure. This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic and nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 12-17 years, who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), carried out in 2013-2014 with Brazilian adolescents (N = 36 956). Food consumption was assessed by 24 h recall. Dietary patterns were identified using the Reduced Rank Regression method, and considering waist circumference, fasting insulin, and dietary polyunsaturated fat/saturated fat ratio as intermediate variables. Multiple linear regression models stratified by weight were developed; SBP and DBP were the dependent variables, and dietary pattern scores were the independent ones, with adjustment for potential confounding factors. The following patterns were identified: 'Brazilian common', 'Restricted' and 'Added sugar'. The 'Restricted' pattern, which included diet/light foods, chicken and chicken-based dishes, leafy greens, vegetables and spices, red meats and dishes based on red meats and tubers, was inversely associated with SBP (β = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.26 to -0.83) and DBP (β = -1.19; 95% CI = -1.70 to -0.68) in adolescents with obesity. In adolescents with obesity, a low-energy density diet was associated with reduced blood pressure. These findings are consistent with international recommendations for preventing elevated blood pressure.

An evaluation of bird weight and diet nutrient density during early lay on ISA Brown performance, egg quality, bone characteristics, and liver health at 50 weeks of age

This study compared the impact of a higher nutrient density (HND) or lower nutrient density (LND) diet fed during early lay to either heavier weight (HW) or lighter weight (LW) ISA Brown hens. At 18 wk of age (WOA) pullets (n = 240) were evenly assigned to either HW (n = 120) or LW (n = 120). Sixty birds from each weight group were then randomized to either the HND or LND diet treatments which were fed from 18 to 24 WOA inclusive. At 25 WOA the LND diet replaced the HND diet. All hens remained on LND diet to 50 WOA. Hen performance was measured from 18 to 50 WOA. Femur and liver health were evaluated at 50 WOA. Egg quality was assessed from 46 to 50 WOA. The 18 WOA HW hens had higher BW, cumulative egg production, cumulative feed intake (CFI), and cumulative egg mass (CEM) to both 24 and 50 WOA (P < 0.01). At 24 WOA the HND diet also generated higher BW (P < 0.001), CEM (P < 0.001) and lower cumulative feed conversion ratio (CFCR) (P < 0.01), the latter being sustained to 50 WOA (P < 0.01). At 50 WOA CFCR of LW birds was lower than HW birds (P < 0.01). Egg weight (EW), yolk diameter, and percent yolk weight were higher (P < 0.05) in the HW birds with the highest albumen to yolk ratio in LW birds (P < 0.05). Egg shape index was higher in LND diet fed birds (P < 0.01) while LW hens had higher shell phosphorus (P < 0.05). Body weight and diet nutrient density interacted on femoral diameter and cortical thickness being higher (P < 0.01) in LW birds fed HND than LW birds fed LND diets. Fatty liver hemorrhagic scores (P < 0.05) and liver lipid peroxidase (P < 0.001) at 50 WOA were higher in HW and LND diet treatments. Concurrently HW birds had the highest CFI and EW while CFCR and liver health were superior in LW and the HND diet treatment.

Abstract PO-076: Social support, diet, and physical activity among Latina breast cancer survivors

Abstract Background: The American Institute for Cancer Research and the American Cancer Society recommendations for diet and physical activity are less likely to be followed by minority cancer populations, such as Latina breast cancer survivors, compared to non-Hispanic White women. Moreover, Latinas are also more likely to suffer from other comorbidities, such as diabetes, which could be alleviated by improved diet and physical activity (PA). Social support is one potential mechanism that can encourage a healthy lifestyle. Studies to date have been inconsistent in showing that higher levels of social support among cancer survivors is associated with higher levels of PA and healthy eating and most of these studies were conducted in majority White populations. Purpose: This study examines the associations between social support from different social support sources with PA and diet behaviors in Latina breast cancer survivors. We hypothesized that higher levels of social support would be associated with higher levels of PA and healthier eating. Method: Latina breast cancer survivors (n=85; M age = 55.47, SD =9.63) of mostly Dominican heritage with a history of breast cancer (stages 0-III) completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support scale, which measures social support from friends, family, and a significant other. Physical activity was assessed via a 7-day physical activity recall and dietary intake was measured via three 24-hour dietary recalls. In this cross-sectional analysis, associations between social support, dietary intake (calories, fruit/vegetable intake, fat, and energy density), and PA (moderate, hard, very hard, and moderate-to-vigorous PA activity levels) were examined using bivariate correlations. Linear Regression Models tested whether statistically significant correlations (p&amp;lt;.05) held with covariates of age, income, education, and acculturation. Results: There were no significant associations between social support and PA. More social support from all three types of networks were each associated with a low energy density diet controlling for covariates: (family β =-.02, p=.003), friends (β =-.01, p=.01), significant other (β =-.014, p=.012). Further, a low-energy density diet was associated with a higher Healthy Eating Index score in post-hoc analyses (r=-.27, p=.01). Higher caloric intake was only associated with more social support from a significant other (r=.36, p&amp;lt;.001) and remained controlling for covariates (β=21.53, p=.03). Total fruit and vegetable (F/V) and fat intake were not associated with any of the social support variables controlling for covariates. Conclusions: Findings suggest that having social support from family, friends, or a significant person may contribute to a low-energy density diet, which was associated with a higher quality diet. Citation Format: Amanda M. Marin-Chollom, Pam Koch, Ann Ogden Gaffney, Isobel Contento, Hanjie Shen, Dawn Hershman, Heather Greenlee. Social support, diet, and physical activity among Latina breast cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-076.