Diesel Fuel Research Articles

Fossil Diesel, Soybean Biodiesel and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil: A Numerical Analysis of Emissions Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics at Diesel Engine Like Conditions

Nowadays, emissions from internal combustion engines are a relevant topic of investigation, taking into account the continuous reduction of emission limits imposed by environmental regulatory agencies around the world, obviously as the result of earnest studies that have pointed out the impact on the human health of high levels of contaminants released into the environment. Over recent years, the use of biofuels has contributed to attenuating this environmental issue; however, new problems have been raised, such as NOx emissions tend to increase as the biofuel percentage in the fuel used in engines increases. In this research, the emissions of a compression ignition internal combustion engine modeled as a variable volume reactor with homogeneous combustion were numerically investigated. To analyze the combustion process, a detailed kinetics model tailored specifically for this purpose was used. The kinetics model comprised 30,975 chemical reactions involving 691 chemical species. Mixtures of fuel surrogates were then created to represent the fuel used in the Brazilian fuel marketplace, involving (i) fossil diesel—“diesel A”, (ii) soybean diesel—“biodiesel”, and (iii) hydrotreated vegetable oil— “HVO”. Surrogate species were then selected for each of the aforementioned fuels, and blends of those surrogates were then proposed as mixture M1 (diesel A:biodiesel:HVO—90:10:0), mixture M2 (diesel A:biodiesel:HVO—85:15:0), and mixture M3 (diesel A:biodiesel:HVO—80:15:5). The species allowed in the kinetics model included all the fuel surrogates used in this research as well as the target emission species of this study: total hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, soot, and soot precursors. When compared to experimental trends of emissions available in the literature, it was observed that, for all the proposed fuel surrogates blends, the numerical approach performed in this research was able to capture qualitative trends for engine power and the target emissions in the whole ranges of engine speeds and engine loads, despite the CO and NOx emissions at specific engine speeds and loads.

Fracture failure of oil-collecting steel wire reinforced thermoplastic composite pipe

A steel wire-reinforced thermoplastic composite pipe (SRTP) used as an oil connecting experienced fracture failure after 1.8 years’ service. In this paper, we conducted through on-site working condition investigation, visual physical inspection, analysis of the inner lining structure composition, physical and chemical properties analysis, thermal analysis, and mechanical analysis, and morphology analysis. The lining material of the SRTP exhibited significant swelling, which reduced its performance, and operation at high temperatures (>75°C) accelerated this process. Due to the swelling of oil and the permeation of CO2 and H2S, the oil and acid gases penetrated the interlayer of the composite pipe and accumulated in the annular space, continuously corroding and weakening the steel wire. This process gradually reduced its load-bearing capacity and pressure resistance. It is recommended that non-metallic pipes should be selected according to the service conditions to ensure that the materials are consistent with the design requirements.

Prediction of Performance and Emissions Diesel Engines Fueled-Biodiesel Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Resilient Backpropagation Algorithm (Rprop)

In order to increase energy security and improve environmental quality, the Indonesian Goverment set a target of 23% renewable energy mix in 2025, one of which is the Mandatory Bioediesel Program. A higher biodiesel blending ratio will affect the performance and emissions of diesel engines because biodiesel is chemically different from diesel oil. Research related to the prediction of diesel engine performance and emissions using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been conducted, but the author sees a research opportunity for the implementation of the ANN Resilient Backpropagation (Rprop) algorithm. The data used to create the ANN model prediction was secondary data from previous research. The model designed multi input and multi output (MIMO) with 4 input variables and 7 output variables. Model building done by varying the number of neurons and hidden layers. Model evaluation selected based on the largest coefficient of determination parameter R2 and the smallest RMSE or MAPE. The results showed that the ANN single layer 4-20-7 network architecture is the best model for predicting diesel engine performance and emissions with test data R2 , RMSE and MAPE of 0.962532, 6.699428 and 6.0% respectively, while for overall data testing has a performance of 0.982869, 3.908542 and 4.3%. The results also show that based on the ANN prediction results, the increasing biodiesel ratio can increase NOx emissions and decrease HC, CO and CO emissions2 . In terms of performance, the addition of biodiesel can increase BSFC and BP and decrease BTE. The results also show that the addition of ZnO concentration can reduce emissions while in terms of performance it will increase BTE and reduce BSFC and BP.

