Diesel Pumps Research Articles

Solar Energy Application in Indian Irrigation System

The electricity deficit and high diesel costs influence the pumping needs of urban water supply and irrigation; hence, the use of solar power for water pumping is a viable alternative to traditional water pumping systems dependent on grid power and diesel. In recent decades, attention has been given to clean and renewable energies from the vast majority of countries’ priorities in the environmental and economic sectors. Agricultural sector is backbone of Indian economy as population increases demand of water also increases. Extract and transfer of water to agriculture and drinking is equals high-energy consumption. One of the best solutions is to use of an abundant and almost free solar energy to supply energy in all sectors, especially the irrigation sector. In the growth period of crops, when irrigation is often required, there are a high of solar radiation comes from the sun. This study shows that in India, like many other developing countries, the weakness of using this important source, the program of converting solar energy, and photovoltaic pumping systems use. This paper summarizes solar energy development and its application in the irrigation system and comparing them with the conventional diesel pumps. The expected results of this paper are to encourage the politicians, statesmen, and professionals to planning and policy-making the use of the green energy industry in the water sector that could pump water to the villages and agriculture and jump in the energy sector to the economic and Sustainable development.

Breaking the mould: understanding the practicality of solar water pumps among small tea planters in a South Asian State of India

The South Asian region is the largest producer of tea in the entire world. Forming a core part of this industry, the state of Assam, located in India, is known to be the largest contiguous tea-growing area in the world. With respect to tea production in this state, the small tea grower (STG) community in Assam contributes nearly half to the total production, making them a significant stakeholder in the burgeoning tea industry. Notably, diesel pumps have been long-favored for water pumping in tea plantations. Nonetheless, a complex mix-match of factors such as global warming, unreliability of monsoon rains and unavailability of adequate infrastructure has made them vulnerable to universal winds of change. This study makes an effort to identify the prospects of using solar pumps for irrigation, assess the constraints faced by STGs with regard to irrigation facilities and discuss the cost-effectiveness of using solar water pumps. The methodology involves both primary and secondary data interpreted by means of a descriptive research technique and a statistical cost–benefit analysis. Analysis shows that the breakeven period between both types of pumps occurs at the third year of usage. This emphasises that although solar pumps are cost-intensive in the short run, their installation has significant benefits such as, zero power costs and environmental costs, for STGs in the long run. With large economies moving towards low carbon strategies these days, installation of solar water pumps presents an optimum policy prescription that combines both cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability, while bearing immense possibility in nourishing the tea industry of not only Assam, but the entire South Asian region.

Intelligent system for monitoring motor pumps in the water supply to optimize crop rotation

In the agricultural sector of the municipality of Guasave, diesel pumps are currently used to irrigate the various crops, this due to the lack of water that has occurred in recent years. To do this, these pumps are mostly manufactured with very rustic physical structures and only with analog markers that are not very precise. This situation keeps the equipment unprotected and only shows parameters analogically, this makes the process inefficient. With the present project, we designed, developed and simulated a prototype of a system that evaluates and monitors the physical parameters that influence the operation of different thermal machines used for pumping. To achieve the above mentioned, a series of sensors were installed, the signal is sent to Raspberry Pi 3, in which the data is processed, stored and shown to the user of the equipment through a graphic interface. A possible improvement of this system in the future would be to create a mobile application, which in real time, could alert the user of possible failures, decreasing the side effects on the environment, optimizing crop rotation for the continuous improvement of the competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector in northern Sinaloa.

