Polish Dictionaries Research Articles

Nowoczesność w leksyce – obecność w słowniku przejawem normalizacji "Słownik nowszego słownictwa słoweńskiego" z 2012 roku

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja rzeczowników należących do nowszego słownictwa słoweńskiego (600 jednostek) określających ludzi (w większości nomina agentis, nomina attributiva). Materiał słoweński skonfrontowano z polskim, w tym z danymi leksykograficznymi, a przeprowadzona analiza wykazała różnice między materiałem z obu języków. Polskie słowniki nie notują odpowiedników takich słoweńskich leksemów, jak: adrenalinec, agresivec, barbika, čokoholik, predzakonec, prestižnež, piarovka, piknikar, savnar. W materiale słoweńskim dostrzeżono kondensację treści i potencjał słowotwórczy oraz dążenie do normalizacji i standaryzacji słownictwa przez umieszczenie w słowniku.

Chronologizacja polskiego słownictwa – współczesna praktyka

The aim of this article is to verify the effectiveness of the procedures intended for establishing the earliest attestations of particular words within the history of the Polish language that have been adopted during the work on "Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN" (PAS Great Dictionary of Polish). On the basis of 102 words, previously dated by J. Wawrzyńczyk, we demonstrate that the solutions elaborated bring satisfying results. Additionally, we comment on the usefulness of particular sources and tools and propose how to improve one of the procedures at the technical level.

The ethnobotanical character of the Polish Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols

Background : The aim of the article is to present the ethnolinguistic methodology used by a team of Lublin-based ethnolinguists centered around Jerzy Bartminski, the originator and ed of Slownik stereotypow i symboli ludowych [ Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols ], which has been published since the 1980s, and to demonstrate the ethnobotanic character of the second volume of the Lublin ethnolinguistic dictionary. By outlining the areas common to ethnobotany and ethnolinguistics, the article hopes to pave a way for a satisfactory cooperation between the representatives of both fields. Methods : Using the methodology applied in the abovementioned ethnolinguistic dictionary, in particular the cognitive definition method, the author reconstructs the dictionary entry mirt ‘myrtle’ ( Myrtus communis ). On the basis of the collected source material (lexicographic, folklore and ethnographic data), the following semantic subcategories in the cognitive definition of the myrtle are distinguished: complexes, collections and equivalents; appearance and properties; location; cultivation and care; practical, ritualistic, magical and medicinal applications; prophecies; fortune-telling and symbolism, which follow the analysis of names and ways of categorising plants, according to the postulate of the subjective reconstruction of the linguistic worldview. Results : The author presents a tabular compilation of selected semantic subcategories, which are used in Slownik stereotypow i symboli ludowych to describe plants and explains how they are understood. As a result, the proposed facets can inspire other similar research in Europe or worldwide. Conclusion : On the basis of the conducted analyses, the author comes to the conclusion that the issues described in particular facets, which constitute the ethnolinguistic narrative about plants largely coincide with the area of interest of ethnobotany. The commonalities between both disciplines include: the object of research, the relations between the plant world and the human world described in both disciplines, the appreciation of the role of language and the subjective view of the world. The reflections presented in this article indicate the possibility of future interdisciplinary research, bringing together linguists and botanists. Keywords : ethnolinguistics, ethnobotany, cognitive definition, linguistic worldview

Eksplicytność a implicytność w świetle analizy korpusowej (meta)tekstu

The article analyzes differences in the description of discourse relations in corpus research, in particular with the reference to the use of discourse markers – expressions that tie together subsequent fragments of the text and provide information about the nature of these relations. The text presents three concepts of the description of explicitness and implicitness of the content: Rhetorical Structure Theory, Penn Discourse Treebank and the author’s original proposal and indicates the consequences of each solution. The analysis of relations with particles as metatexual expressions defined in accordance with The Nest Dictionary of Polish reveals the possibility of expressing explicitness as a representation of elements of informational structure shaped by the use of a given particle, and implicitness as a lack of representation of certain elements of this type.

