Diesel Emulsion Fuels Research Articles

STUDY OF MODIFIED BIO-NANO DIESEL EMULSION FUELS TO SAVE ENERGY, REDUCE POLLUTION, AND IMPROVE DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE

The world is currently facing an energy challenge. Even though nanotechnology has the potential to significantly advance a wide range of disciplines, there are concerns about the potential hazards of its products and uses. The primary cause for concern is nanoparticle toxicity and its possible absorption into the body. Because metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles can have harmful impacts on living beings, the introduction of biocompatible nanoparticles can considerably reduce these problems. In this investigation, a modified bio-nano diesel emulsion fuel is presented that saves energy, reduces pollution, and enhances diesel engine performance. The biodegradable carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized from mosambi peels via a catalytic technique and then extensively examined. Experiments were performed on single-cylinder water-cooled engines with varying loads, compression ratios, and engine speeds. Water and CQDs were introduced into B20 at successive levels of integration of 3%, 5%, 10%, and 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 75 ppm, respectively. The highest reduction in NO<sub>x</sub> was attained with blended fuel containing 75 ppm of CQDs and 10% water content, which was around 158% more effective than diesel but only about 115% more effective than non-CQDs biodiesel. The greatest improvement in brake thermal efficiency was observed for the fuel sample containing 5% water and 75 ppm CQDs, nearly 154% compared to the biodiesel blend, but approximately 135% compared to diesel.

Design of Water in Diesel Emulsion Fuel using Computer-Aided Approach

Design of Water in Diesel Emulsion Fuel using Computer-Aided Approach

수분을 함유한 바이오디젤 에멀젼 연료 액적의 연소 특성 연구

This study conducted droplet combustion experiments on diesel, palm oil, and canola oil containing water to compare and analyze droplet combustion characteristics. This experiment was performed depending on the changes in various droplet diameters of 1.387 ~ 1.731 mm of diesel(D100), biodiesel(BDC100 and BDP100), and water emulsion diesel and biodiesel(D-W, BDC-W, and BDP-W) to compare combustion behaviors such as ignition delay, micro-explosion, flame extinction and lifetime. As a result of the experiments, viscosity makes micro-explosions strong, and strong micro-explosions have the effect of reducing flame extinction time and lifetime. The difference between a micro-explosion and ignition delay with diesel emulsion fuel and biodiesel emulsion fuel is considered to be the difference in properties between the two fuels. The emulsion fuels had a great influence on micro-explosion, flame extinction, and lifetime depending on the viscosity of the fuel. However, diesel emulsion fuels with weak micro-explosion showed increasing ignition delay due to the high latent heat of the water. Based on this, it plans to conduct experiments on the effect of the difference in fuel viscosity on combustion behavior.

Assessment of Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Ci Engine Running on Novel Water Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Assessment of Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Ci Engine Running on Novel Water Emulsified Diesel Fuel

An Explainable DL-Based Condition Monitoring Framework for Water-Emulsified Diesel CR Systems

Despite global patronage, diesel engines still contribute significantly to urban air pollution, and with the ongoing campaign for green automobiles, there is an increasing demand for controlling/monitoring the pollution severity of diesel engines especially in heavy-duty industries. Emulsified diesel fuels provide a readily available solution to engine pollution; however, the inherent reduction in engine power, component corrosion, and/or damage poses a major concern for global adoption. Notwithstanding, on-going investigations suggest the need for reliable condition monitoring frameworks to accurately monitor/control the water-diesel emulsion compositions for inevitable cases. This study proposes the use of common rail (CR) pressure differentials and a deep one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) for empirical diagnostic evaluations (and validations) using a KIA Sorento 2004 four-cylinder line engine as a case study. CR pressure signals were digitally extracted at various water-in-diesel emulsion compositions at various engine RPMs, pre-processed, and used for necessary transient and spectral analysis, and empirical validations. Results reveal high model trustworthiness with an average validation accuracy of 95.9%.