Link between farm electricity supply management, farm investments, and farm incomes - Evidence from India

This paper examines the link between farm electricity supply management in the context of Gujarat's feeder segregation program, “Jyotigram Yojana” (JGY), investments in fixed and variable farm inputs, and net farm income per acre using panel data from the 2004-05 and 2011-12 India Human Development Survey. Estimating panel fixed effects regressions, we find that exposure to JGY is associated with substitution away from diesel pumps, an increase in tubewell ownership, and greater likelihood of irrigating with tubewells. Further, there a positive and statistically significant correlation between JGY exposure and per acre cost of purchased water for irrigation. Consequently, we find a negative correlation between JGY exposure and net farm income per acre. We conclude that in the short-to-medium term concomitant increase in irrigation costs can negate the gains from more reliable but rationed farm electricity. Simultaneous policy measures alongside feeder segregation are thus needed to ensure affordable irrigation and subsequently farmers' welfare.

A New Solar-Powered Rice-Fish Farming System for Yield Improvement

Rice-fish farming is widely practiced all over the world, but since some areas lack irrigation, diesel pumps are often needed. Solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) are considered to be a more sustainable option than traditional pumps, but are more costly to set up, limiting their use to direct rice irrigation. This study intended to integrate solar-powered pumps in the irrigation system and investigate its viability through the following: establish an appropriate motor size, determine solar panel tilt, and compare with traditional irrigation pumping. The system was comprised of a positive displacement-type solar pump, photovoltaic panels, a charge controller, a battery, and an elevated, lined water impounding system for aquaculture. Tilt angles varying between 5 and 10 degrees were tested by measuring the current drawn from the photovoltaic panels. Three motor sizes were used and compared based on flow rate and volume of water pumped per full 100Ah battery, and the effect of the water impounding system along with raising tilapia on the growth of rice was determined. Results revealed that a 200-watt motor pumps the most water per full battery charge, and that the monthly computed panel tilt had the highest harvested energy. Furthermore, solar-powered rice-fish culture gave a higher yield compared to traditional diesel-pump irrigation, and calculations on the system’s economic feasibility show a benefitcost ratio of 1.26 and a payback period of 2.87 years.

A holistic evaluation of the impact of UK renewable strategy on emissions from compression ignition engines

Reduction in fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gases, and improvement of air quality from vehicle emissions is of growing concern worldwide. This has led to the introduction of several binding and non-binding agreements, such as the Renewable Energy Directive to increase the renewable content of fuel for transportation, the carbon dioxide emissions standards to limit the amount of carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles and the Euro Standards to limit the amount of emissions harmful to human health in the exhaust. However, the influence of the fuel composition on hazardous exhaust emissions is a complex, and often contradictory, relationship between factors such as the fuel properties, combustion characteristics and engine load. Therefore policy implemented to improve one aspect, such as a reduction in carbon dioxide, can have a detrimental effect on another such as increased NOx emissions.This paper analyses, in a holistic manner, the impact on carbon dioxide and harmful emissions from transient compression ignition engines when increasing the renewable content of the fuel to meet the renewable energy targets. The analysis is based on a model developed from a rigorous Design of Experiment methodology used to determine the complex relationship between renewable fuel content and exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides). Unlike other studies, the results were collected from a transient engine cycle, the World Harmonised Light vehicle Test Procedure, rather than steady state conditions, thus the results are more applicable to the real world.The results generally show that as the amount of ethanol is increased then the NOx and CO emissions decrease compared to current pump diesel. Increasing the biodiesel content generally increases the CO and CO2 emissions from the engine. For practical reasons a ternary blend is required to minimise the diesel engine emissions whilst meeting the UK’s future renewable content target. A blend of B2.4E10 was found to be the optimum compromise between renewable content and engine emissions. However, for this to be achieved the UK will have to invest in second and third generation ethanol.

Case Study on Salt Farmers: A Sustainable Livelihood Approach

The present study was conducted as part of a project implemented by Namac (a Small Salt Producer Company located in Gujarat, India) to replace diesel pumps with solar pumps for salt production in the region of Adesar in Gujarat. The study highlights the impact of this intervention and identifies the shortcomings, benefits, feasibility and acceptability of solar pumps. Purposive sampling technique was used to select ten salt farmers for the study. Data revealed that the cost of salt production reduced considerably. The study provides useful insights for facilitating a sustainable livelihood model. The findings can benefit salt farmers, organisations working on sustainable livelihoods, research scholars, academicians, and policy-makers.