Changing Definitions of Climate in Polish and English Dictionaries

The present article sets out to examine the dictionary definition entries concerning the concept of climate. Both Polish and English dictionaries are included, as well as historical and contemporary entries. The data is composed of thirteen dictionary entries, published in the last two hundred years. The material is examined qualitatively. The results are presented in the form of a table, where one may find all the aspects of meanings identified in the definitions. A supplement data extracted from the English historical corpus is also provided. The results have revealed that semantic change did occur in both the Polish and the English language. However, the change is more visible in the Polish dictionaries. The subsidiary differences could influence the way the word is employed in certain contexts and thus, differentiate the employment of the same concept in the two languages. Nevertheless, the contemporary definitions are almost identical in both languages, in contrast to the historical ones.

E-ДЖИХАД. ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА БОРОТЬБА АЛЬ-КАЇДИ Й ІСЛАМСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ НА «СТЕЖЦІ БОГА» – ВИБРАНІ ПРИКЛАДИ

У статті розглянуто питання е-джихад (кіберджихад) як ведення джихаду з використанням інформаційних засобів. Зазначено, що мовна обсерваторія Варшавського університету зареєструвала слово «кіберджихад» у 2016 р. у «Словнику польської мови» зазначено, що це «дії проти невіруючих і послідовників інших релігій, котрі проводяться ісламськими фундаменталістами в Інтернеті». Однак таке визначення дуже неточне й навіть частково хибне. Джихад є поняттям дуже розмитим і складним. Історію використання джихадистами Інтернету розділено на три основні періоди. Перший мав місце до атаки на World Trade Center (11 вересня 2001 р.). По-перше, Інтернет не був тоді ще поширеним інструментом, по-друге, ісламісти лише ставали сильніші. Початок конфлікту Аль-Каїди і талібів зі США започаткував другий етап. Третім етапом є нинішня ситуація, яка змінилася в результаті виникнення Ісламської держави (ISIS). Доведено, що е-джихад – це концепція, що прийнята й використовується в науці протягом деякого часу. Мета статті – перевірити, чи відповідає діяльність Ісламської держави та Аль-Каїди в Інтернеті концепції джихаду. Завдяки цьому поняття джихаду прояснено та зіткнулося з обраними прикладами діяльності. Науковці стверджують, що «Ісламська держава» й «Каїда» використовують нові технології для широкого розуміння джихаду, уключаючи бойові дії (kital).

Pisma Krzysztofa Kluka jako źródło leksykalne do Słownika języka polskiego S.B. Lindego.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the writings by Krzysztof Kluk (1739–1796), a naturalist of the Enlightenment, the author of Dykcjonarz roślinny (Dictionary of plants) and guidebooks in the fi elds of botany, zoology, and mineralogy as lexical sources of Słownik języka polskiego (Dictionary of Polish) by S.B. Linde (LD). The paper presents an analysis of the material excerpted from Volumes 1 and 3 of LD, which has allowed the estimation that K. Kluk is discussed more frequently in the dictionary than J. Kochanowski, P. Kochanowski, J. Przybylski, and only slightly less frequently than M. Rej and W. Potocki. The material has been analysed also with the use of the method of semantic fi elds, which has enabled identifi cation of the thematic circles that allow the determination of the angle from which S.B. Linde excerpted vocabulary from K. Kluk’s writings. The lexis from Kluk’s works in LD is not limited only to names of plants, animals or minerals; it covers also parts of the body, animal husbandry (e.g. horses, birds, bee-keeping, fi shery), gardening, agriculture, animal diseases, metal and mineral working, transport, construction, home appliances, food, clothes, and social life.