A Study on Water-Induced Damage Severity on Diesel Engine Injection System Using Emulsified Diesel Fuels

Diesel engine emissions contribute nearly 30% of greenhouse effects and diverse health and environmental problems. Amidst these problems, it is estimated that there will be a 75% increase in energy demand for transportation by 2040, of which diesel fuel constitutes a major source of energy for transportation. Being a major source of air pollution, efforts are currently being made to curb the pollution spread. The use of water-in-diesel (W/D)-emulsified fuels comes as a readily available (and cost-effective) option with other benefits including engine thermal efficiency, reduced costs, and NOx reduction; nonetheless, the inherent effects—power loss, component wear, corrosion, etc. still pose strong concerns. This study investigates the behavior and damage severity of a common rail (CR) diesel fuel injection system using exploratory and statistical methods under different W/D emulsion conditions and engine speeds. Results reveal that the effect of W/D emulsion fuels on engine operating conditions are reflected in the CR, which provides a reliable avenue for condition monitoring. Also, the effect of W/D emulsion on injection system components-piston, nozzle needle, and ball seat–are presented alongside related discussions.

The Influence of Water and DEE as Additives with Diesel Fuel in a Light Duty Diesel Engine Generator-An Experimental Investigation

Currently, our global environment has been affected due to the air pollution caused by many sectors (such as automotive, industrial, transportation) in higher magnitudes. Many environmentalists, scientists, researchers and engineers have contributed their efforts to eradicate the air pollution. It is well known noted that most of the harmful pollutants were evolved from diesel engine power engines/plants. Considering the objective of enhancing performance and reducing harmful emissions of diesel engine, the current research work has been conducted on mixing DEE (Di-Ethyl Ether) and normal water with normal diesel fuel in definite quantities. Five stages of investigations were carried out to perform the task of blending water and DEE with the normal diesel fuel. In the first stage, to obtain the baseline readings, normal diesel fuel was experimented in a light duty constant speed diesel engine. Normal water (2% & 4% by vol.) was combined with the normal diesel fuel with the aid of emulsifiers (Span80 & Tween80) and mechanical stirrer (speed of 3000 rpm) to obtain the water blended diesel emulsion fuels in the second stage. In the third stage, DEE was mixed with water-emulsion fuels which were prepared in the second stage. The stability and properties of fuels was determined in the fourth stage. In the fifth stage, the prepared stable DEE-water-diesel emulsion fuels were tested in a light duty constant speed diesel engine generator and eventually compared to those readings of normal diesel fuel. Experimental outcome from all the tested fuels revealed that water and DEE mixed emulsion fuels reflected better performance and reduced harmful emission attributes.

Taguchi‐Grey and ANOVA optimization techniques for engine performance with water in diesel emulsion fuels

AbstractIn the current study, optimization of the performance parameters like effective power (EP), effective power density (EPD), effective efficiency (EE), and different heat losses with respect to six engine control parameters, that is, emulsion fuel, compression ratio, equivalence ratio, engine speed, residual gas fraction, and fuel injection pressure with three levels of each, were performed. Taguchi method is used to design the L27 orthogonal array, using Minitab17 software. Optimization of individual performance parameters is performed with the signal to noise ratio curve, and Grey analysis is used to optimize the overall output performance parameters. Furthermore, an analysis of variance method is investigated to calculate the contribution percentage of control parameters. The theoretical analysis revealed that the overall optimum response of output parameters is found with 10% blend of water (A3), 18 compression ratio (B3), 0.8 equivalence ratio (C1), 2100 rpm engine speed (D3), 10% residual gas fraction (E3), and 100 kPa fuel injection pressure (F1). The EP and EPD are improved by 9.6% and 9.19%, respectively. Also, an average GRG for optimum response setting coincides with the average GRG value of the initial setting. The resulted optimization models are anticipated to be positive instruction for diesel engine operating parameters.