Effects of different gas energy shares on combustion and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with dual-fossil fuel and dual-biofuel

This study systematically investigates the energetic and environmental performance of a four-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine fueled by gaseous and liquid dual-fuel (D-F), utilising various combinations of fossil fuels and biofuels. Fossil diesel or pure hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) – new generation biodiesel was used as the pilot fuel to initiate ignition of the gaseous fuel. The gaseous fuels used were natural gas (NG) and simulated biogas (BG) composed of 60 % NG and 40 % CO2 by volume, injected into the intake manifold at varying gas energy shares (GES) of 40 %, 60 %, and 80 %. Reference values were provided from conventional combustion of diesel fuel and HVO. This study used numerical simulations to examine indicators of combustion, such as ignition delay, premixed combustion phase, diffusion combustion phase, and subsequent combustion phases, across diverse fuel combinations. Within lean dual-fuel mixtures, when the gaseous fuel remained below the flammability threshold, the peak pressure was diminished, the rate of pressure rise was lowered, and the combustion process decelerated, facilitating a faster transition to the diffusion phase. As the engine load and GES increased, the excess air ratio decreased, bringing the air-fuel mixture closer to the flammability limit, which in turn altered the combustion characteristics and engine performance trends. Combustion with increasing BG content showed partial similarities to that of NG, though the high CO2 content in biogas was found to suppress combustion, functioning similarly to an exhaust gas recirculation. The study also compared brake thermal efficiency (BTE), as well as specific emissions of CO, HC, NOX, CO2, and smoke for the D-F engine operation against pure diesel and HVO at different loads and GES levels. Additionally, an overlimit function was used to assess the emission levels of D-F engines with reference to emission limits.

Assessment of Waste Animal Fats (WAFS) Biodiesel Production Potential as an Alternative Fuel for Zambia: A Case Study of Southern Province

The volatility in global fuel prices and the desire to reduce energy dependency on fossil fuels has necessitated the speeding up of alternative energy supply sources. Coupled to this is the global urgent need to reduce the accumulation of CO2 and green house gas (GHG) emissions as a result of fossil fuels production and use. Further, the mandate by united nations to move towards sustainably produced energy for the transportation, and power generation demands that we seek energy solutions that meet reduced negative impact on the environment. It is in this regard that this study seeks alternatives in waste animal fats (WAFs) biodiesel as an option that could meet the ever increasing demand for fossil fuel in the transport sector and power generation. For the transport sector and power generation , the biodiesel maybe blended with the fossil diesel in the approved ratios as stipulated by the Energy Regulation Board and the Zambia Bureau of Standards to help mitigate the net GHG and CO2 emissions. The biodiesel production in this study was based on the modified two-step process. These two steps involved passing the feedstock through esterification using sulphuric acid as catalyst and there after base catalysed using sodium hydroxide in a process referred to as transesterification. The resulting products in the esterification process are the esters and water whilst in the transesterification are the biodiesel and glycerol. The feedstock used are those of waste animal fats (WAFs) of cattle, pig and chicken that has been discarded from meat processing and animal slaughter houses. The feedstocks have been carefully selected based on the animals raised in the country with a bigger slaughtered population as well as reared. The population of animals reared and slaughtered annually are obtained from the Zambia Ministry of Agriculture animal population census records. Based on these records, the preferred feedstock sources where obtained. The study further 1. explored the economic potential of the biodiesel production for the Zambian government and beyond. 2. compared some of the characteristics of WAF biodiesel to that of imported fossil diesel 3. affirmed that WAF biodiesel has a very good impact in reducing environmental pollution as WAF dumping to land fills and the cost of disposal is reduced. Also,WAF biodiesel is bio-degradable. Thus, moving closer to an effective sustainable development as required by the united nations sustainability goals if full scale production is implemented in Zambia.

The Economic Shockwaves of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Energy Sources Prices – The Impact on International Energy Markets

The Russia-Ukraine conflict has raised concerns regarding the stability of the global energy sector, considering that Russia is a big player in the industry, producing and exporting crude oil and natural gas globally. This study aimed to empirically investigate the impact of the conflict on the prices of energy sources in international markets. The analysis was conducted using secondary data. The data was for prices of various commodity products, including diesel, petroleum, natural gas, and crude oil. The data was collected on multiple international markets for periods from January 1, 2021 to November 30, 2023. The analysis was conducted using trend analysis and event study. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) was adopted to run the event study analysis. The results indicated that immediately after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, major energy products such as US crude oil, European crude oil, and the global energy index experienced a sharp rise in price, followed by significant price volatility over the following up to seven months. The review of OPEC energy prices also indicated an increase in prices, and volatility was experienced in countries producing and exporting oil products. The event study further revealed that there was a sharp increasing trend immediately after the event date and an upward trend for more than ten months after the event, resulting in the highest prices recorded in the event window. The study suggested three policy implications - conflict should serve as a wake-up call on diversification of energy sources, investment in alternative, sustainable and green sources of energy to reduce the dependence on oil, and promotion of international cooperation on energy security.