Definicje słownikowe i konotacje potoczne nazwy „własność” – ujęcie porównawcze

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę porównawczą słownikowego i potocznego znaczenia nazwy „własność”. Materiałem źródłowym są opisy semantyczne zaczerpnięte ze współczesnych słowników języka polskiego oraz wypowiedzi ankietowe pozyskane w latach 2016–2017 wśród studentów w Białymstoku. Definicje słownikowe badanej nazwy wskazują, iż denotuje ona rzecz, której właścicielem może być osoba, organizacja lub instytucja. Posiadanie własności jest regulowane prawnie i społecznie. Analizowana nazwa desygnuje także uprawnienie nadane mieszkańcom państwa przez władze. Przywołane w artykule definicje zdają sprawę z ogólnego znaczenia nazwy własność. W opinii respondentów nazwa ta wiąże się z podmiotem i przedmiotem posiadania. Wypowiedzi studentów wskazują ponadto na aksjologiczny, społeczny i osobisty wymiar własności – ujęcia te są nieobecne w definicjach słownikowych. Analiza materiału leksykalnego z obu źródeł ujawnia pewne podobieństwa w ogólnopolskim i potocznym rozumieniu nazwy własność. Wskazuje także na istotne różnice, przejawiające się w braku (słowniki języka polskiego) lub obecności (wypowiedzi ankietowe) tych sensów nazwy, które wskazują na związek jej desygnatu z aspiracjami człowieka, wyznawanymi przez niego wartościami czy zagrożeniami wynikającymi z potrzeby gromadzenia dóbr.

Stable word combinations сomprehensive dictionary as a source base for translation lexicographical works

In Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish lexicographical work, all the preconditions for organizing a comprehensive stable word combinations dictionary have been formed. The these works registers in each Slavic linguistic school will have to be formed by various units of different types, which are characterized by the semantic integrity. First of all, it is planned to include word equivalents, phraseological units, terminological combinations, proverbs, sayings. The formed dictionaries will reflect the language processes dynamics because a significant part of their register units have a transitional status of existence, as a result of which this work will be useful for theoretical linguistics. However, first of all, the need of compiling this dictionary is caused by practical activities. In Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish basic monolingual dictionaries stable word combinations are presented quite fully, but the approaches to their organization are mostly understandable only to specialists. Users of these works have significant difficulties in finding any stable combination. This activity is somewhat facilitated by specialized dictionaries of various units, but even in this case, the user requires some linguistic training. Being organized according to a certain concept, a stable combinations comprehensive dictionary will greatly facilitate the user's search, especially translation activities, which are greatly complicated by the lack of dictionary registers for differently formed units. This is true for the translation from one Slavic language to another, as well as similar actions in the field of Slavic-Germanic and, of course, Slavic-Romance languages etc. In the proposed work it is proved that the compiled complex stable word combinations dictionaries in each separate Slavic language will become an important source for improvement of already created paper and on-line translation dictionaries.

Określenia chorób w dziewiętnastowiecznym poradniku medycznym Józefa Zmijewskiego

This article characterizes disease entities noted in medical handbook “Method of curing with the means not used before” […], written by Józef Zmijewski in 1888 in terms of semantics, genetic relationships and structural linguistics. These disease entities have been derived from the source text because of their general character meaning they can be used to define many diseases. The terms characterize diseases based on their place and method of origin, the course of the disease, impairment of psychological functions, tissues and internal organs. They also indicate patient characteristics like age and sex. Many of these terms are noted in Polish dictionary of medical terminology from 1881 (46.9%) and in Polish medical dictionary from 1905 (40.6%) but they gain medical meaning only when used with words such as: choroba [-y], cierpienie [-a], dolegliwość [-i] or with specific names of disease entities, e.g.: skórne choroby, cierpienia nerwowe, dolegliwości moczowe, febra zastarzała, tryper zastarzały, febra starcza. Most names are native units (84.4%). These are words inherited form pre-Slavic languages or created based on polish language, e.g.: dziedziczny, gorączkowy, piorunujący, sercowy, dziecięcy, kobiecy. Only 15.6% pf the terms are based on other linguistic roots, e.g. gastryczny, chroniczny, epidemiczny. Majority of these terms are one-word structures (93.75%) expressed by adjectives and adjectival participles (90.6%), ending with -ny, -owy, -ty. As an exception there is a noun in genitive: (choroby) skóry. Only 6.25% are pronominal expressions: (choroby) z ojca; z rodziców.