An emission control strategy in a low capacity single cylinder compression ignition engine powered with DEE blended fuels

In this current research analysis, fuel modification technique is preferred on expending water, diesel, surfactants, and an ignition enhancer (Di-Ethyl Ether – DEE). The whole research analysis was conducted in six segments. In the first segment, neat diesel was used as a solitary fuel in a diesel engine to accomplish the reference readings. In the second segment, DEE was mixed with the neat diesel fuel in a fixed proportion (say, 98% neat diesel + 2% DEE & 96% neat diesel + 4% DEE), and in the third segment, water blended diesel emulsion fuels were synthesized (98% neat diesel + 2% water + surfactants & 96% diesel + 4% water + surfactants). In the fourth segment, DEE + water blended emulsion fuels were synthesized (98% neat diesel + 2% water + surfactant + DEE & 96% neat diesel + 4% water + surfactants + DEE) systematically. In the fifth segment, the fuel properties, stability were investigated, and eventually, in the sixth segment, the prepared stable fuels were subjected for the experimental investigations in a CI engine. It was examined that the fuel (which contained 96% Diesel, 4% water, surfactants and DEE) was the best candidate among the tested fuels due to effects of micro explosions and secondary atomization. At the maximum load, the performance attributes (such as brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency) of 96D4H2OSDEE observed as 0.274 kg/kWh and 30.82%, whereas, it was 0.331 kg/kWh and 25.52% for the neat diesel respectively. With regards to emission attributes, the emissions of NOx and HC for the 96D4H2OSDEE were 1.2 g/kWh and 0.12 g/kWh, while compared to that of 1.5 g/kWh and 0.14 g/kWh ppm for the neat diesel fuel at the 4000 W. Similar trend was also reflected in terms of smoke opacity, at the full load, the level of smoke opacity observed was 55% for 96D4H2OSDEE, whereas, it was 79%, for the neat diesel fuel.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion fuels: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM)

The nitrogen oxide (NOx) release of diesel engines can be reduced using water in diesel emulsion fuel without any engine modification. In the present paper, different formulations of water in diesel emulsion fuels were prepared by ultrasonic irradiation. The water droplet size in the emulsion, polydisperisty index, and the stability of prepared fuel was examined, experimentally. Afterwards, the performance characteristics and exhaust emission of a single cylinder air-cooled diesel engine were investigated using different water in diesel emulsion fuels. The effect of water content (in the range of 5%–10% by volume), surfactant content (in the range of 0.5%–2% by volume), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (in the range of 5–8) was examined using Box-Behnken design (BBD) as a subset of response surface methodology (RSM). Considering multi-objective optimization, the best formulation for the emulsion fuel was found to be 5% water, 2% surfactant, and HLB of 6.8. A comparison was made between the best emulsion fuel and the neat diesel fuel for engine performance and emission characteristics. A considerable decrease in the nitrogen oxide emission (−18.24%) was observed for the best emulsion fuel compared to neat diesel fuel.

Diesel Emulsion Fuels with Ultralong Stability

Water-in-diesel emulsions have garnered attention in recent years as a potential route to mitigate vehicular pollution. In this work, the formation, flow behavior, and microstructure of water-in-diesel microemulsions using an anionic surfactant, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), is investigated and compared with the water–decane–AOT microemulsion system. Rheological measurements on the microemulsions indicate Newtonian behavior over a moderate range of shear rate. The viscosity of the microemulsions shows a weak dependence on the molar ratio of water-to-surfactant (ω) but increases significantly with the increase in the dispersed phase volume fraction (Φ). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) investigation of the microemulsions indicates a single exponential decay of the intensity autocorrelation functions over a wide range of water and AOT concentrations, indicating that the dispersed phase consists of a monodispersed population of water droplets. Results suggest that optimizing ω can regulate the...