TiO2-ZnO based nano catalyst for biodiesel production: synthesis, characterisation, performance & emission study

Biodiesel (BD) production from bio-oil in the agriculture-based economy could minimise the energy dependency on fossil diesel (FD). Viscous properties and lower calorific value of BD restrict their direct application in the DE. These properties of BD can be enhanced by using advanced material (catalyst, adhesive etc) along with by modifying BD preparation processes. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterisation of nanocatalyst (TiO2-ZnO) and their application in BD production from waste cooking oil (WCO) via the transesterification process. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO was characterised by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO in a 4:1 mass ratio indicates the maximum BD yield. Maximum BD yield of 88% was noticed for molar methanol/WCO ratio – 1:1; catalyst dose – 2.5 g/l; reaction time – 120 min at reaction temperature -65°C respectively. The prepared BD was characterised by FTIR, GCMS, and HNMR analysis and compared their result with fossil diesel. Engine performance confirms that the 20% BD containing BM increases BSFC and EGT by 40 and 8.33% and decreases BTE by 14.26% in comparison with FD. But HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27 and 57.44% respectively. While CO2 and O2 emissions are increased by 2.65 and 4.76% respectively. Highlights A maximum yield of 88% with TiO2-ZnO (4:1) mass ratio was obtained. BSFC and EGT increased by 40 and 8.33%. HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27% and 57.44%.

Phlegmatization of TATP using a Vacuum Oil: Comparison with Diesel Oil and Demonstration of the Effect using a Large‐Scale Impact Tester

Phlegmatization of TATP using a Vacuum Oil: Comparison with Diesel Oil and Demonstration of the Effect using a Large‐Scale Impact Tester

Preparation of molybdenum disulfide/bentonite nanohybrid and its tribological properties as lubricant for water-based drilling fluids

In recent years, with the increase in energy demand and gradual scarcity of medium and shallow oil and gas resources, oil and gas exploration has shifted to special wells such as deep wells, ultra-deep wells, and extended reach wells. These complex wellbore structures inevitably increase the torque and friction between the casing and the drill pipe during drilling, which aggravates friction and wear, and leads to accidents such as drill sticking and drill breakage in severe cases. In this study, molybdenum disulfide/bentonite (MoS2/Bent) nanohybrids as drilling fluid lubricant were synthesized by hydrothermal method using sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) and thiourea (CH4N2S) as raw materials and bentonite as carrier. The as-synthesized MoS2/Bent nanohybrid was characterized by X-ray powder diffractometer, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the high temperature resistance and tribological properties of MoS2/Bent nanohybrid were evaluated in base slurry. The results show that the friction coefficient of MoS2/Bent nanohybrid drilling fluid before aging is reduced by 74 % and the wear rate is reduced by 97 % compared with the base slurry. After high-temperature aging at 240 °C, the friction coefficient is reduced by 77 % and the wear rate is reduced by 90 %. The excellent friction reducing and antiwear performance is attributed to the formation of low shear strength MoS2 deposition film and oxide tribofilm on the surface of the friction pair during the rubbing process.

Importance of Condensate Recovery in Industrial Operations “AMOC CASE”

Condensate recovery is a crucial aspect of industrial processes that involves the collection and reuse of condensed steam, a byproduct of heat exchange systems. This research paper explores condensate recovery's significance in industrial operations. It discusses the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with condensate recovery, emphasizing its environmental, economic, and operational impacts. This research also examines various technologies and strategies used for efficient condensate recovery and highlights the importance of incorporating such practices into industrial settings for sustainability and resource conservation. The walk-through sample survey for the Scoping study of Steam Traps & condensate recovery system was carried out at AMOC, plant from 24th Dec-2017 to 26th Dec-2017. the audit study was in a total number of 4675 steam traps, the result of the audit found 50% failure of these traps. AMOC consists of a lube oil complex and a gas oil complex with tank farms and a utilities section, 1st stage of the study was finished in the lube oil plant with [1] Total Savings Potential (in USD) = 234745, [2] Total Investment (in USD) = 245521, and [3] Total Payback for the System = 12.5 months.

The Toxic Effects of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and Renewable Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells.