Zwierzenia w internecie – nowy gatunek mowy?

Cel: Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie, czym różnią się zwierzenia internetowe od zwierzeń tradycyjnych, czyli tych mających cechy semantyczne podawane przez semantyków i leksykografów (por. Dąbkowska, 2019). I czy te różnice są na tyle znaczące, żeby uznać zwierzenia internetowe za odrębny gatunek mowy, czy tylko za alternacyjną odmianę gatunkową, którą jednak można traktować jako – możliwy ze względu na nowe medium – wariant wzorca kanonicznego, rodzaj modyfikacji zwierzenia tradycyjnego. Metody badań: Do wniosków będą prowadzić analizy cech strukturalnych (kompozycyjnych), treściowych, stylistycznych oraz pragmatycznych właściwych zwierzeniu ujmowanemu jako gatunek mowy. Za punkt wyjścia przyjęto założenie, że zwierzenie jest gatunkiem mowy, którego specyfikę można objaśnić, wykorzystując procedury semantyczne – przez zbadanie znaczenia polskich wyrazów nazywających omawiany gatunek mowy (zwierzać się / zwierzyć się i zwierzenie). Do tego celu zostaną wykorzystane definicje znaczeniowe zawarte we współczesnych słownikach języka polskiego, słownikach synonimów oraz w pracach językoznawczych poświęconych czasownikom mówienia. Wyniki i wnioski: Zwierzenia internetowe można potraktować jako wariant gatunku znanego od dawna, jednak wypowiedzi go reprezentujące mają w obrębie gatunku charakter nieprototypowy, a więc także są zlokalizowane na peryferiach gatunku. Powstanie takiego wariantu jest związane z adaptacją tradycyjnego gatunku do nowego medium, jakim jest internet – jest to swoista remediatyzacja gatunku. Wartość poznawcza: Wartością poznawczą artykułu są analiza genologiczna oraz opis problemu prywatności w komunikacji internetowej.

Inny, różny, odrębny, odmienny. Próba wyodrębnienia jednostek języka

The aim of this paper is to identify linguistic units which represent the notions of inność, różność, odrębność and odmienność (otherness, difference, distinctiveness and dissimilarity). The outcome of the examination provides data which are indispensable in further systematic analysis of their meanings. Determining the number of linguistic units corresponding to a given term as well as describing their forms give insight into the syntactic properties of the identifi ed units (which can become premises for strictly semantic conclusions). Detailed descriptions of the lexical exponents of all four terms are based on authentic textual instances of their usage (taken from the National Corpus of Polish). Observations which originated from the undertaken analysis are confronted with the fi ndings presented in dictionaries of contemporary Polish. The solutions proposed in this paper, although they refer to semantics, virtually fail to go beyond the issues related to the problem of identifying linguistic units.

Czy Słownik staropolski potrzebuje obrony?

The author presents a scientific methodology of a linguist – historian who works on vocabulary of the oldest, manuscript era of Polish language. Here are some examples of problems that need to be addressed by the author of the dictionary headword and attempts to solve them. The author argues that it is only on the basis of Old Polish dictionary that further research on Old Polish language can be based.

Semantyka historyczna – zakres badań i ich wyniki

The article presents the scope of research conducted within regard to historical semantics in Poland. Semanticists do research on the history of word’s and construction’s meaning. The sources of research materials (dictionaries and texts) are discussed. The on-line Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish is described in detail as one of the sources. Also there are presented some achievements of Polish linguists in semantic-historical research.