Drivers of groundwater utilization in water-limited rice production systems in Nepal

ABSTRACTMost rice farmers in Nepal’s Terai region do not fully utilize irrigation during breaks in monsoon rainfall. This leads to yield losses despite abundant groundwater resources and ongoing expansion of diesel pumps and tubewell infrastructure. We investigate this puzzle by characterizing delay factors governing tubewell irrigation across wealth and precipitation gradients. After the decision to irrigate, different factors delay irrigation by roughly one week. While more sustainable and inexpensive energy for pumping may eventually catalyze transformative change, we identify near-term interventions that may increase rice farmers’ resilience to water stress in smallholder-dominated farming communities based on prevailing types of irrigation infrastructure.

Review of PV fed water pumping systems using BLDC Motor

Energy demand is increasing significantly nowadays due to increase in population, industrialization and transportation. The fossil fuel depletion is high with this increase in energy demand. There are sincere efforts from around the world to tap renewable sources and adopt these sources of energy for their social and economic development. Among all the available renewable energy sources solar energy is regarded as the most viable source of energy. Solar water pumping systems are receiving wide attention in agricultural and industrial sector as they are environment friendly and require no fuel cost. Conventional water pumps run by electricity tend to be unreliable and diesel pumps have increased fuel cost. Main objective of this study is to present a comprehensive literature review of Solar Photovoltaic fed water pumping system using Brushless DC(BLDC)Motor. BLDC motor emerges as a better substitute for DC motors and AC Induction Motors in water pumping applications due to high efficiency, high reliability and least maintenance requirement. The review focuses on research findings of solar photovoltaic water pumping systems using BLDC motor drives with and without dc-dc converters.

Working toward sustainable agricultural intensification in the Red River Delta of Vietnam

D ense networks of rivers, canals, ditches, dikes, sluice gates, and compartmented fields have enabled the farms of the Red River Delta to produce 18% of Vietnam's rice ( Oryza sativa ) crop (figure 1), 26% of the country's vegetable crops, and 20% of capture and farmed aquaculture (Redfern et al. 2012). Agriculture in this fertile delta was transformed in the 11th and 13th century AD by large-scale hydraulic projects to protect the delta from flooding and saltwater intrusion, and provide field drainage during the wet season and crop irrigation in the dry season (Tinh 1999). The 20th century brought advancements in agricultural science globally—new crops and livestock genetics, inorganic fertilizers, mechanization, and pesticides that could double and triple food production per unit of land. It was the diesel pump combined with post-Vietnam War agricultural collectivization from 1975 to 1988 that brought the Green Revolution to the Red River Delta. Yet the very success of this agricultural revolution capable of feeding more people brought unintended harm to the waters, soil, coastal mangrove forests, and delta ecosystems that made it all possible. Intensification of fish production destroyed wetland habitats; polluted waterways; and led to eutrophication, biotic depletion, and increased disease (Nguyen 2017; Ahmed and Thompson 2019). Exponential increases in shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ) farming devastated mangrove forests that protected against coastal erosion and mitigated the impacts of sea level rise (Joffre et al. 2015; Ahmed and Thompson 2019). Pesticide concentrations in soil and sediments were found to be high and persistent in rice fields (Braun et al. 2018). The need to take the Green Revolution to the next level using innovation and technologies to create sustainable agricultural systems has …