The use of alternative diesel fuels has increased due to the demand for renewable energy sources. There is limited knowledge regarding the potential health effects caused by exhaust emissions from biodiesel- and renewable diesel-fueled engines. This study investigates the toxic effects of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel engine powered by conventional petroleum diesel fuel (SD10) and two biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels in vitro. The fuels used were rapeseed methyl ester (RME), soy methyl ester (SME), and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO), either pure or as 50% blends with SD10. Additionally, a 5% RME blend was also used. The highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and elemental carbon (EC) was found in conventional diesel and the 5% RME blend. HVO PM samples also exhibited a high amount of EC. A dose-dependent genotoxic response was detected with PM from SD10, pure SME, and RME as well as their blends. Reactive oxygen species levels were several times higher in cells exposed to PM from SD10, pure HVO, and especially the 5% RME blend. Apoptotic cell death was observed in cells exposed to PM from SD10, 5% RME blend, the 50% SME blend, and HVO samples. In conclusion, all diesel PM samples, including biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels, exhibited toxicity.

Why path dependence leads to a fossilized Alberta: regionalism and the climate transition in Canada

ABSTRACT Canada is the world’s fourth largest producer of oil and fifth largest producer of natural gas. Yet, the country faces a ‘twin’ challenge in tackling the climate crisis. On the one hand, Canada’s federal climate goals state that it must achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. On the other hand, regionalism stronghold in fossil-producing provinces lead to difficult trade-offs between an ambitious climate transition and reluctant actors supporting the fossil fuel industry. This situation is characterized as ‘fossilized’ petro-provinces by political scientist Angela Carter. This article explores how Alberta, Canada’s largest oil and natural gas producer, became fossilized. The article develops a path dependence argument organized around the role of regionalism in Alberta’s political development. Regionalism is a crucial persistent feature of Alberta to explain its fossilization because it influenced the formation of an interdependence between the government and the industry, a distinct political culture, and a conservative-led party system.

Effect of clearance volume on the internal flow characteristics and output performance of oil-gas multiphase reciprocating pump

In the production of oil and natural gas, excessive clearance volume is an important factor affecting the normal operation of oil-gas multiphase pump. Currently, little research has been conducted on the effect of clearance volume on the output characteristics of multiphase pump at home and abroad, leading to extremely low efficiency in the field application of multiphase pump. Therefore, this study conducted numerical calculations on the internal flow characteristics and output performance of multiphase pump under different clearance volumes using FLUENT software. Results show that pressure and fluid velocity gradually decrease as the clearance volume increases. Simultaneously, the number and intensity of vortex flow gradually increase, media pressurization speed becomes slower, and the lag angle of the discharge valve opening becomes larger. Moreover, under conditions with a higher gas volume fraction, multiphase pump with larger clearance volumes experiences gas locking. Furthermore, this study provides a theoretical basis for the reasonable design of clearance volume for multiphase pump by drawing a relationship curve between gas volume fraction and clearance volume. These research findings can provide theoretical support for the performance optimization and design improvement of multiphase pumps.

Exploring the Impact of Mineralogy on Pore Structure and Fluid Dynamics in Tight Reservoir Rocks: Insights for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Gas Storage

Exploring the Impact of Mineralogy on Pore Structure and Fluid Dynamics in Tight Reservoir Rocks: Insights for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Gas Storage

Effect of Residual Cuts on Deactivation of Hierarchical Y Zeolite-Based Catalysts during Co-Processing of Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) with Atmospheric Residue (ATR)

The influence of residual cuts on the deactivation of hierarchical Y zeolite-based catalysts during the co-processing of vacuum gas oil (VGO) with atmospheric residue (ATR) was investigated. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale MAT-type reactor. The conversion of VGO, ATR, and their 70:30 (mass basis) mixture was examined using two composite catalysts: Cat.Y.0.00 and Cat.Y.0.20. The operating conditions closely resembled those of the commercial catalytic cracking process (550 °C and contact times of 10 to 50 s). When ATR was processed individually, the conversion remained below 50 wt%. However, significant improvements in conversion rates were achieved and catalyst deactivation was mitigated when ATR was co-processed with VGO. Notably, the BET surface area and average mesopore volume were adversely impacted by ATR, which also led to the accumulation of high levels of metals and nitrogen on the spent catalyst, detrimentally affecting its acidic and structural properties. Moreover, substantial coke deposition occurred during ATR cracking. The soluble and insoluble coke analysis revealed H/C ratio values of up to 0.36, indicative of polycondensed coke structures with more than ten aromatic rings. The nature of the coke was confirmed through TPO and FTIR analyses. Interestingly, the CatY.0.20 catalyst exhibited less activity loss, retaining superior acid and structural properties. Co-processing Colombian atmospheric residue with ATR loadings of 30 wt% (higher than the typical 20 wt%) in catalysts formulated with hierarchical zeolites presents a promising alternative for commercial applications. This research opens avenues for optimizing catalytic cracking processes.