Ogólna koncepcja metainformacji w Wielkim słowniku języka polskiego PAN

The term metainformation corresponds to the term outside matter introduced by Hartmann and James (1998) and refers to the all the information in a dictionary outside dictionary entries. The paper deals with the project of such metainformation in an electronic dictionary, namely in Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN (PAS Great Dictionary of Polish) which is currently compiled under his supervision at the Institute of the Polish Languageat the Polish Academy of Sciences. The author distinguishes three kinds of the metainformation and presents some examples of its implementation in WSJP PAN.

From the Proverbs to Modern Media. Formation of People Identity Through Education of Language Stereotypes of Neighbors

Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of language as a marker of people's identity, which is formed by building boundaries and describing relationships, primarily between neighbors. The aim of the research work is to analyze the forms of expression of journalists in the media.Methodology and sources. The report examines materials from the main release of the News of the first Polish television channel, concerning the two neighbors of the Poles, that is, the Germans and Russians. The collected material covers the period of November 16, 2015, that is, from the day of the inauguration of the new Polish government (which has a completely different approach to Poland’s foreign affairs than its predecessors) until December 31, 2016. Created and described on the basis of the collected material stereotypes of German and Russian in modern Poland will be compared with the stereotypes of these two peoples, familiar to Poles by proverbs, which were found in the explanatory dictionaries of the Polish language, as well as in other dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. The linguistic analysis of the text, the socio-psychological-linguistic foundations of the formation of auto-and heterostereotypes, mass-media discourse and its impact on recipients were used as the theoretical basis for the arguments presented in the paper.Results and discussion. In Polish dictionaries, and dictionaries of Proverbs and sayings it was found 38 Proverbs Russian Proverbs and 107 of the Germans. It was analyzed how many of them are positive and how many negative traits of Russians and Germans. As for the Russian, positive traits can be found in only 6 of 38 Proverbs (15.7 percent). There are 18 positive of 107 sayings about Germans in Polish sources (16.8 percent). Specified number of Proverbs shows that the poles hand down from generation to generation a negative image of their neighbors. On the basis of material collected from "News" channel images of Russians and Germans were made up as well. During the period under review, any positive information about Russia and Russian has not appeared. As for the Germans, it is also dominated by a negative image, and, if to speak about positive things, they are never left without comment, which contains a warning.Conclusion. Heterostereotypes play an active role in fostering the way of thinking of contemporaries and, one can assume, representatives of the next generations, since popular wisdom and historical experience are passed on from generation to generation in each country. Heterostereotypes often become reality themselves, are inherited and acquire new symbolic meanings, and are updated depending on the political situation. A comparison of the heterostereotypes of Russian and German in Polish proverbs, the oldest of which were found in a dictionary published in 1830, with modern heterostereotypes from the main release of “News” proves that the description of the phenomenon of stereotypes in each new historical era is an important scientific problem.

Pamięć historii w stereotypach etnicznych (na przykładach Tatara, Kozaka, Szweda i Turka)

<p>Autorka dokonuje analizy wybranych stereotypów etnicznych (Tatara, Kozaka, Szweda i Turka) przy zastosowaniu definicji kognitywnej, zgodnie z zasadami sformułowanymi przez Jerzego Bartmińskiego. Podstawę materiałową stanowią dane językowe pochodzące z ogólnych i gwarowych słowników języka polskiego, teksty folkloru oraz zapisy wierzeń. Rekonstrukcja obrazów najeźdźców pozwala uchwycić i zweryfikować parametry pamięci wyróżnione przez Wojciecha Chlebdę. W świetle analizowanych danych podmiot pamięci to strażnik polskiej historii, Polak-katolik ufny w pomoc Matki Boskiej, relacjonujący zdarzenia z dystansu (ale z zaangażowaniem i współczuciem). Przedmiotem pamięci jest historia relacji polsko-obcych. Treść pamięci charakteryzuje się m.in. ahistorycznością, uproszczeniami, fantastyką, sporadycznym odwoływaniem się do faktów, postaci i miejsc historycznych. Historia staje się tłem do zaprezentowania kanonu wyznawanych wartości i oceny zdarzeń. Dodatkowo – jako parametry pamięci – autorka wprowadza cel i funkcję pamięci: teksty o najeźdźcach pełniły funkcję integrującą, służyły identyfikacji swoich i obcych, pomagały kształtować właściwe postawy wobec najeźdźców.</p>