The Wide Fuel and its Characteristics

Water in diesel emulsion is an optional fuel, has a potential to reduce the formation of both nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxides and particulate matters in diesel engine. Thus the performance of this emulsified fuel strongly depends on the type of emulsion, stability of emulsion, amount of surfactant and the physio-chemical properties. In this study, water in diesel emulsion fuels of 5%, 10%, 20%, 25% water by volume was prepared by a mechanical stirrer. Physical and chemical properties of emulsion were examined as this properties could influence the spray characteristic of the emulsion which can affect the ignition delay and flame propagation, the carbon contents for emulsified fuel with 10% and 20% were low droplet size of the emulsion was found to be less than 2 µm. The water content in the emulsified fuel also include the amount of surfactant density and viscosity was found to be higher for all of the water in diesel emulsion the pure diesel.

Effective power and effective power density analysis for water in diesel emulsion as fuel in diesel engine performance

In the present theoretical study, a comparative performance analysis of a single cylinder compression ignition engine with diesel, 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion as fuels have been investigated. Effect of variation in engine operating parameters like inlet pressure, friction coefficient compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and a residual gas fraction on engine performance parameters, i.e., effective power, effective power density, and total heat loss have been analyzed. Analysis has been carried out on the basis of isobaric heat addition and isochoric heat rejection assumptions with temperature variable specific heats and composition of alternative fuels. Microexplosion phenomenon for secondary atomization in water in diesel emulsion fuels improves the fuel combustion efficiency for better performance.The theoretical analysis revealed that the effective power and effective power density for diesel fuel are found to be increased by 14.4% and 28.6% respectively, compared to 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion fuels in compression ignition engine at 1 bar inlet pressure. Highest effective power and effective power density are obtained with an equivalence ratio of 1.2 for all mentioned fuels. Increase in inlet pressure results in increase effective power, effective power density, and total heat loss performances. Highest effective efficiency has been found with an equivalence ratio of 0.89 for diesel, 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion fuels and is highly affected by inlet pressure for all mention fuel type. Also, an increase in friction coefficient and residual gas fraction decreases effective power, effective power density and effective efficiency for diesel, 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion fuels. Obtained results are an essential tool for compression ignition engine designer and also provoked to use the water in diesel emulsion fuels as an alternative fuel in place of neat diesel fuel.

Effect of Emulsified Diesel Fuel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics

Diesel fuel has been known as the most effective fuel but it is known as a fuel which produces harmful emissions. Later, emulsified diesel fuel was introduced as a better solution but there is no sufficient research data concerning combustion of emulsified fuel. The present work carried out a simulation of non-surfactant emulsified diesel fuel where composition of water in emulsion varied from 0% to 20% to determine the ratio of water to diesel which is more effective in reducing the exhaust emissions especially NOx. For this simulation,5% of water in diesel without surfactant was able to reduce NOx up to 35%. It was shown that as the percentage of water increases, the power from that fuel combustion reduces.

Spray Combustion Characteristics and Soot Emission Reduction of Hydrous Ethanol Diesel Emulsion Fuel Using Color-Ratio Pyrometry

To elucidate the relationship between physicochemical properties, spray characteristics, and combustion performance, a series of experiments have been conducted in a constant volume vessel with injection of hydrous ethanol diesel emulsion and regular diesel. HE30 (emulsion with 30% volume fraction of 20% water-containing ethanol and 70% volume fraction of 0# diesel) is developed using Shah’s technique and regular diesel is also employed for comparison. Firstly, the physicochemical properties of two kinds of fuels are investigated. Then, the non-evaporating and evaporating spray characteristics are examined through the high-speed shadowgraphs. Finally, spray combustion experiments under different ambient oxygen concentrations are carried out, and color-ratio pyrometry (CRP) is applied to measure the flame temperature and soot concentration (KL) distributions. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties, such as density, surface tension, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and oxygen content, have significant impact on the spray mixture formation and combustion performance. HE30 exhibits lower soot emissions than that of regular diesel. Further analysis supports the standpoint that the hydrous ethanol diesel emulsion can suppress the soot and NOx simultaneously. Therefore, the hydrous ethanol diesel emulsion has great potential to be an alternative clean energy resource.

