Diesel Oil Emulsion Research Articles

Stability of Diesel-Oil-Based Drilling Fluid with Variable Water Cut at Low Temperatures

Diesel-oil-based drilling fluid is an oil—water emulsion used in petroleum drilling to change the formation parameters. In this paper, the rheological dispersion, and electric properties of the drilling fluid under water-cut conditions were studied as functions of the oil – water ratio. The experimental results showed that the emulsion stability depended directly on its oil—water ratio and temperature. The apparent viscosity and shear stress increased as the oil – water ration and temperature decreased. The apparent viscosity decreased with increasing shear stress at constant temperature and oil–water ratio. The diesel-oil emulsion acted as a Newtonian fluid at high oil—water ratios but demonstrated properties of a pseudo-plastic fluid at low ratios. The rheological stability continued to decline as the oil—water ratio decreased so that the emulsion was no longer suitable for use as a drilling fluid.

Adsorption Mechanism of Oil by Resilient Graphene Aerogels from Oil-Water Emulsion.

A facile synthesis strategy was adopted to prepare resilient graphene aerogel (GA) with properties of high emulsified oil adsorption capacities, excellent rebounding performance, oil-water selectivity, and recycling abilities. The maximum adsorption capacity of GA for emulsified diesel oil was 2.5 × 104 mg g-1. The microscopic kinetic and thermodynamic mutual reaction models of diesel oil emulsion adsorption onto GA were investigated to describe the adsorption mechanism. The emulsified diesel oil was able to be separated efficiently from the oil-water emulsion by GA because of their high oil selectivity. Interestingly, both kinetics and thermodynamic experiments show that emulsified oil adsorption on GA is a physical adsorption and spontaneous process. Besides, GA can be reused with prominent repeatability for at least 10 cycles, demonstrating feasibility in practical applications of GA-based oily water treatment.

Separation of oil content from oily cuttings in CO2-responsive switch water

ABSTRACT“Switch water” (SW) is an aqueous solution of switchable ionic strength trigger by CO2. In this article, three tertiary amino alcohols were chosen to build CO2-responsive SW. An ingenious recyclable SW–diesel oil emulsion system was built to separate oily content from oily cuttings. The separation rate of diesel oil from emulsion almost reached 100% after CO2 treatment under appropriate conditions. Recycling of SW was easily done by N2 treatment. Compared with the traditional methods, CO2-responsive SW which is energy saving, pollution free, and efficient has all the qualifications to become a mainstream treatment in the near future.

Use of metal-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel oil emulsions in artificial seawater

In this study, we employed the metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) method for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in diesel oil emulsions in artificial seawater. Silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 80 nm were immobilized onto silanized quartz as MEF substrates. Excited by illumination at 355 nm, a 4.6-fold increase in the fluorescence signals of PAHs was recorded when MEF substrates were used. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to provide mechanistic insights into the fluorescence enhancement. Monitoring water pollution has environmental significance and MEF spectroscopy is finding direct applications in this field.

Performance, emissions and heat release characteristics of direct injection diesel engine operating on diesel oil emulsion

Emulsions of diesel and water are often promoted as being able to overcome the difficulty of simultaneously reducing emissions of both oxidises of nitrogen (NO x ) and particulate matter from diesel engines. In this paper we present measurements of the performance and NO x and hydrocarbon emissions of a diesel engine operating on a typical diesel oil emulsion and examine through the use of heat release analysis differences found during its combustion relative to standard diesel in the same engine. While producing similar or greater thermal efficiency and improved NO x and hydrocarbon emission outcomes, use of the emulsion also results in an increase in brake specific fuel consumption. Use of the emulsion is also shown to result in a retarded fuel injection, but smaller ignition delay for the same engine timing. As a result of these changes, cylinder pressures and temperatures are lower.

Heat release model for the combustion of diesel oil emulsions in DI diesel engines

Diagnosing the combustion process in internal combustion engines using cylinder pressure, fuel delivery pressure and injector needle lift data is a well-established and widely used procedure in engine and fuel performance tests. Of the models developed, the first law single zone is the simplest and easiest tool to use for quick preliminary analysis of engine performance. It can yield valuable information about the effect of engine design changes, fuel injection system, fuel type and engine operating conditions on the combustion process and engine performance. The model described in this paper is based on a model designed for both SI and CI engines burning liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels. In its current form, the model can be used for diesel engines burning water/diesel emulsions and allows for the effect of the presence of “inert” water in the combustion products on the ratio of specific heats and heating value of the fuel. The output from the model includes the apparent heat release, fraction of fuel burned, fuel burning rate, heat losses, indicated parameters and average gas temperature. Some results of analysis of the performance of a DI diesel engine burning a standard diesel fuel (referred to in the texts as certified diesel fuel CDF, or simply diesel fuel) and diesel oil emulsion (DOE) are presented.