Combustion Analysis on Compression Engine by using Blends of Methyl Ester, Diesel and Turmeric Oil as an Additive

Combustion Analysis on Compression Engine by using Blends of Methyl Ester, Diesel and Turmeric Oil as an Additive

Regulatory requirements to support a specific regulation of oil norm waste in Brazil.

The oil and natural gas industry is one of the largest producers of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) worldwide. The scale and sludge are NORM wastes with the highest activity concentration levels, reaching 3500Bq per g of 226Ra (scale). As wastes (sludge, scale, and produced water) are constantly produced in routine activities, a specific regulation for these wastes is necessary. Therefore, this study presents the regulatory requirements that may serve as a basis for the responsible regulatory body to prepare a specific regulation for the NORM waste generated by the oil industry. As a study published showing that the disposal of bulk NORM waste (not packaged wastes) is viable in Brazil, requirements for the management of these wastes and the characteristics of the landfill for disposal were included.

Characteristics and Origin of Natural Gas in Yongfeng Sub-Sag of Bogda Mountain Front Belt

By systematically analyzing the natural gas composition, carbon isotopes, and source rock characteristics in the Yongfeng sub-sag of the Bogda Mountain front belt, natural gas characteristics were determined, and the genetic types and sources of natural gas were investigated. The research results indicate that methane is the main component of natural gas in the Yongfeng sub-sag, with low levels of heavy hydrocarbons and a high drying coefficient. These characteristics make it dry gas, which refers to natural gas with a methane content of over 95%. The ethane carbon isotope δ13C2 of natural gas is −28.5‰ and belongs to oil type gas. The methane carbon isotope δ13C1 of natural gas is −58.6‰~−59.4‰, has a relatively depleted methane carbon isotope value, shows significant differences from the surrounding natural gas methane carbon isotope, and belongs to the category of biogenic gas. The Permian Lucaogou Formation is the main source rock in the study area, with good organic matter abundance. The microscopic components of kerogen are mainly composed of sapropelic formations and the organic matter type is I–II1. The source rock has a high maturity and has reached the mature stage, mainly consisting of oil and wet gas. The ethane carbon isotope of natural gas in the Yongfeng sub-sag shows as oil type gas, which is consistent with the kerogen type of the Lucaogou Formation source rocks, indicating that the natural gas mainly comes from the Lucaogou Formation source rocks. Based on comprehensive data and information on natural gas composition, carbon isotopes, and burial history of the source rocks, it is believed that some of the crude oil generated from the Lucaogou Formation in the early stage underwent biodegradation due to tectonic uplift, resulting in biogenic methane and the formation of crude oil biodegraded gas.

Development and evolution of mathematical and econometric models for the analysis of macroeconomic processes (including historical perspective) and their forecasting

Practical usefulness of factor-vector autoregression has been considered, which makes it possible to study macroeconomic processes impact on the monetary policy state, to conduct full-scale monitoring and to identify economic growth impact on monetary policy. Publications devoted to the issues of unstable economic development and mathematical models describing the process of economic dynamics under conditions of high inflation and unstable development have been analyzed. The basic scenario in economy has been given. Monetary policy impact on macroeconomic variables using vector autoregressive (VAR) models has been studied. The FAVAR model with international reserves as the monetary policy variable and MIACR where the responses of one-year government bond rate and consumer index were positive have been estimated as the main instruments. The impulse responses shown indicate that the Russian authorities had a lack of monetary policy independence due to the country’s high dependence on the oil and natural gas sectors, which does not reveal evidence of monetary policy impact on lower consumer prices.

Liquidity and Profitability in the Colombian Oil and Natural Gas Extraction Sector: Analysis 2011 – 2021

The dynamics brought about by the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards have a direct impact on the various Colombian economic sectors; highlighting the Oil and Natural Gas Extraction sector as one of the most important in terms of wealth generation and exports of the nation. For this reason, the present study was directed in order to analyze the indicators of Liquidity and Profitability in the Colombian oil sector between 2011 and 2021. For the development of the study, a quantitative investigation is proposed with a documentary base where it is carried out an analysis of secondary sources from the Superintendence of Companies from which financial data of the Oil and Natural Gas Extraction sector in Colombia is taken, on which a descriptive processing is carried out and subsequently a correlational analysis between the liquidity and profitability indicators. The results show a level of correlation between the liquidity indicators, referring to the Current Ratio and Acid Test, and those of Profitability, Return on Total Assets, and Return on Equity. It is concluded that the correlation between these variables would be explained by the rates and sales volumes of said sector; which constantly carries out transactions of high sums of money accompanied by multiple policies and methods to ensure the transaction and thus not unbalance the receipt of income by the industry.