Investigation of C.I Engine Emission using Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Investigation of C.I Engine Emission using Emulsified Diesel Fuel

The effect of water-diesel emulsion usage on a tractor engine performance and emission

This manuscript evaluates the effect of emulsified diesel fuel on the engine performance and emission for a water-cooled, four stroke, four cylinders and direct injection diesel engine. The water content of emulsified diesel fuels is in the range of 0–10% by volume. During experiments, the engine speed was varied from 1600 rpm to 1900 rpm. It is noted that that the emulsion fuel containing 2% water content had greater engine power and torque values and lower exhaust emissions. The overall engine noise emission was found to increase with engine speed. It also could be seen that the emulsified diesel fuel combustion did not increase the engine noise comparing to neat diesel fuel. From this study, it could be concluded that using this type of emulsion could improve the engine performance with the decrease in the exhasut emission. Therefore, it could be a good alternative for using in diesel engines.

Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticle Blended Water Diesel Emulsion Fuel on CI Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticle Blended Water Diesel Emulsion Fuel on CI Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics

Effects of water-emulsified fuel on a diesel engine generator’s thermal efficiency and exhaust

Water-emulsified diesel has proven itself as a technically sufficient improvement fuel to improve diesel engine fuel combustion emissions and engine performance. However, it has seldom been used in light-duty diesel engines. Therefore, this paper focuses on an investigation into the thermal efficiency and pollution emission analysis of a light-duty diesel engine generator fueled with different water content emulsified diesel fuels (WD, including WD-0, WD-5, WD-10, and WD-15). In this study, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide were analyzed by a vehicle emission gas analyzer, and the particle size and number concentration were measured by an electrical low-pressure impactor. In addition, engine loading and fuel consumption were also measured to calculate the thermal efficiency. Measurement results suggested that water-emulsified diesel was useful to improve the thermal efficiency and the exhaust emission of a diesel engine. Obviously, the thermal efficiency was increased about 1.2 to 19.9%. In addition, water-emulsified diesel leads to a significant reduction of nitric oxide emission (less by about 18.3 to 45.4%). However, the particle number concentration emission might be increased if the loading of the generator becomes lower than or equal to 1800 W. In addition, exhaust particle size distributions were shifted toward larger particles at high loading. The consequence of this research proposed that the water-emulsified diesel was useful to improve the engine performance and some of exhaust emissions, especially the NO emission reduction.Implications:The accumulated test results provide a good basis to resolve the corresponding pollutants emitted from a light-duty diesel engine generator. By measuring and analyzing transforms of exhaust pollutant from this engine generator, the effects of water-emulsified diesel fuel and loading on emission characteristics might be more clear. Understanding reduction of pollutant emissions during the use of water-emulsified diesel helps improve the effectiveness of the testing program. The analyzed consequences provide useful information to the government for setting policies to curb pollutant emissions from a light-duty diesel engine generator more effectively.

Characterization of Water in Diesel Emulsion

Water in diesel emulsion, as an option fuel, has potential to simultaneously reduce the formation of both nitrogen oxides and particulate matters in diesel engine. However, the capability of this fuel strongly dependent on the type of emulsion, stability of the emulsified fuel and the physio-chemical properties. In this study, water in diesel emulsion fuels of 5%, 10%, 20%, water by volume was prepared by a mechanical homogenizer. Physical and chemical properties of the emulsion were examined as these properties could influence the spray characteristics of the emulsions which significantly affect the ignition delay and flame propagation. Density and viscosity was found to be higher for all of the water in diesel emulsion than pure diesel at all measured temperatures whereas the carbon contents for water in diesel emulsion with 10% and 20% water were low. Droplet size of the emulsion was found to be less than 2µm. The actual water content in the emulsified fuel was found to be lesser than the mixed amount.