Impact assessment of krishi bhagya scheme in Karnataka: The policy imperatives

The government of Karnataka launched Krishi Bhagya Scheme (KBS) mainly to improve the livelihood of dry-land farmers. Undeniably, 30 districts in Karnataka implemented KBS along with farm pond, diesel pump set, micro-irrigation units and polyhouse/shade net focussing on agricultural and horticultural farmers. Therefore, Hassan district was selected in order to collect relevant information of KBS and a total of 117 respondents were selected by simple random sampling including, beneficiary (40 agricultural farmers and 21 horticultural farmers) and non- beneficiary (35 agricultural farmers and 21 horticultural farmers) farmers. Logistic regression, ordinary least square and average mean score methods were employed to assess the impact of KBS implementation. The study found that access to KBS is significantly influenced by education level and land size. In addition, education particularly secondary and higher secondary levels significantly affect the income of beneficiaries. The number of visits of extension agency, lack of awareness about the scheme and non-availability of timely subsidy were considered as the major problems faced by beneficiary and non- beneficiary farmers. The performance of KBS scheme can be improved by providing a proper source of information about the scheme and by making land records available online.

On the Frontiers of Development: Illicit Poppy and the Transformation of the Deserts of Southwest Afghanistan

The physical and political geography of the deserts of southwest Afghanistan have gone through dramatic change over the last two decades. Located on the periphery of irrigated lands settled by the Afghan state in the 1950s and 1960s, this area has been at the forefront of technical change in Afghan agricultural production since 2003. Initially settled by small numbers of households escaping drought in the 1990s, tracts of these former desert lands were captured by local elites and communities from the adjacent irrigated lands. Access to improved technologies, including deep wells and diesel pumps, and a buoyant opium price, led to dry rocky soils being transformed into agricultural land. Further encroachment of these former desert lands came in 2008 with the drive to curb opium production in those accessible irrigated areas where the Afghan state, and foreign military forces, coerced the rural population to abandon opium. These counternarcotics efforts evicted the land-poor from the centrally irrigated valleys of the provinces of Helmand, Farah and Kandahar, leaving them few options but to seek new lives in the former desert areas. For those that owned land in the former desert areas, this supply of relatively cheap labour, skilled in opium production, encouraged a further expansion in opium poppy cultivation. Even in the wake of repeated low yields between 2010 and 2014, and fluctuating opium prices, farmers in these former desert areas adapted and innovated, exploiting herbicides and solar-powered technology to reduce the costs of opium production, and further increased the amount of land under agriculture. As this paper argues, these former desert areas should not be seen as marginal and remote, far from the reaches of the development programs of the Afghan state and its donors, but understood as engines of growth integrated into the global economic system; these are areas that have been transformed by improved access to modern technologies and an entrepreneurial local population that has fully exploited the opportunities illegal opium production offers.

Perancangan Sistem Pompa Irigasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Untuk Pertanian Subak Semaagung

In general the average rice harvest in Indonesia is three times in one year with a rice age of 115-120 days. Subak is an organization owned by farmers in Bali that specifically regulates traditional rice field irrigation systems. Subak Semaagung every year there is a shortage of water on agricultural land. Subak area of approximately 55 hectares consisting of six groups of farmers called "tempek". Agricultural water supplied to each tempek interchangeably because the water supply is very limited, so any tempek can only grow rice once in 2 years. The situation is very difficult for farmers to maintain their own rice fields with a limited water supply, so that the fields in the Subak has been largely abandoned. Previously, the Ministry of Agriculture has provided assistance in the form of diesel-powered irrigation pump system, but the diesel-powered water pumping systems are only used for 1 year because it requires a very complicated way of operational and fuel costs are enormous. This research will be designed water pump system Solar Power Plant (PLTS) for more effective than previous diesel pump. From the discussion and analysis has been done that with an area of 300 m2 can be mounted solar panels monokristaline 52.14 kW with a maximum capacity of solar modules totaling 158 units, inverter 33 kW two units, and Submersible pumps SP 60-9 two units. So that the result of the calculation of water that can be lifted inthe dry season every day is 1.275.000/liters/day. With a total investment cost of solar power water pumps Subak Semaagung ????????1.168.137.010.