Genethliacon for Barbara Bogołębska, or on the Need to Celebrate Birthdays and Anniversaries

The most popular Polish dictionaries of literary terms, which offer the definitions of even long lost and extremely particular genres such as Indian or Japanese drama, lack even the basic information on the genre which has existed in European literature (and even outside it) for the last 23 centuries. Genethliacon is a genre which has existed since the times of Callimachus (3rd c. BC), which has been used to celebrate a person’s birth or the anniversary of their birth. Genethliacons may be of a lyrical, dramatic or rhetorical nature, and are still practised today in various languages of the world (in Latin, in line with the ancient tradition). This article provides an outline of the development of the genre within the European tradition. Initial birthday songs, usually connoting Apollo, linked people with light and poetry. What is particularly interesting is that the basic characteristics of genethliacon’s genes have not undergo any major changes throughout the many ages. The celebration of one’s birth, anniversaries and other jubilees still entails wishes, and gift-giving, including poetry developed for the occasion. It may be worthwhile to preserve such a beautiful tradition by giving someone an originally composed genethliacon, e.g. Genetliacon Barbarae Bogołębskae dedicatum.

O jednej z jednostek "kompletny"

On One of the Units kompletnyThe article is an attempt to describe the string kompletny (‘complete’) in some new usages. The main objective of the analysis is to determine the syntactic-functional properties of the string and to discuss its status in the language of sport and in general Polish. In a broader perspective, the paper can be viewed as a contribution to the syntactic-functional characterization of linguistic units (in the understanding of Bogusławski). The term characterization as it is used in the article encompasses both the level of a sentence and the level of an utterance, and includes such properties as: the positon of the string kompletny in the structure of a sentence, the slots it opens for other expressions, and its function in the thematic-rhematic structure. The analysis leads to the conclusion that in the sociolect of sport there is an adjectival unit kompletny which belongs to the object level of language and which is primarily rhematic. As an internal borrowing, it is spreading to general Polish. The examined unit is different from the lexemes kompletny, as identified in dictionaries of general Polish.

Comprehensive psycholexical classification of Polish person-descriptive terms

BackgroundLexical research based on the assumption that all the main human characteristics are encoded in the natural language constitutes one of the alternative ways of developing a taxonomy of individual differences in psychology. The majority of studies to date, including Polish ones, have been restricted to the analysis of the adjective lexicon, which means their results are at risk of reduc-tionism. The aim of the presented research was to develop a classification of the complete Polish lexicon of person-descriptive terms (adjectives, participles, adverbs, nouns, and verbs).Participants and procedureWe analyzed 100,000 entries found in a universal dictionary of Polish and identified 27,813 terms used to describe human char-acteristics. The identified person-descriptive terms were classified by a team of 13 trained judges into 16 subcategories. The judges’ taxonomic decisions were tested for validity and reliability.ResultsPersonality (dispositional) descriptors (5,598) constitute 20.1% of the Polish lexicon of person-descriptors; this includes 1,641 adjectives and participles, 612 adverbs, 1,442 attribute-nouns, 1,029 type-nouns, and 916 verbs. The analysis of the semantic redundancy of terms representing different parts of speech but having the same common morpheme among dispositional de-scriptors revealed 1,979 morphemes with distinct meanings. Only 64% of these morphemes are represented by adjectives.ConclusionsAdjectives constitute the largest group of personality (dispositional) descriptors but do not account for the entire Polish person-ality lexicon. The results of the study are a point of departure for research into the specificity of the structure of personality de-scriptions in the Polish language using various linguistic categories and for a comprehensive study on the entire Polish personal-ity lexicon.