Diesel engine performance and emission characteristics using three-phase emulsions as fuel

Diesel engines are employed as the major propulsion power source for both in-land and marine transportation primarily because of their simple, rigid structure and high fuel economy. It is expected that diesel engines will be widely used in the foreseeable future. However, the pollutants emitted from diesel engines, in particular nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which are detrimental to the health of living beings and the ecological environment, have been recognized as a major air pollution source in metropolitan areas. This situation has attracted much research interest. Diesel oil emulsions have been used as one of many possible approaches to reduce diesel engine pollution. Previous relevant applications are been restricted to water-in-oil (W/O) two-phase emulsions. Three-phase emulsions, such as oil-in-water-in-oil (denoted as O/W/O) and water-in-oil-in-water (denoted as W/O/W), have not been used as alternative fuels for combustion equipment. The engine performance and emission characteristics using multi-phase O/W/O test fuels for diesel engines were investigated in this experimental study. The results show that using O/W/O or W/O emulsions resulted in lower exhaust gas temperatures and lower NO x , CO emission and smoke opacity. The O/W/O emulsion appeared to produce higher exhaust gas temperatures but lower CO and NO x emissions in comparison to W/O emulsions with the same added water proportion.

The fuel properties of three-phase emulsions as an alternative fuel for diesel engines ☆

Diesel engines are employed as the major propulsion power for in-land and marine transportation vehicles primarily because of their rigid structure, low breakdown rate, high thermal efficiency and high fuel economy. It is expected that diesel engines will be widely used in the foreseeable future. However, the pollutants emitted from diesel engines (in particular nitrogen oxides and particulate matter) are detrimental to the health of living beings and ecological environment have been recognized as the major air pollution source in metropolitan areas and have thus attracted much research interest. Although diesel oil emulsion has been considered as a possible approach to reduce diesel engine pollutants, previous relevant applications were restricted to two-phase emulsions. Three-phase emulsions such as oil-in-water-in-oil briefly denoted as O/W/O emulsions and water-in-oil-in-water, denoted as W/O/W, have not been used as an alternative fuel for any combustion equipment. Studies on the properties of three-phase emulsion as fuel have not been found in the literatures. The emulsification properties of an O/W/O three-phase diesel fuel emulsion were investigated in this experimental study. The results show that the mean drop size of the O/W/O emulsion was reduced significantly with increasing homogenizing machine revolution speed. An increase in inner phase proportion of the O/W/O emulsion resulted in increasing the emulsion viscosity. The viscosity of O/W/O emulsion is greater than that for water-in-oil (denoted briefly as W/O emulsion) for the same water content. More stable emulsion turbidity appeared for three-phase O/W/O diesel emulsions added with emulsifier with HLB values ranging from 6 to 8. In addition, three-phase O/W/O emulsions with greater water content will form a larger number of liquid droplets, leading to a faster formation rate and greater emulsion turbidity at the beginning but a faster descending rate of emulsion turbidity afterwards. The potential for using O/W/O emulsions as an alternative fuel for diesel engines was also evaluated.

Removal of Diesel from Aqueous Emulsions by Flotation

The induced air flotation of aqueous diesel oil emulsions generated during the remediation of contaminated sand has been studied experimentally in a batch flotation column 35 mM in diameter and 300 mM in height. The stability of these emulsions was characterized and factors such as pH and salinity affecting the stability of the emulsion were investigated. The effects of anionic and cationic surfactants, original diesel content, air-flow rate, surfactant dosage, and the air distributor sinter size were investigated, and it was found that up to 99% of the diesel could be removed. This amounted to a residual diesel concentration of less than 10 ppm.

Cellular responses in the mussel Mytilus edulis following exposure to diesel oil emulsions: Reproductive and nutrient storage cells

The objectives of this study were to examine, and quantify with the aid of stereological techniques, 1,2 the effects of exposure to hydrocarbons on the reproductive and nutrient storage cell systems in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. In addition, the capacity for recovery of these cell systems was quantified following a period of hydrocarbon depuration. The second phase of these investigations examined the significance of nutritional reserves at the time of exposure to hydrocarbons and how this may influence the animal's ability to survive the insult. The results (Table 1) indicated that, first, hydrocarbons had a deleterious effect on the nutritional storage cells leading to reduced fecundity and oocyte atresia (degeneration). Given a period of depuration, however, there were indications of a recovery in both the reproductive and storage cell systems. Second, the ability of mussels to survive hydrocarbon exposure was dependent upon the nutrient reserves at the onset of exposure.