Utilising carbon dioxide for transport fuels: The economic and environmental sustainability of different Fischer-Tropsch process designs

Producing fuels and chemicals from carbon dioxide (CO2) could reduce our dependence on fossil resources and help towards climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the sustainability of utilising CO2 for production of transportation fuels. The CO2 feedstock is sourced from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and the fuels are produced in the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. Using life cycle assessment, life cycle costing and profitability analysis, the study considers four different process designs and a range of plant capacities to explore the effect of the economies of scale. For large-scale plants (1,670 t/day), the FT fuels outperform fossil diesel in all environmental impacts across all the designs, with several impacts being net-negative. The only exceptions are ozone depletion, for which fossil diesel is the best option, and global warming potential (GWP), which is lower for fossil diesel for some process designs. Optimising the systems reduces the GWP of FT fuels in the best case by 70% below that of fossil diesel. Assuming a replacement of 9.75–12.4% of fossil diesel consumed in the UK by 2,032, as stipulated by policy, would avoid 2–8 Mt of CO2 eq./yr, equivalent to 2–8% of annual emissions from transportation. However, these fuels are not economically viable and matching diesel pump price would require subsidies of 35–79% per litre. Optimising production yields would allow decreasing the subsidies to 8%. Future research should be aimed at technology improvements to optimise these systems as well as evaluating different policy mechanisms needed to stimulate markets for CO2-derived fuels.

Influence of sealing gasket distortion on diesel engine injection pump mounting

Currently, the common-rail injection system is composed from a high-pressure pump, injectors, an electronic control unit and a common rail. Over time, the common-rail system has been simplified and optimized, but it remains that the high-pressure pump can still be affected by distortion which occurs during the pump assembly process and in turn has an effect in mounting the pump to the engine. The main assemblies of the diesel pump are the front plate, housing, driveshaft and hydraulic head. Our paper presents a solution for minimizing the distortion and also any external leaks that may occur due to a change in design of the sealing gasket between the body and front plate. This modification realizes the connection interface with the engine block and facilitates the pump mounting. The tests analysis is performed on high pressure pumps to determine where and when the distortion occurs.

Probabilistic safety assessment of portable equipment applied in VVER-1000/V446 nuclear reactor during loss of ultimate heat sink accident for stress test program development

After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, all EU nuclear power plants became subject to safety assessments as stress test programs. The objective was to check and improve the capability of nuclear safety systems in withstanding damage from hazards caused by flooding, earthquakes, terrorist attack or aircraft collision. The two most important nuclear accidents which are considered after the Fukushima accident are loss of ultimate heat sink (LUHS) and station blackout. The LUHS is one of the most important accidents, which can be recognized as a severe accident and is caused by severe natural phenomena. In this paper, for the first time, the LUHS accident and its management as a stress test program is assessed in a VVER-1000/V446 reference nuclear reactor. By applying some portable diesel pumps which can provide long term cooling of the reactor core, steam generators and spent fuel pool with the available NPP site demineralized water for long duration; the stress test strategy is assessed. To estimate the effect of portable equipment on the NPP safety, the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) is adopted.In this method, fault trees of engineering safety features including the proposed portable equipment and event trees of different initiating events are applied to estimate the frequency of each accident sequence. The safety of the nuclear power plant is assessed by the risk measure of core damage frequency (CDF). The calculated CDF values of LUHS accident with and without deploying the portable diesel pumps are 1.01E-11(yr−1) and 1.419E-8 (yr−1), respectively. The results indicate a significant decrease in CDF of the VVER-1000/V446 nuclear reactor for the LUHS accident by applying portable equipment, introduced as a stress test program.