Insecticidal Trials for the Control of the Melon Fruit Fly, Dacus Cucurbitae COQ Infesting Snakegourd, Trichosanthes Anguina

Sixteen species of fruitflies (Dacus Spp.) are known to cause heavy damage to fruits and vegetables in India and other countries. The melon fruitfly, Dacus cucurbitae often causes appreciable injury to the snakegourd fruits. The maggots of these flies bore into the ripening fruits and the fruits begin to rot and drop, thereby reducing the yield and the quality of the fruits. Ayyar (1940) recommended preventive control measures such as prompt removal and destruction of damaged fruits and trapping the adult flies with poisoned syrups to prevent egg-laying. Narayan and Batra (1960) advocated spraying of diesel oil emulsion when the flies congregate in large numbers during cooler part of the day. Srinivasan and Narayanaswamy (1962) reported that spraying parathion 0.05% or malathion 0.1% four times at 10 days interval was very effective in controlling the fruitflies on ashgourd and pumpkin and application of parathion 0 02% or endrin 0.02% four times at an interval of 10 days commencing from the time of flowering gave very good control and higher yield against melon fruit flies. Pali (1963) found that parathion 0.04% W. P. and diazinon 0.02% proved very effective in reducing the incidence of melon fruitflies.

Insecticidal Control Trials Against the Oriental Fruitfly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel on Mango in Tamil Nadu

Among the various insects affecting mango, the oriental fruitfly, Dacus dorsalis H., is a serious pest. The fly makes a dark puncture during oviposition and the maggots that hatch out from the eggs feed on the pulp of the fruit for a few days and thus cause a brown rotten patch on the fruit surface. The fruits eventually fall and the maggots come out of the fruits to pupate in the soil. Their attack not only reduces the yield but also affects the quality of fruits. Ayyar (1940) recommended plant sanitation in orchards by destruction of fallen and badly infested fruits as the most important measure against the fruitfly. Giang et al (1956) reported that DDVP is very effective against the pest in Hawaii and its residues virtually disappear in 72 hours. Narayanan and Batra (1960) advocated spraying of diesel oil emulsion (diesel oil one gallon plus soft soap one pound plus water one gallon, diluted eight times) during the night and cooler hours of the morning when the flies congregate in large numbers. Field trials were undertaken at the Model Orchard cum Nursery, Thimmapuram and the Fruit Research Station, Kanyakumari on Neelum and Bangalora varieties during 1964-67 with a view to evaluate the efficacy of modern synthetic insecticides in controlling the pest and the results are presented in this paper.

Toxicity of pentachlorophenol and its sodium salt in three Yolo soils

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction In 1940, Hance4 discovered a notable activation of herbicidal solution by using a water soluble chlorinated phenate. He found that the addition of ¼ to ½ of 1 per cent by weight of this activator and of an oxidizing substance to a herbicide solution reduced the concentration of weed killing chemical by from one half to one eighth that ordinarily used (depending on the toxic substance employed and the weeds) with equally satisfactory or even superior results. This activator has since been known as pentachlorophenol or PCP; it is available as the oil soluble parent phenol and as the water soluble sodium salt (Na PCP). (Crafts (1944)) described studies where PCP was added to petroleum oils in order to fortify them so that the oil even when diluted or emulsified with water would remain effective. Good results were obtained by adding 0.5 per cent PCP to a 6 per cent diesel oil emulsion. Barley seems to be the only plant surviving two sprayings of this mixture. (Hance (1948)) mentions a mixture of sodium chlorate (NaClO3) (20 pounds) and water soluble Na PCP (4 pounds) in 100 gallons of water as a good contact herbicide. (Aldrich and Willard (1949)) obtained good preëmergence weed control in corn by using 8 and 12 pounds Na PCP per acre. Heavy rain fell within 30 minutes after the application. Many other workers (Barrons, 1948); (Hance, 1948); (Shafer, 1948); and (Wilson and Hall, 1948) report encouraging results with PCP or with its Na salt, mostly as preëmergence treatments. This chemical is now being widely used, principally as a fortifying agent and in preëmergence applications. Sugar cane and pineapple are quite resistant to PCP; when the chemical is correctly applied, good results are obtained in preëmergence treatments. According to (Barrons (1948)), selectivity is based on depth protection. The top growth pushing through the surface layer of soil containing the active chemical toxicant apparently does not absorb lethal amounts because the waxy stems or leaf surfaces do not permit the entry of such ionic materials as the phenolic salts. Roots that lack a waxy covering do absorb such salts, and germinating seeds are thus killed. These chemicals apparently have only an acute and local toxicity. The occasional injury resulting to top growth is, according to Barrons, noticeable only on cotyledons and primary leaves and does not affect subsequent growth. The increasingly widespread use of PCP and its Na salt has created a need to determine their toxicity and their rate of breakdown in some California soils.

Diesel Oil Emulsions As Insecticides1

Journal Article Diesel Oil Emulsions As Insecticides Get access Walter Carter Walter Carter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 28, Issue 2, 1 April 1935, Pages 268–284, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/28.2.268 Published: 01 April 1935