MANAJEMEN PEMELIHARAAN FASILITAS BANGUNAN GEDUNG PADA PROYEK SWASTA: STUDI KASUS

The phase of buildings maintenance in the project life cycle is still not well structured when compared to construction phase, especially in government buildings. In contrast to private buildings that have been well managed in their care. This is due to the different funding patterns and budgets and the different division of responsibilities, the private sector is easier without a long flow when they want to maintain and finance the building. The purpose of this study is to review the management of maintenance of building facilities on private projects to be recommended to government-owned buildings. Case studies were carried out on one of the private-owned buildings in Central Java by taking a review of the diesel pump facilities. The research method is by observing the process of maintaining a diesel pump that is deepened by interviews and looking at the Standard Operational Procedure (SOP). The results showed that the One Point Lesson (OPL) maintenance system through daily, weekly, monthly, and annual maintenance on private buildings was quite effective. Maintenance is categorized as autonomous, corrective, and preventive maintenance. This maintenance system has the potential to be adopted into government buildings by carrying out more in-depth analysis.

Characterizing Emissions from Agricultural Diesel Pumps in the Terai Region of Nepal

Diesel irrigation pumps are a source of air pollution in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The environmental implications of these pumps are often overlooked and very rarely addressed in the IGP. Few studies in the past have estimated the amount of diesel consumed by irrigation pumps in the IGP or other proxy variables to estimate the amount of emissions. A considerable amount of uncertainty remains in calculating emission factors (EF) using real-time measurements. We measured pollutants from nine diesel irrigation pumps in the southern ‘Terai’ belt of Nepal. Fuel-based EF were then estimated using the carbon mass balance method. The average EF for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), CO2, CO and black carbon (BC) were found to be 22.11 ± 3.71, 2218.10 ± 26.8, 275 ± 17.18 and 2.54 ± 0.71 g/L, respectively. Depending upon the pump characteristics (age, design, make, hours used, etc.) and fuel mixtures, the EF of PM2.5, BC and CO had larger inter-variability. This study provides estimates for an under-represented source of ambient air pollution which will assist in the development of better emission inventories and informed policy making.

Research on comparative advantages of SPV pumping irrigation systems

Agricultural production relies heavily on irrigation, and water pumping for irrigation consumes a great amount of electricity every year in China. Meanwhile, more land in remote areas is barren because of lack of electricity and access to irrigation. Till now, most research works have been focused on the technological aspects of SPV irrigation system, very few studies were reported on economic and financial aspects of the system. The main barrier to promotion and application of SPV irrigation systems seemed the high initial investment. To analyse and clarify the comparative advantages of SPV facilities, the life cycle cost, energy consumption and pollution emission of pump stations powered by SPV, electricity and diesel was calculated respectively through a case study. The initial investment ratio of SPV, electricity and diesel pump station is 12.7:9.3:1, while the life cycle cost ratio of them becomes to 1:1.59:1.88, the SPV turned out to be economical, energy saving and environmental friendly. Policy suggestions on encouraging the construction of photo-electric complementary pumping stations and financial support to water users are put forward to make good use of SPV systems and release the financial burden from the initial investment.

Design and Simulation of Photo-voltaic Water Pumping System for Irrigation

In locations where electricity is not available, other means are necessary to pump water for different applications. Using a diesel pump to deliver water causes economic and environmental problems. The higher price of diesel increases operation costs of diesel water pumping system thereby reducing the incomes. In addition, the use of a diesel pump emits a considerable amount of CO₂ which cause global warming. A possible solution to these problems is using renewable energy source like solar power, which is environmentally friend and available for free. This paper presents the design and simulation of a photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation of a potato farm located at a place named Gerenbo in south-west Ethiopia. The system was designed by considering the site’s topography and local meteorological data. The PV system designing was made in such a way that, capable of irrigating a hectare area potato farm with daily water requirement of 7m³ and total dynamic head of 21m. To run simulations, different tools have been used. Those include CROPWAT, MatLab, and HOMER. Furthermore, after seizing all components and sub-systems, the entire system (from solar radiation to water production) was simulated by using PVsyst. The economic and environmental aspects of PV water pumping systems have been studied. Based on the projected system lifetime production, the equivalent cost of water for PVWPs and DWPs is $0.1187/m³ and $0.3526/m³ respectively. Replacement of diesel-powered water pumping system results in an annual reduction of CO₂ emissions by 1500kg.